(25)育教 日十二月正年未辛夏
7826730
1991. 中學會考預習專欄
明煎出版社
MILL & DALE PRESS
History(23)
The Meiji Japan
11. By 1869, the old class division of
1.
J. Lui
I would like to examine how the constitutional.
social
by the military reforms undertaken Meiji leaders Ted to the rise of dapant Before I examine the above questions; Candidates should hear In mine that. before the reform, Japan
当
feudalistic and weak country which was China's former tributary state.
the
Besides,... the success Japanese reform could De seen by her rise of world power.
The Political Reform
1....The first and important task of trie Meiji leaders was to centralize the ̇government. Aim: to carry out other
reforms effectively..
Besides, a strong government must be a centralized one. Thus, the
leader's thought of some reform programmes 你
form a's to:
efficient and
centralized
government.
Thus, the First task. of the "leaders was to wipe out the remnants of feudal Japan.
簡
was
4. Dâimyos were asked to surrender their rights to rule the domains to the emperor. Instead, the whole country divided into different prefectures. In addition, daimyos were replaced by government officials who were. responsible for administering the. prefectures and collecting taxes.
Furthermore,
and 门W
modern ministries were set up in 1871.
6.
8. They were the ministries of: Home Affairs, Foreign Affairs, Finance, justice.
Works, Public
War; Education and the Imperial Housenold.
The above reform was peaceful and successful because former daimyos.
compensated by
appointments in the new government, high salaries, and pensions.
10. Such new centralization eliminated
old force in the government.
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daimyo. craftsmen
abolished.
to create state.
samurai.
and merchants
This was done in order modern and powerful
The Financial Reforms
2.
of
Another important characteristic of
the political system was that Elder
Statesmen could exercise their
political power through the Privy Council.
9. Besides, only one cercentage of the
could population
郭日僑學
三期星 日六月三(一九九一年十八國民華中
that because of
the new
ta
States and Excope.
8.
peasants.
structure, Japan was destined to militarism in the 1930's.
2.
Social unrests. in the 1870's
Causes:
3.
1.
Some Japanese could not adjust themselves to' the
economic.
new
environment.
modern
Main scope of studies-western. technical knowledge with the aim of!
of strengthening. the stronghold their country.... Bes?des. Translation Bureau was. established - to NOKO. western knowledge widely available to the Japanese.
for
2.
The
resentful most
Samurai
class. was pride Was
4.
Unlike
the China, translated not only
government
because their former feudal status
technology books, but also
on the
vore
deprived.
without enough
compensation.
and political history.
3. Thus,
series of insurrections took place
samurai in the
.5.
Thus, they had
夜
better
-1870's.
6.
Since the function
povernment requires a huge amount
of revenue to meet the expenses of the government, the
是 not mainly
contributions of the daimyos.
Thins, they hal.to. find new sources of revenue.
3. Besides, since the imported duties on imported goods were fixed at 5% by the treaties with the West, the Meiji leaders could not raise any extra revenue. from the importeid
4.
To stabilize the finance, yen was introduced us national currency and a new land tax was introduced in 1873.
The Military Reforms
1. Realizing the importance and the
need
defend to
their country, military reforms must be introduced so that Japan, could somehow check the advent of western imperialism..
2. As stated before, the Meiji Jeaders were pragmatic leaders who copied useful models from the west, so
their country that
could be strengthened.
3.
女中路
位保健治療防病勝於治
物理治療 元
The main issues of the reforms were, a. An Imperial Force, which was modeled from France, was formed in:1871_
The Ministry of War was divided into the Army and :: Navy Ministries. The new navy, which
the consisted of
Shogunate was fleet,
the modeled British system, whereas the new army, which ⠀ was. headed by Yamagata, was modeled cn Germany..
c. All male Japanese regardless of their social origins had to serve three years of active military service and five years in the reserve.
d. In fact, the above policy was the universal conscription Which was introduced 1873,
4. Candidates should te that the above reforms secured the Supremacy of the governmen
5. Besides, some scholars have argued
4.
