肉汁
( 25 )育教 日一初月二年未辛膺夏
報日憍
六期星 日六十月三(一九九一)年十八國民華中
Computer(24)
Example: write machine codes for the following machine instruction
using the operation codes just defined.
(a)Move the content of memory location 15 to the accumulator.
100.01111
Central Memory
Memory
Content
location
1991 中學會考預習專欄
明德出版社
MILL & DALE PRESS
K. Choy
LOAD Operand
Of111z - 15:0
1
10001111
00010000
10110001
Computer Operation by Machine Code.
Machine code is machine dependent, different machines use different machine codes. Therefore questions of computer operation will assume a list of operation code:
Basic assumptions
(1)The computer uses 8-bit words to represent instruction.
(Memory location 15)
(b)Add the content of memory location 15 to the accumulator..
01100000
11100000
000,10000
ADD Operand
10000元=
1610
Memory locations not used.
00001001
Machine code program stored in the memory location
訊航 E
周赕慈利 自從印尼 後,由本港到 有若干本港旅 由五天虿九天 因多蘭旅行瑚 應可能不去,
E
巴 點美
未必会
!
溷遊⌈ 千元:
(memory Jocation 16)
.00001010
Datd stored in the memory.locations.
00010011
(c)store the content of accumulator to the memory location 17.
101 10001
Memory locations not used.
STORE. Operand
10001 = 17
3 bits Queration
code
5. bits Operand
The first 3 wits are the operation codes and the last 5 bits are use to represent the operands.
(2)3 bits of operation codes can stand for B different instructions. (3)5 bits of operand can stand for 2 operands i.e. 32 memory!
locations.
(4)A set of operation codes are used for explanation. It is necessary to realize that the table will be different from thosej defined in the examination paper. Therefore you are suggested to Tearn only the idea.
Type of
Operation
Operation
Code
Arithmetic Operation
000
Input/output operation
.001
011
Moving data
100.
Sequence
110
. control
Program control
Operation description
ADD the content of the memory location (operand) to the content of accumulator. The result is stored in the accumulator,
SUBTRACT the content of the operand from the content of the accumulator. The result is stored in the accumulator.
INPUT a number from the keyboard and store the value into the accumulator.
OUTPUT the content of the
·accumulator to the monitor screen.
LOAD the content of the operand into the accumulator.
STORE the content of the
accumulator into the memory
specified by the operand.
JUMP to the locationfeet f
秘
the operand if the fontie
accumulator is less a
STOP program execution.
(memory location 17)
(d)Display the content of the accumulator to the monitor screen.
011 00000
OUTPUT Neglected because the monitor screen is assumed.. (e)urite a machine code program to add two numbers stored in memory
focations:15 and 17. The sum is then stored in location 17. The result is displayed on the monitor screen.
Flowchart
START
Machine code program,
Program 010-00000
101 10000
Move the, content
010 00000
of Tocation 15
to ACC
101 01111
100-01111
000 10000
000 10000
101, 10001
01:1 :00000
101 10001
Add the content
of location 16
to the ACC
Store the content
of ACC to
location 17
sp the
content of ACC,
to ine 'screen
STOP
011.00000
111 00000
圖
*Remarks: The program and the data are both stored in the memory
locations. The storage is shown below:
Operation code
000
001
010
011
100"
101
110
1.11
The last machine program may be changed to assembly language:"
Assembly language
*IMP
STA 16
INP
T 01111.
000 10000
101 10001
011 00000
411 00000
STA 15
ADD. .16
STA
17
OUP
"STP
Program dry run
Instruction
·Accumulator
15
16
17
Screen
1.0
10
19.
10
19
10
19
10
19
$
Example: Modify the program so that the two values should be input
through the keyboard.
111 00000
Explanation
Input a value through keyboard. Store the value to location 16. Input the second value.
Store the value to location 15. Add location 16 to accumulator. Store the 'sum to location 1.7. Display the sum
. Stop:program execution.
Assembly Language.
Machine codes are difficult to handle.
-Mnemonic codes are used to represent the operation codes. In
recent papers, mnemonic codes are used for machine codes.
Mnemonic codes should be changed to machine codes before it can be ̇executed by the translation program called the assembler. Example:
Mnemonic code
ADD
SUB
INP
OUP
LOA
STA
JMP
STP
ent assemblers for different machines use different mnemonic les.
5
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