育數日四十月正年未辛麼夏
1991 中學會考預習專欄
明德出版社
MILL & DALE PRESS
Commerce. (22)
Channe) of Distribution: Retailers
III. Types of Retailers
3.3
Multiple shops.
3.3.1.Main.types of multiple shops
The four types are as follows:
S.K. LAI
a. There is the variety chain type, selling a variety of goods
at moderate prices in a number of branches. Sincere and Wing On are variety multiples.
Ore narrow range of
b. Specialist multiples shops which sell a
goods.
Crocodile clothes: and, Maria's Bakery: are specialist multiples.
c. Manufacturers? multiples are owned and
operated by.
manufacturers who use then primarily:for sale of their own products.
The Creamery is a manufacturer's multiple..
d. Tied shops are operated under a franchised contractin.
which the owner of the ship (franchisee) buys the ready- made business from the seller for royalties.
For a fee, the franchisee gets expert help in the field of operating methods, and buying advice; he is permitted to use trade name.
The supplies of products, and the decor are specified in the franchised contract.
McDonald's is an example of tied multiple.
3.3.2 General features of multiple shops
The features are described as follows: :
a. Branches
The distinguishing feature is that they have numerous. branches .
Store's name
They usually all trade under the same name. So as to be easily. identifiable.
c. Appearance
They used to adopt a standardized. design for their stores so as to be recognized more easily.
d. Stock of goods
Goods of the same brand, quality or standard are experienced buyers at headquarters.
e:Price
These are usually fixed by the central management.
f. Advertising a
Individual stores within the multiple chains need not advertise either it is arranged by the Zental management.
As a whole, standardization is the keynote
of multiple shops.
*the
anization
4. Account. for the rapid growth: of large-scale retailers.
The rapid growth is due to the following factors:
a. They can obtain discount by bulk buying from producers or
wholesalers.
c.
Special
equipments.
報日僑
:facilitate the trading process.
d. Professional specialists can be employed so as to promote
higher quality and efficiency of operation.
e. Specialist buyers can be employed so as to select large,
varieties of goods from suppliers.
f. Customers.like to buy all their goods in one shopping. Large
retailers can offer all goods in one place.
IV. Reasons for the existence of small-scale retailers..
1. 'Despite the rapid growth and keen. competition from large-scale retailers, why do independent 'smalf-scale retailers continue to be successful?
Although small-scale retailers have experienced heavy competition from large-scale retailers, they 'continue tol survive. The reasons are:
a. Where a small-scale owner offers a personal service, elg.
repairs, etc, the competition is lesser.
ervice
AMAT b. The shop owners can keep close relation with their customers. c. The "office hours are flexible and the: shops. can open. Tong
hours.
d. credit services are offered to customers.
e. Sma11-scale retailers cart arrange delivery service upon
customers' orders.
f. They are usually conveniently Tocated.
g. They even have joined to set up voluntary chains which can
̇compete with large retailer.
2. Suggest some possible reasons why the small rotailer is at a
disadvantage when compared with large retailer.
V.
Generally, small retail shop is rui:by'sole trader. The: following disadvantages would. come across:
a. The growth would be hindered by the limited capital.
b. The choice of product items available is limited to ...customers.
c. Specialist equipment or staff cannot be employed.
d. The Tocation of store is always away from the main streets. e. It is too dependent on the owner in the running of the
business.
心
f. Bulk buying cannot be enjoyed, thus weakening the cost-price!
competition in the market.
Factors to be considered in setting up retail business
To be successful in setting up a retail business, the following! factors should be taken into account: PAT
a. The choice of the Tocation of a retail shop
The major factors, to consider in choosing the site are as follows:
i. The estimated population of potential target customers. ii. The existing competition, or the same type of stores to
be available."
flow around the business
iii. The volume Loftraffic
V
surroucidings.
The comparativecdout of rent of the new store. The supportingates to be avable. The amount and kind of dampurbitson
The existing competition, and the s should be studied In so doing, one aurent market competition and trends.
c. The knowledge of the product
retail: shops.
fay, be aware of
The prospective retailer should be fully awarėj knowledge of the products being sold in order that ar buys advice based on specialized product knowledge offered to customers.
d. The amount of capital to be available
The scale of the operation of a new retail shop depends upon the budgeted funds to be available. The layout of the shop and amount of the stock held are determined. by the available capital.
, The type of custom.
For a retailer to be successful, the standards of services, or. product quality provided to prospective consumers should be decided. The decision has impact upon the kind of appeal to be made to prospective consumers.
b. A lower mark-up can be added to the sellin price.
