THE HONGKONG TELEGRAPH TUESDAY DECEMBER 18 1906.
Shipping Steamers, CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY COY:S ROYAL MAIL STEAMSHIP LINE.
Luxury-Speed-Punctuality,
The only Line that Maintains a Regular Schedule Service of under, Eleven Daya across the Pacific is the "Empress Line." Savings to to Days' Ocean Travel.
11 Days YOKOHAMA TO VANCOUVER.18Days HONGKONG TO VANCOUVER.
PROPOSED SAILINOS. R:M.S.
Tous
(Subject to Alteration)... LEAVE HONGKONG ÁRRIVÉ VANCOUVER "EMPRESS OF JAPAN" 6,000..............THURSDAY, December 30th ...... January 7th • "TARTAR "........
......4,425................WEDNESDAY, January 9th.........February 2nd "EMPRESS OF CHINA"......6,000......THURSDAY, January 17th .................... February 4th- "MONTEAGLE" .................... 6,163......WEDNESDAY, January 23rd......Fabruary 16th "EMPRESS OF INDIA"......5,000......THURSDAY, February 14th.........March 4th "ATHENIAN"",
....3,882...... WEDNESDAY, February 20th....., March 16th "EMPRESS" steamers will depart from Hongkong at 4 P.1, Intermediate steamem.at 12 Noon,
Tucked route to GADU INTEND TATOS
SHANG THE Quickest route to JANADA, UNITED STATES and EUROPE, calling at SHANG.
and VICTORIA, B.C, connecting at VANC JOVER with a Special Mail Express, and Quebec with the Campany's New Palatial "EMPRESS "Steamships, 14,500 tons register. The through transit to LIVERPOOL being 22f'days, from YOKOHAMA, and 291 days from HONGKONG.
=
Hongkong to London, 1st Class vid St. Lawrence £60. Vid New York Loa Hongkong to London, Intermediate on Steamers, and 1st Class on Railways
1 £40.
£42. R.M.S. "MONTEAGLE" "TARTAR" and "ATHENIAN" carry "Intermediate ". Passengers only, at Intermediate rates, affording superior accommodation for that class.
Passangers Booked through to all points and AROUND THE WORLD. SPECIAL RATES (First class only) granted to Missionaries, Members of the Naval, Military, Diplomatic and Civil Services, Bad to European Officials in the Service of China and Japan Governments.
For farther information, Maps, Routes, Hand Banks, Rates of Freight und Pasiage,
D. W. CRADDOCK, Acting General Ageni, apply to
Corner Pedder Street and Praya, Hongkong, 30th November,
Shipping Steamers,
HAMBURG AMERIKA LINIE.
PASSENGER SERVICH.
steamery “Ruznania," # HABIBURO," and HOHENSTAUFEN." BThese steamers offer to the public the highest comfort yet attained in ocean travelling. They are especially built for the tropics with very large well ventilated cabins, amidship, lighted throughout by electricity, fans provided in pach cabin: The haiths are not arranged one above the other as it has been the fashion hitherto, but the staterooms closely resemble ordinary sleeping rooms on shore, the berths standing like beds at either side of the cabins. As a novelty, a number of ceblas are provided for single passengers. These steamers calt at NAPLES and PLYMOUTH, in addition to the above steamers, the "SILESIA” and· "SCANDIA" carry first class passengers Return Tickets issued at reduced Rates, throughtickats issued to NEW YORK via NAPLES, SOUTHAMPTON and HAMBURG.
NEXT BAILINGS FROM HONGKONG.
Outward.
FOR SHANGHAI, KOBE AND YOKOHAMA,
SILESIA
2nd January.
SCANDIA.................. 1st February.
HABSBURG,
****** 3rd March. RHENANIA ....... tát April, Hongkong, 18th Decembar, 1906.
MESSAGERIES MARITIMES
FRENCH MAIL STEAMERS.
[13
MM
INDO-CHINA STEAM NAVIGATION.CO., LD.
(Projected SAILINGS FROM HONGKONG-SUBJECT TO ALTERATION),
SHANGHAI
For
Steamship
(0
WAISHING | ...WEDNESDAY, 19th Dec., D'light. S'GAPORE, PENANG & CALCUTTA.NAMSANG* ...THURSDAY, 20th Dec., 3 P.M. MANILA.......
