美國佛羅里達國際大學的一位
形成泡沫材料的流體可通過潮
應就不正常。
育教 日七廿月正年未辛克
郭日僑
三期星 日三十月三(一九九一)年十八國民華中(28)
One of the inevitable results of. industrialization was the growth of the working class.
1991 中學會考預習專欄
weaknesses of their government.
8. Result of the foreign, exposure: Thus, their disillusionmant towards their country. Decembrist Uprising of 1825.
8.
Important
consequences
of
the
D.
emancipation of serfs.
Forces which undermined the Czarist regime.
5.
1.
generated
the
The Russian serfs were not really better off although they were emancipated in the 1990's.
1.
Their livelihood
could
hot
he
!
9.
3. Lui
Although the uprising' suppressed by the government, tim Russians began to realize the need to strengthen their country. 10. From then on. scme
improved overnight.
the Russian industrial
social revolution, various kinds emerged.
Although the Russian Minister of Finance, Serge Witte successfully lec
6.
problems .of
was
13.
1861, the peasants actually received less than they had been in the pre-emancipation period.
2.
4.
Reason: The former landlord could retain as much as one-third of his former Tand.
3.
Highlights
1. Causes
5.
Second, the land alloted to the. peasant did not become his personal property until it was redeemed.
6.
Russian
Above all. the
had to peasants repay the money to the government for about 45 years:
Just like other proletariats, the- Russian workers suffered from poor and working and living conditions. 4. Exploitation was serious-
7.
For instance, Child labour, which had already bech prohibited in the, West, WAS still permitted in
Russia.
to
Since the welfare of the workers were totally neglected and since most workers were concentrated only in a number of big cities, they. were easily exposed revolutionary influence.
To sum
there discontented forces.. workers and peasants.
up,
were two They were
Next week, I
depth
d elaborate 你 different revolutionary
- undermined the dynasty.
HOW DID THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE GAIN CONSCIOUSNESS?
Class
<t
1. Army
Event
Napoleonic War
became
measures
under
the
2. Intellectuals:
| 3. Popullats
Tsars.
明出版社
MILL & DALE PRESS
History(24)
The Russian Revolutions (1).
2.
leading to the Russian Revolutions of 1905. and 1917.
Characteristics of the revolutfonary movement..
Besides, special attention should be laid on factors which undermined the regime.
A. The main features of the Czaristi
regime ..
1. Politically, before the Russian.
Revolution of 1917, the Czar held supreme power.
Under the Czarist Kings nobles tried to strengthen their "power" throughout the Russian history.
3. Religion: The Russians believed in
Orthodox Church.
4. But, religion was under the control
of the State..
5. Foreign
1815,
Before exposure: Russia remained a closed society in which contact between the East and the West was forbidden.
First exposure: The army sent. by Tsam Alexander. 1 in suppressing Napoleon Jed to the direct contact between Russian and modern Europe.
the
7. Having been exposed to the modern
world,
realized army:
the
Russian intellectuals thought that Russia. could be strengthened by copying the West, whereas others thought. that their country could strengthened through revitalizing Russian tradition.
11.The: above was the background history for the famous intellectual debates in the 19th century.
12. Social structure: By turn of the 20th-century, Russia remained an agrarian country in which more than
of
population 90%
the peasants.
13. She was country.
7. Judging from the above analysis,
Russian. the
peasants discontented force.
were
Repressive C.
Tsars.
an economically backward
1.
14. Also, she was the last European)
power to emancipate the serfs.
15. As far as the Russian Czer was concerned; the'emancipation of the serfs had important political significance because serf economy was not productive both in industry and agriculture...
16. However, it was such emancipation:
which: speeded up. the fall of the Czerist regime.
2.
3.
Most Tsars, especially Alexander repressive 皇11, 1881-94 adopted
policy in order to uphold: thein: regime.
As far -as Alexander. 111 wa.5 concerned,Tiberal policies, e.g. freedom of press and religious tolerance, would undermine their regime..
Thus,
conservative censored the press and limited the freedom of speech.
exited,
the
tortured, 4. They arrested,
init)ha.exesuted. and imprisoned opponents.
17. Above all, although Czarist Russia was economically backward, she was imperialistic in outlook.c
18. The Czarist Russia's inability to resolve the differences between her political ambition and economic backwardness paved the way for her downfall..
6.
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As a result, discontented political forces were driven underground.
Since there was
political
channel: for the discontented forces
to express their grievances, they
-became revolutionaries who
determined to topple the dynastly.
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Groat deboto on the future of
Russian Society.
Intellectuals
Went to villages working with
peasants so as to stimulate their consciousness
Industrial
Worker's
Reforms in Russia)
Incidont/Development
Decembrist Revolution (1825)
Hanted to find a way to save. Russla A. Hesterners -
Looking towards the West for
solution
B. Traditionalists Looking back to
the merits of:
Russian Society
产品
Emancipation of
serts 1860. further made the situation at peasants worst
Russian workers suffered what tho Europaan; workers had suffered before.
Remarks
Wishad to reform
from above
Too unrealistic and difficult to arouse tho consciousness of
the, mass
unsuccessful
arousing
peasants' consciousness
Workers were actuality led by intellectuals They were Influenced by Mark!sm
forces
Any Revolal Jonary Society
Lacked of
organization
- Loosely
organizod
Cator, they organized themselve into social. revolutionary
-
Sottal, Democrats
A. Bolsheviks
B. Mensheviks
They differed
in the tampo
of revolution.Į
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