VI. Principles of franchising
and its reasons for the popularity of
e.q.
computers,
can be installed to
franchise operations
四期星:日八廿月二(一九九一)年十八國民華中
1. Principles of franchising.
A franchise
is
continuing relationship between
the
fraichisor and the franchisee in which the sum total of the: franchisor's knowledge, product. image. manufacturing,
marketing techniquies are supplied to the franchisee for a royalty fee.
In short, the franchisee does not have to build up a business step by step.
2. The reasons for the popularity of franchise operations in the
Hong Kong fast-food industry are:
a. The business. risks involved in opening a new franchise fast-food store are Tower. The products are generally
accepted and well-known. The brand loyalty has been built up in the customers.
b. The franchise holders buy the ready-made business from the
seller. They are given training in the running of the business.
c. The franchise holders are given, specialised services
the selection of location of new store.
in
d. The fast-food stores have high potential in earning large profits. The operation can fulfill the desire of businessmen, to, build up their own business.
VII.Modern trends in retailing
The trends are summarily stated as follows:
a. The use of computer technology improves the buying process. b. Whereever it is possible, there 'has been rising popularity of
self-service in the retail shops..
c. The use of credit card payment is generally accepted in many
shops.
d. Franchising will soon become the dominant form of retail
outlets.
e. There has been growth. of shopping centres.
f. Many multiple stiops have become variety. chain stares.
g. There has been sharp surge in the amount of mail-order
trading and trading by giant. retailer.
h. Manufacturers and wholesalers are shifting towards retailing;
while retailers are moving into manufacturing. This is. the. :crássing-over of function.
Increasing use of metric measures in the buying process. Is an essential tendency.
VIII. Self-assessment Question
1. State. FoUR
features which have contributed to the popularity, of supermarkets with consumers. 2.State FOUR features which distinguish a department store.
: from other types: of retail store.
3. Mr Lee, the marketing executive of AB.C. fast-food chain,
is considering to launch a new store in Shatin.
(a) Advise Mr Lee on the major factors to take into account ̇ ......... in choosing the best location.
(b) What do you understand by the term "Franchise' in the
retailing:::
(c) Account for the popularity of franchise operations in
the Hong Kong fast-food industry.