.............YVENSANG* ...FRIDAY, 21st Dec, 4 P.Ma Taking Cargo un through Bills of Lading to Chefeo, Tientsin, Nowchwang and Yangtare Poris. These Steamers have superior accommodation for First-class Passengers, and are fitted
throughout with Electre Light.
For Ereight or Passage, apply lo
JARDINE, MATHESON & CO., General Managera. ·
Hongkong, 17th December, 1906.
CHINA NAVIGATION CO., LIMITED.
FOR
TSINGTAO and CHEFOO,
NINGPO and SHANGHAI....
YOKOHAMA and KOSE.......
KYRAMIAN,
TO SALL
"SZECHUEN "↑... 19th December, 4 p.m.,
** KIUKIANG f... zist ............... “OKINGTU **
28th
·" CHANGSHA "*‡
5th January,
**KAIFONG
*** 5th
MANILA, ZAMBOANGA, PORT DAR-* WIN, THURSDAY ISLAND, COOK-|
TOWNSVILLE, TOWN, CAIRNS, BRISBANE, SYDNEY & MELBOURNE)
CEBU and ILOILO ..............
Taking Cargo'on through Bifls of Lading to all Yangisze and Northern China Pons. The Altention af Passeuge,a ja die, ted in the Superior Accommodation offered by these teamers, which are ined thiyngheun wa Electric Light. Unrivalled table. A duly qualified Surgeon is carried,
Homeward.
FOR THE STRAITS, COLOMBO, ADEN, SUEZ, PORT SAID, NAPLES, PLYMOUTH, HÄVRE AND HAMBURG. FERD. LABISZ...23rd December. ANDALUSIA.omane 3rd January. HOHENSTAUFEN...ith January, AMBRIA.............55th January. SPEZIA ..................25th January. SILESIA ............................. Jik February.
FOR NEW YORK."', VANDALIA............... Siḥ January. NUBIA .........................29th January,
{1:36
REGULAR STEAMSHIP SERVICE TO NEW YORK,
VIA PORTS AND SUEZ CANAL,! (With Liberty to Call at Malabar Coast), PROPOSED SAILinos trou 'HoNGKONG, STEAM FOR SAIGON;
FOR NEW YORK. SINGAPORE; BATAVIA, S.S. "ST. PATRICK"...... 20th December COLOMBO, AUSTRALIA, 5.5. "SATSUMA. 19th January, 1997
For Freight and farther Information, apply ADEN, EGYPT,- MAR- SEILLES, LONDON,
DODWELL & Co, LIMITED;
} Agantu HAYRE, BORDEAUX, MEDITERRANEAN AND
Hongkong, 14th December, 1006. BLACK SEA. PORTS.
"The 8,8.***' POLYNESIEN," Captain Broc, will be despatched for MARSEILLES on TUESDAY, the 15th December, at P.M.
Passage tickets and through Bills of Lading issued for above parts, and for Australia with prompt transhipment at Colombo.
Cargo, also booked for principal 'places in urope.
Next sailings will be as follows:- S.S. YARRA................. 8th January, 1907. S.S. SALAZIE ................................22nd January, 5.S. OCEANIEN
......... 5th February.
G. DE CHAMPEAUX, .Agent.
Hongkong, 12lb December, 1906.
TOYO KISEN KAISHA.
SOUTH AMERICAN LINE
(11
Regular Steamship Service betweed HONGKONG, CALLAO and IQUIQUE, VIA JAPAN PORTS (KARATSU, KOBE and YOKOHAMA).
HE Steamship
"KASATO MARU," 6,000 tons."," Captain W. C.T. S. Filmer, will be despatched as above, ca SATURDAY, the 22nd instant, at Noon.
Taking Freight and, Passengers to other
↑ Taking Caigo and Passengers an ihr Gugl Kater för all New Zealand and other Australian Western Coast Ports of South America. .Paris.
For Freight or Pastage, apply to
tung sung, 18th December, 1908.
BUTTERFIELD & SWIRE,
AGENTS.
HONGKONG MANILA.
Highest Class, nowest, fastest and most luxurious Steamers between Hongkong and Manila.-Saloon amidships-Electric -Light-Perfect Cuiside-Surgeon and Stewardess carried. All the most up-to-date arrangements for comfort of Passengers,
CHINA AND MANILA
STEAMSHIP COMPANY, LIMITED.