In order to lessen the discontent of the samurai, the Meiji leaders invaded Korea in order to enhance the prestige of the samurai.
Economic Reforms
1. Strong economic foundation was the essential. foundation for the strengthening of Japan..
2.
3.
̇Since the aims of the Meiji Reform were to strengthen Japan along. western lines, military industries were emphasized.
ane and
As d result, heavy emphasis was placed
the building development of. arsenel ainmunition factories, shipyards and railways.
4. Railways were built because of
strategic value..
5. Since the above projects required heavy capital, thus the government; took the lead in building the above projects.
b.
Besides, the Ministry of Industry
provided technical advice, - easy.
credit.facilities and subsidies to
native industrialists.
2. As
iresult, spindles and 1ooms were imported from Britain. 8.This, cotton spinning and weaving:
industries
important
hecaine.
sector of industry.
9. Later in the 1880's on military
industries Wars
bys
sold
E: government to the former
wawand dyagio
the
In addition coctels wer since 1885.
Educational Reforms
1. In order to get first and western
knowledge,. students
sent. abroad, particularly to the United
were
破產夜冷製衣廠
Japanese scierice and the
books related to economics, social
understanding of the West.
Above all, a uniform educational system was introduced so that the mass in general could contribute to the modernization of Japan.
7. Thus, the Ministry of Education was
..established in 1871.
8. As a result, compulsory education was introduced to all Japanese boys and girls.
9. The important.
government. i.e. the government was not representative.
the 10. Accordingly, some argue that
system emperor-centred political and the imbalance of power between the militarists and civilians paved the way to the rise of militarism in the 1930's.
How Japan emerged as a world power.
Before the opening of Japan, Japan was only a tributary state of Chiva.
2. Japan ·expanded Overseas partly
because she wanted to divert the
of.the di scontent
samurai and partly because she needed
raw materials and markets
in
the
feature
of system
the
process of her industrialization and modernization.
您
3..
Japanese educational that the school's were highly centralized and heavy emphasis was placed on loyalty to the Japanese. emperor.
·Constitutional Reforms
1.Oppositions care from other clans because some Japanese were discontented with the political monopoly of. Choshu and Satsuma in the government.
2. Thus, discontented leaders resigned from the government and formed political: parties- to air their .discontent.
33 For instance. Itagaki formed the Liberal Party and Okuma formed the Constitutional Progressive Party.
4.
·To resolve the differences among different parties, Ito was sent abroad to find a suitable western political system that suited the situation of Japan.
the
5. At last, the leaders chose
Prussian model in which loyalty to the emperor was heavily emphasized. In fact, the constitution and the political system were not truly representative and democratic.
As mentioned before, the emperor held supremo power in appointing montant misters, dissolving the Trament, vetoing the budget and
controling the military power of the country.
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Thus, in 1879, she: annexed Liugia in 1879.
4. Before the First Sino-Japanese War, Japan was not recognized by China as a world power.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Thus, Japan expanded overseas in order. to gain' sucti recognition. The Meiji' Reform proved a success as she could defeat China in 1895.. In 1898, she was treated by China às a world power by giving her Fukien as the sphere of influence. Then, in 1900, Japan allied with other nations in suppressing the Boxers her status rose..
Above all, she was given good terms. and
the Boxer: compensation
Protocol,
10. Then, in 1902, Japan was finally recognized as an Asian power as the powerful Britain signed the Anglo- Japanese Alliance...
11. The
Russo-Japanese
War 1904-05 finally uplifted its international status. because Japan, being án Asian power, could defeat 'Russia, an European power
12. To 'sum. up, Japan emerged as a world power by sentes of successful, adventures and wars.
a
13. Above. ·āl·l, without
successful.
reforms, the dreams of becoming a world power could handly become
true.
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