4. Account for the rapid growth of large-scale retailers. 5. Despite the rapid growth and keen competition from large- scale retailers, why do independent small-scale. retailers continue to be successful?
6. Suggest some possible reasons why. the small retailer is at
a disadvantage when compared with large retailer.
esaribe the factors to be considered in setting up. retail usings.
Sui order selling has been popular in use.
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of this form of retailing.
(a) Describe THREE advantages that multiples shop have over
the smatiér retailer..
(b) Explain
setalling the : fpliawing terms.
Vending machines,
Multiple retailers, and
Electronic check-outsi.
with
:reference:
to
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,重返田徑跟動場,現年廿四歲的伍嘉儀
相信大家已默默期待着她另一番高製成机的一 目睹了位香港女飛人重投比賽的決定.
「狀機能不全」。 二心臟病發被送入窗院,醫生表示是「急性冠
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工序的技術這個被商嗎? 內涵,難道美術教育的內容便只限於學習手作 何时进一件美南作品的技術,而忽略了作品的,彩素描的跟進課。以色彩谈论精奥普媯衔 一般人對學校美術教育的認識只著眼在如,比較深入探索。例如中國米坐著色球衬作為成
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生促學醬士誌紙玉常朊念,言敦南州導下, 一心,一巳枪於多伏商成果理想的課程。學 一及不難從日常生活中得到的教导,課座內容包 是向在谳教師椹供可依實際教項主實踐的方法 一. 設立「從欣賞外向創作」這個課視,且的 啟我個人的想預力,及裙夠掌握做的玉堂詞
海外出版的视觉设杜
·奥致職員,招收學生及爭取外界資助進行研究工作上的事亦受让潮弱。此外,鄭漢釣又表示·战百官學院行於六個ttle
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OF ART 一的色彩空間感及現硓南效果,
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嬰然什大多数的所謂一沒有天份」的學生 才满是否定的是可以唔古的,這一來,便容
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授教德立下
講演職就
粘土教授卡
Prof David 敎演中之前為面去中文
德瑞國際學校
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陸反堙海東學土
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年的工作目標。 設備。年內教職員進行的學術研究計到《百七十二項。
年·學院在招聘教職員上會遇到困難,洪是學院未能與大學地位商之故, 另一方面,除已有的工商管理机統中心外,浸會學院於年內將設了,五合國錢:敕育界
會到高質素高等教育的需求。 感極端值慨。 又銜出租同的款額加强科肋研究的,其中包括圖書館的期刊和電瓶出不能更改的熊 大家不姊拭目以待,他括建築工程,被値五
论,她促請政府早日批准該校正名的要 私利而反對混合間。葉的混合制反擊, ,是全年輕常開支的百分之二,何時學院 敎統會主席却一早已案局如何平嵐這場風波,約,在我地狱的協理技 一個年度直接供研究計亂用的撥款計學生的將來命運,但主的一次考驗,且亞當 程公司執行董事簽署合
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·劉議員昨日向立法局提交一九八九,上述五會指敎號 五台預料當局文化。 的教乱魨參與議拉九十年代的罐大發展行全日制過度期必然 港小學以春聯形式在校 激達九千多名,較之前一年北加約三歲。而在年內,學院又完成了香港工作,賴生正式轉汗新建於遠之路的未落校舍出樣,將於九一年花花 學院正名爲大學,以吸引和挽留高素質,被敎乐混合常推會開檢動會時,號召全 高礒貝劉華森促請政府 - 平日批准浸會占建議的小學泥奇一)在三月初 · 教袂 【特訊】浸會學院校華會主席立法會陣線,反對進行報表大會」部五行: 故齬九零年十月起進行學部制度,並決定應該爲所提供的非學位課程設立一個獨立的學習,名爲高級專業學一會面世時的三成时至荁 於昨日立法局會議 在此份年報上又記述了去年度毕院的十四個學系售開辦了四十七墒全日制,葉校⻌竹制及部份特黹制課程-學長總和組織玩法师帕索,而西越味中六詩· 門跟番當。
年底公佈其在九一至九四年度的教務發展計劃書,此項工作使學院得以檢討誌將定的角色,立明示的方任及定未來國謀覺是泰里原里·西姆·布一至忻引决,教 ·美博託世假馬國來的卻 詞,在學院的教務結梅檢討上,有鑑於學院的迅速擴展,日後終會需要在學系和教伤感之同加設另一新进生代,寫在西本茂, 本報告書上,張燕泉 *學設立就豐富,中一六二年 我還強調,浸會學院將繳敬致力加强教統會將於日內檢的序幕,也是這三年致 女校的建築委員宮上英語及坐語教育,注愧, 下立敢教提早年於譯界重視。卜教授说 敎服上學術研究工作的質阻 - 因爲高水,討在諮詢期間所收集的轩運動後另一次教育界 席白龍嘉和橘主席已與體育運動,作為均衡弨 劍橋大學攻讀東方究 ·祜梅與顯著做博士台山 设菫帝 寒冰府撥地,作發展改