Steamship. Tons. Captain.
ZAFIRO
........................ 1540 R. Rodger RUBL.............................. 1540. R. Almond.....
For Freight or Passage, apply to
Tiongkong, 18th December, 1908.
S A
A
For
Sailing Dates.
MANILA (DIRECT) | FRIDAY,
210 Doc at 5 PM. SATURDAY, 29th Daa,
at Noon.
SHEWAN, TOMES & CO.,
GENERAL MANAGERI.
17
HONGKONG-NEW YORK.
AMERICAN ASIATICTM STEAMSHIP CO.
FOR NEW YORK via PORTS AND SUEZ CANAL, (With Liberty to Call at the Malabar Coast).
Steamship
For Freight and fastbor loformation, apply to
Hongkong, sind November, 1905,
About
SHEWAN, TOMES & CO
General: Agenta)
The above Steamer bax splendid Accom modation and is fitted throughout with Elec tric Light. A duly qualified Surgeon is carried.
For further information, apply to
K. MATSDA, Manager,
York Building,
1848
Bangkong, tith December, 1906.
NORTHERN PACIFIC LINE.
BOSTON STEAMSHIP COMPANY,
BOSTON, TOW-BOAT COMPANY,
Connecting at Tecoma with NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY
COMPANY:
PROPOSED SAILINGS pròm HONGKONG FOR VICTORIA, B.C., AND TACÓMĄ,
VIA MOJI, KOBE AND YOKOHAMA,
Steamer. Tops. Captain. Salling.
Pletader* ... 3,753 F.G. Parington stat. Déc. Lyra*... 4,417 G. V. Williams 19th Jan. Shawmut ... 9,606 E. V. Roberts) 13rd Jan, Hyades 3.753 LAlwan.............. 30th Jan, Tremontu...} 9,606 |T, W. Garlick...,
* Cargo only.
Cheap Fares, ExCELLENT ACCOMMODATION; ATTENDANCE AND CUISINE, ELECTRIC Light, DoctoR AND ÖTEWARDESS.
10
Consignees.
"BEN" LINE OF STEAMERS.
NOTICE TO CÓNSIGNEES,
S.S. "BENAVON," FROM ANTWERP, LONDON, AND STRAITS.
ONSIGNEES of Cargo are hereby
being
at their risk into the hazardous and/or extra hazardous Godowns of the Hongkong and Kow- loon Wharf and Godown Co., Ltd., whence' and/or from the wharves delivery may be obtained.
No Claims will be admitted after the Goods have left the Godowns, and all Goods unde-
Consignees.
INDO-CHINA STEAM NAVIGATION.
COMPANY, LIMITED,
FROM CALCUTTA, PENANG AND '
SINGAPORE.
THE Company's Steamship
- KUMSANG". having arrived from the above Ports, Consignees of Cargo by her are hereby informed that their Goods will be delivered from alongside
Cargo impeding the discharge or remaining on board after 4 PM., the roth instant; will be landed at Consignees' risk and expense.““
No Fire Insurance will be effected. Bills of Lading will be countersignad by
JARDINE, MATHESON- & Comp
General: Managers. Hongkong, 17th December, 1906.
THE GOAL, AND OIL FIELDS
SAGHALIEN
AN ISLAND WITH A FUTURE.
DIFFICULTIES OF EXPLORATION.
[WRITTEN FOR THE "JAFAN CHRONICLE" BY JINGRAM BRYAN, MAI]
There l no doubt in the minds of Oriental take an important place in the production of experts that Saghalien will, in the near future coal and oil for the markets of the Far East the lot of Russia in the delimitation of the island As most of the mineral-beating regions' fall to
almost completed by the Intereational Com missioners, Japan Joses a source of enormous wealth, the anticipation of which doubtless had much to do with her almost universal dissatis faction over the terms of Peace. The coal de posite of Japan itself are of vast extent but the quality of all so far produced is not that of a first-class fuel and the oil fields of the country, though being fast pushed to the limit of de velopment, are yet unable to sup, ly the home. demand, and the deficiency has hitherto been NORTH GERMAN FIRE INSURt by impostation from the Baku Bolds, and
those of
the United States, mu ANCE COMPANY OF HAMBURG,
· Insurance
ட்
Undersigned AGENTS of the above Clas FOREIGN and CHINESE RISKS at CURRENT RATES.
SIEMSSEN & Co. Honkong 8th May, 1801;!
tc8
Entimations.
SANITARY BOARD OFFICE;
Hongkong.
TO THE OWNERS OF DOMESTIC BUILDINGS.
AKE NOTICE that No. 5 of the TAKE
DOMESTIC CLEANLINESS and VENTILATION BYE-LAWS (as amended), every Domestic Building or part of such Building within the WESTERN DIVISION of the CITY OF VICTORIA Occupied by members of more than one family must be CLEANSED and LIMEWASHED THROUGHOUT by the owner during the months of November and December,
N.B.-The word "Throughout" used in this notice means that the Houses should he Lime. washed in respect of all the Wells of each Room and Staircase, all Cubicle Partitions, Stair Casings and Stair Linings, all Ceilings and the Undersides of Roofs both in Main Buildings, Offices and Servants! Quarters and inclusive of Verandabs,
The Back Yard should have its containing Walls Limewashed up to the level of the first floor.
Carved, Painted or Polished Woodwork in good condition, however, need not be Lime washed but must be Cleansed..
The Western Division of the City lies to the West of Tank Lane and Cleverley Street.
G. A. WOODCOCK, Secretary,
Dated this tst day of December, rood.. [1203
NEW TRAVELLER'S. HOTEL
livered after the 24th instant, will be subject REMOVED from 64 10 70, QUEEN'S ROAD,
to rent.
All Claims against the Steamer must be pre- sented to the Undersigned on or before the 31st instant, or they will not be recognized.
All broken, chafed, and damaged Goods are to be left in the Godowns, where they will be examined on the 24th instant, at-1! &M,
No Fire Insurance has been effected. Bills of Lading will be countersigned by
GIBB, LIVINGSTON & Co., Agents. Hongkong, 17th December, 1906,
[1204 .*MOGUL" LINE OF STEAMERS.
NOTICE TO CONSIGNEES,
THE STEAMSHIP "SIKH," ' FROM GLASGOW, MIDDLESEOROUGH, LIVERPOOL AND STRAITS.
*ONSIGNEES of Carge are hereby informed that all Goods are being landed at their risk into the Godowns of the Hongkong and Kowloon Wharf and Godown Company, Ltd., at Kowloon, whence andjer from the wharves delivery may be obtained.
C°
No Claims will be admitted after the Goods have left the Godowns, and all Goods remaining undelivered after the 22nd December will be subject to rent.
All Claims against the Steamer must be pre- sented to the Undersigned on or before the 31st, or they will not be recognized..
All broken, chafed, and damaged Goods are to be left in the Godowns, where they will be
examined on the 22nd, at 11 A.M.
No Fire Insurance has been affected. Bills of Lading will be countersigned by
DODWELL & Co., LIMITED, Agents. Hongkong, 16th December, 1906.
[1305
NOTICE TO CONSIGNEES.
"HE P. & 0.8. N. Cole Steamar
"SIMLA," FROM, BOMBAY, COLOMBO AND
T
5 4
STRAITS. Consignees of Cargo by the above-named Terial are hereby informed that their Goods are being landed and placed at their risk in the Hongkong and Kowloon Wharf and Godown Company's Godowns at Kowloon, where each consignment will be sorted out mark by mark, And delivery can be obtained as soon as the Goods are fandad.
This vessel brings on Cargo:-
From London, &c, er 9.5, China.
Corner Pottinger Street, Hongkong, 12th December, 1906,
[1190. HIGH-LEVEL TRAM. HONGKONGOMBICHY, EVAITED,
IN LIQUIDATION.
TIME TABLE.
WEEK DAYS.
7.00 am, to 7.30 a.m. ...Every 10 minutes. 7.30 am to 9.30 a.m....Every to minutes. 9.30 8.m. 10 11.00a.m....Every 15 minutes, $3.30 .211.
12.45 p.m. ...Every 15 minutes. 12.45 pm to 1.15 p.m. .....Every to minutes. Li5 pm to 145 p.m. ...Every 15 minutes, 1.45 p.m. to 2.15 p.m. ...Every to minutes, 1.15 p.m. to 3.00 p.m. „..Every 15 minutes. 3.30 pm to 5.00 p.m.... Every 15 minutes. 5.00 p.m. to 8.os p.m....Every to minutes,
NIGHT CARS.