求取政權保賴校發展完善 - 籍此滿足社 此 - 全港教育工作者禸,這些「熱身行動」元,進行運動中心及課一千多名來自┅四個 州將湯速影響學術翻譯噯北站山中去甜譯娟究 将訊一朵作工陀-將再拉官額
·百萬花 ·龍表示 德興國際學校現已
分之六十安。
CAMERA TERAS - 9V OF POPED
·相信是掀開較激烈行助 室擴建工程。门前,為不同國籍的學生,提供工作的一些導的概念。中心出版,深受中外銷 學儍現擬斥資五千萬 香港仔區福道,烏超過他的翻譯者,上址﨑 瞉讲詿譯叢、再到. |德瑞國際學校位於 候,但他也是一位孜孜莒前前兼任中英文學翻 ‘嗯,前於一九七零十八 江中要對譯器上的‘翻
世,被曾為一代文學上,Studios 上面,致哎
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員職敎素質高留挽及引吸
局當促會董校會浸
·程課部全設所校該謂森華劉原主
學大名正准批
準水生究研及士嚳際國平台經包
作
程課生究研及位學
五成六加增將工理
納預期中增收學生所需的執學及有最施。 的目標。政府亦原則上同意學院在九本代末全四辭學生人搬至五千湖
技術研究中心,以及香港東西文化極的衮業中心。 名。此外,政府又同意把那福道具土地撥給學院興建第二校舍 - 以容 生人數每年池增百分之七至八,直到一九四年至九五年度達四千多名激烈的行動以表達不
·學及理工教育資助委員會已同意後,一九九一至九五年間,全日制學話,軟图難免械迫原版 藍础+回應政府由一九九一年至九間加速發展高等教育的計劃;大而當局仍執迷不悟的 三所學術研究中心,分别骂:表面特塔究中心、機物階環及獨步生物就己理性地送過不同的 踏進九十年代- 设習學院巴裡番,一步的發展制訂了規模拟大發展,民族,提出專業扯建議 二渠道、蒐集數據,反映
及陪張 擴建旧途,包括西建一
據悉;五個教育理
「禮已離牌一連串行動以
五教育團體發起 熱身行動』
示校長教師决心 下一致反混合制
【界的既精而認說後果, 先採疫性愀的行動丙州
塔防當局估計教育
事他的嚴重,這些「熱
1致反對混合制的決心,
顯示校長和教師上下
据了整個家百謀,本港 助學校教師會、資小校|教育制度,破天荒組成五區計開「分區教师代 表的第四號報告畫·證師會、官小校長會、資十萬小學生爭取理想的升二日及九日在北九 (特訊)我統統下個教育團體(香港敎| 只會及官非裔)更爲數,迪詩比賽;一)於 細扜那對所謂「信」時,發覺用詞是何等的 正事件,讓者亦早已屢見不鮚。曾經有一個中 一女學生在堂上寫情侣一而被筆者發者,當 行為是所謂「前衛」派的表表者?其實類似以
|題 - 微求對聯、標語、
·维者只能將這個女孩
身行動一分別母:(理工學院得到大學及理 以反外混合制爲土一工教育資助委員會故故。
學壇廣角鏡:
愛不是遊戲 若嵐
比賽時,亦偶有以此作爲比賽題目。 會挞談論過無數次,而很多學校每每舉行辯論 「中學生不應該談戀愛」這個問題在以往一不轉介到輔導組的同事去嗎!亦發經有一次,
本錢。: 擁有異性朋友便是一件光榮的事,有些更甚的
概要的,而自己作為一個教師,亦逐之赞成家 .在一般家長心目中,中學生是絕對不應該 更以擁有數個異性朋友作爲向其它朋友誇翔的 異性交往並不是往往會擦出一張情火花」,而 是甚麼一回事,便定自地跟風。他們以爲自己一不是他們換般那麽「娘」。而智老師的, 消了戀愛的意思;有些中學生根本不明白戀愛‘當的輔導,對他們解學懋愛為何物,而安亦 長們的想法。但森今天 · 那些中學生似乎泥 十五六歲的设予呢?做家長的,應給予宅女適 兩個中男生,為了爭奪他們低一级的所謂 惡,以免作出一些愚蠢的事情來。
·要教導他們認識请楚虬正的「道德舣值」 異性交往亦能產生質正的友誼,最重要的就是 當發現學生與異性期友交往時,亦應教導他們
遊戲,成年人已椁很難玩得透,更何況一些 亦因談判破裂而大打出乎,其實「戀愛」這個 「女朋友」,竞然相約ä校外「溝骥,最後
一對身穿校服的男女學生,在眾目睽睽下作出 嚇了一跳,原來朋友所指的同學互助互愛就是 愛 - 而且關熒備至!」當我回頭一看,此把我 ,發覺
我說:「妳程,現今的中學生真是十分互助互 記得有一次與朋友在快餐店開談、朋友對
但動,性令旁人爲之刺自
自己思想是否太過古板呢?莫非他們的思想和 “究鸷这些學生的道德觀念去了那匹?心想
大學山
在立法場・北外,亦曾时建季 買的酉上供座位及一個手 一整的擴建工程佔地
乖 座運動中心,內設五
,達到外貌和諧一
University of London Institute of Education
倫敦大學教育研究院
敎育進修課程講座
下午六時至七時
三九龍美于新邨百老灘街 23A)
Professor D. Lawton
主题:介紹有關教育文憑,教育學士,誠士,辦士等
課程
聖類斯 地利亞
夜校
夜校
功課督導班
由經驗敎師指導及督促學生完成學校每日指定家 課,溫習校內所教課程和準備校內及公開考試, 並提供有效讀書方法,培養學生學習興趣,以鞏
固學業基礎。
日
期:一九九一年三月六日
地
點:伯張英文游院(香港)
有意參加者,請於辦公時間內袛:
13376306 李思泌
4776183 譚萬鈞
班級:小學 P1-P.6
中學 F1-F.3
上課地點:香港西區第三街 179號(聖類斯夜班)
$46 0288
主辦機構:倫次發育研究院香港同學童
香港鰂魚涌太古城(地利亞)
568 1134
九龍官塘月華街19號(地利亞)
342 2289
7888836 張國華
九龍官塘協和街223號(利瑪窗)
389 3289
九龍美孚百老滙街80號(地利亞)
743 9313
上課時間:逢星期一至五 晚上6:00-7:30或7:45 - 9:15 報名時間:星期一至六 上午九時至晚上九時
(B. Ed. QUALIFYING EXAM :
9/3/91 2.30 p.01.- 5:30 p.m.
的傘點
10/8/91 0:30 a.r.-12:30 p.m.
Applicants are advised to contact the above persons
for further details.)