The Sagbalion coal beda were opened as far back as 1858, but as the worle has been carried on by means of convict labour, the least pro- velopment has been extremely sluggish and generally
unsatisfactory. An incompetent and
Irresponsible administration has naturally ra
sulted in a a ruthless wasta "of Eme and pro- duct. Some of the big seams set on firm by rebel convicts thirty years ago, are still smoul dering. Most of the hard labour convicts are not properly under the control of their masters, and many of these toiling in the mines by day, spend their nights plundering the neighbour. hood, and are able fo
all right" with their guards in the morning.
The most important coal-producing dimricts are along the West coast of the island, and the chief centres of operation are at Due and Vladimirsk. Seams of the mineral' baya also been seen exposed along the banks of the river Tim. Most of the Saghallen deposits are near the surface, and the coalf nined with bat little difficulty. The convicts simply approach the coal on the level and tunnel into it, and thus they go on until, finding themselves incon- veinently situated, they abandon the spot but hall exploited, and turn to a more tempting place. To-day the Vladimirsk region looks like a vasi rabbit warren. Yet the output. equals about two-and-balf million tons an..
nually.
́All the coal so far found in Seghelien `hes' proved to be of a most excellent igalte quality commanding a much bigher price. The con on the whole far superior to Japanase coal and vict victs are supposed to bave to per cent of the valon of the output divided among them as 10 Y6 A wages, and the coal sells at from Y5 to 100 on board,
Facilities for transportation and lading, how ever, are of the most primitive and inadequate kind, entailing great uncertainty in the faff!- ment of contracta, and seriously diminishing their number. The greatest difficulty is in the absence of any safe anchorage for ships,
mado doubly dangerous by the extreme fickleness
of the weather. If a high wind should arise, as frequently does, all loading operations have to be suspended, and the vessel must put to sea or be driven upon the rocky coast,
Happily a scheme is now on foot, and doubts tess will be carried into effect, for the building of a mole from Jonquiers Head to the "Thras
Brothers" rocks, which will afford much needed shelter for shipping. Also, a'railway is being laid from the mines to Alexandrovak, the chief town and port of the North, and when these improvements are completed, the pro
be more simple, regular, and and the coal can be delivered at more reasonable rate.
cesi of
dependable will be
દર્દી
The present method of coaling a ship pre. sents a scene more absurdly slow and antiquat
1 than can be seen anywhere else in the world. Twenty-five convicts have been known to take a whole to put on board as many tons,
day to Another
rship could get but 2,000 tons into her bunkers in three weeks, Juch conditions as these hayo so far kept Saghalien s a competitor out of the coal markets of the Orient; but the material is there, and no more than brains
capital are
required to make the island one of the most profitable and satis
and
factory of coalproducing lands.
8.45 p.n, and 9 p.m., 9.45 p.m. to 11.19 p.m. The axistence of petroleum on the island was
every half hour. SUNDAYS,
Boo a.m. to 9.00 am, ...Every 15-minutes. .9.00 am, 10 9.30 am. .....Every 30 midules, 9.30 am. to 10,30 a.m. ...Every 15 minutes. 10.30 am to 11.00 am....Every to minutes. 12.00 Noon to 1.00 p.m....Every to minutes. 1.00 p.m. to 50 p.m....Every 15 minutes. 5.00 pm. to. 6.00 p.m....Every to minuter. 6.00 pm, to. 7ko'p.m. .....Every 15 minutes. 7.00 p.m..to - 8.00 pm.....Every to minutes.
NIGHT CARS as on Week Days. SATURDAYS,
Extra cars at 11.30 and 11.45 p.m. SPECIAL CARS by Arrangement at the
·Company's Office, ALEXANDRA Buildings, Des Voeux Rond.Central.
JOHN D. HUMPHREYS & SON, Liquidators. Hongkong, 27th August, 1906
COLD STORAGE. THE HONGKONG ICE COMPANY, LTD., have now 40,000 Cubic feet of COLD STORAGE available at Easr POINT. Stores will be Open, at to A.M. and 4 7.M. daily, Sunday excepted, to receive and deliver perishable goods....
The oil fields of Baghalien are believed to be even more extensive than the coal deposits,
known to the natives long before it was repor=" ted to the Russian Government by as expert in 1894, in which year he discovered rich ex usions of it near the Bostassia river. Proceed ing á fów miles further north, near the river ulovo, he came upon whole lakes of the. precious liquid. One of these laker, which had a diameter of about eighteen fast, was actually in a state of bubbling upheaval, 1 by others had a hardened surface of bitumicons mud due to the evaporation of the oil, and, with sufficient raistence to permit walking on it. Some prospectors boring et a point four miles. north of the Boatersin river found nearly 94- fest of solidly frozen ground, which in many cases has proved a difficulty.
M. Flatcooy, & Russian petroleum expert, sent out by the Baku Manufacturer's Trust, affor visiting the Pennsylvania and Texas oll·keids, reached Saghalien in 1893, and upon completing a careful examination of the most promising d
dies 1671ricts, gave out a very opilmişle opinion of the wealth and extent of the Baghalian Belds, He even went so far as to state that all he bad seen in America was as nothing compared to that which he had seen in Baghalien. M Platonov does not hesitate to assert that the petroleum deposits along the Nutovo river sru in all respects superior to those in the Baku region. A quality greatly in favour of the Saghalien oil is thut- costalos no benzine, and is, therefore, capable of immediato usa at fuel. Assiduous efforts: gre now being--pot forth by private companies to bring the product (77. of
this
region upon the market, god, the thousande in China and Japan now dependest for their oil supply on Southern Russia and the United States, anxiously await teipli
some however, formidable obe
WM. PARLANE,
Manager,
Hongkong, 22nd June, 1004.
NIKKO CO.
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS, in all kinds of
There are,
stacles to be
avercome before there can be any
of regions
prof this dere Metalick
JAPANESE FINE ART CURIOS, TEA (be oll-felds of From Persian Gulf, ex Bilis., and B. & or SATSUMA
P. B. N. Co Steamers.
Optional Goods will be landed here unless Instructions are given to the contrary before 6 hours,
Goods not cleared by the art instant, at 4 P. will be subject to rent.
No Fire Insurance will be effected by me in
The twin-screw 1.8. Shawmut and Tremont | any case whatever,
are fitted with very superior accommodation
Damaged Packages must be left in the
for first and second class passengers. The Godowns for examination by the Consignees' large size of these vessels ensures steadiness and the Company's representative at an
■! sea.
Electric fan in each room.
Barber's shop and steam-laundry, Cargo carried is cold storage.
For further Information;"'upply to
DODWELL & CO., LIMITED, General Agents,
Queen's Buildings. Hongkong, 13th December, 1906,
appointed hour,
All claims must be presented within ten date they can atar's arrival hara after which
cannot be recognised.
are left the Godowns,
No claims will be admitted after the goods
E. A. HEWETT,”. Superintendent.
(12) Hongkong, 18th December, 1900,
At Moderate Prices.
Orders. Promptly. Executed, No. §, ARSENAL ÖTREET. Hongkong, Hongkong, 28th April, 1906,
KHONG SANG' Ca No. 70, WELLINGTON STRBET. ENERAL
GE
[sto
DRAPERS, MANUFAC and TURERS and DEALERS-in Ladies,
Children's Underwear, Silk, Pongee, cloth, Fancy and Piece Goods, &c.
Latest style of Ladies' Blouses and
men's Shirts made to order.
TRIAL ORDER SOLICITED, Hongkong, sat February, 1906,
so ramota as
thore discomfort
at present is at the and at the gravest risk of life itself. : The Helde are more than three hundred miles from the nearest Russian penal settisment, and the pros pector is in constant danger of being murdered by the
#greater Prospectia****
considers (escaped convicts) that
numbers through those prisern wilds, ready to stop at nothing that promises rallef to the page of hunger. All the workmen employed at the walls are themselvan con victs, every man. of whom has killed a fellow mortal at some time or other in h's: who would not heallate to do it again was anything to be made out of it. A standing the danger, numerous prospectors are
and America, and other countraras and that say that when the Brodyagf appear, their "doly Gentis-safe plan is to shut all the workmen inside:the
camp, and face the enemy with" rifen; and- revolvers until he le alther dead or driven off, i
Daring the winter months the cold (1' so (180", "extrema_88,10 be got below: saro most of the