十八國民中
育教 日四十月二十年午庚腦要
h
ANAL
和火山,
1991 中學會考預習專欄
明德出版社
MILL & DALE PRESS
Geography (18) -
Natural hazards
報日僑華
二期星一日九廿月一( 一九九一年十八國民華中( 28 )
d) river channel jammed by ice.
e) sudden change of gradient.
→ sudden reduction in slope th
( Huahei Pingyuan.
frequent change of river. channels..
its
Huang He has changed course: over 20 times in the past..
g) absence of any large lake.
in 1947,build a 'staircase' of 46 huge multi-purpose dams along the Huang He..
most of the dams are on the middle "course.
also involve construction of
diversion
channels, retention
Takes.. afforestation and soit conservation programmesSa
blizzard
designed:
transport
Natural
Process
Disastor
hazard
Precaution
tand
contro!
Haturst
Process
"Disaster
Precaut Ion
and
hazard
control
earthquake landslide
-precise,
typhoon):
very strong ring
loss of..
dotecting
tropical: wind.
He and
system
atome..
hurricane
oforrential'
rain
property
事
eoarthquake
werning.
flooding
damage to
buildings
and crops
{"cold.
weather. stopping of transport 1.avalanche
· systems: strongly constructed buildings
•warning
system specially
Geomor
•tsunamis
*landslide, blocking of afforesta
phologt-rockslide, transport
tion
slumping -toss of
$ite and
-levetting
steep slopes
(3) Effects
property
volcanic
aruption
routes"
F. Chan
drought.
*Sol
crops and Livestock
conservation
-Irrigation
fire:
=controlled"
*fan!ne
:grazing.
soli.
Biologi | ដន រឺ
disease, pests, Infesta~ Hon.
araston
*1000.
contrat
Meteoro
transport
logical
Joss 01
(A)'Causes of and human responses to
natural hazards
(1) environmental resources..
natural resources refer to those parts of the natural environment that people find them useful...
e.g. climate, vegetation.i
soil,
are
extreme
stopping of construction
crops and
Elvestock
tamine
heavy
flood
•loss of
crops
•lands/Ide
dykes and retention.
construction
of dams,
loss of Life and
property. tina
-loss-of
ide and Livestock +destruction
of crops
warning and detecting. system
•planting of disease. resistant
species
vaccination'
"pesticides
(3) human responses and adjustments to
hazards..
for people living in hazard-prone basic areas,adjustment is a response of human survival.
trying to predict them."
trying to reduce the damage they cause.
(4) disaster
desaster recovery..
dykes and
trying to prevent them.
retention
·Takes
tornado, every strong swaroing- hallstorm wind
systen
loss of iffe and: property
| whindranco
of
*warning: systém
transport lov
of natural.
•frost:
crops
(2)-environmental risks
natural hazards natural events which perceived by people as risks to Life and property.
there are human-induced hazards
·which are caused by the misuse.or over-utilization,
resources: by mari.
sometimes: human activities have made existing natural hazards
worse.
美有限,報名從速!
斿新境界!
lead to
Human activity.
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over-grazing.
devegetation,
tion,
Tumbaring
over-
cultivation
urbanization
·Fadustri's | |-
zation.
building and
construction
careless
burning
and fine
Cultivation
of crops
using tertilizers.
cultivation.
In marginal
areas
sol erosion, drought
visibility *damage to | "covering
crops with
plastic and
polythane.
sheets *greenhouses'
Human-aduced hazard.
(B) An example
floods and droug
in the Huang He Basin.
(1) Introduction"
Tooding.
soff cerosion landslide
sol erosion, tamino,
so exhaustion of
depletion
Pollution,
unbalanced ecosystem,
extinction of plant
and animal species,
Fexhaustión ot.
resources.. climate.chango
Handslidoj
devegetaties
fextthatlin of plant
and animal species,
unbalanced ecosystem,
pollution,
deforestation
pollution,
solf depletion; disasses, pasts.
desart ancroachment,
deserttilcation,
climatic change
購收租舖
張機票 昨效期
300
天祥
271 9751
特征人20 鐡定加幅
16天1000
82
1000~1300
2700-3280
1000
600-1700 1000-1700 500-1500
1000-1500
400-500
500-800
收均
地產 番客查得價供
九龍上海街136 號閣樓 7802293-4 九龍旺角上海街346 號 地下 7709918(假日照常)
North
Loess Platenu
-China
emergency actions:
a) basic requirement for people.
rescue and medical operations. c) safety.
d) social order..
restoration:
a): return of refugees:
b) basic infrastructure.
reconstruction
a) long-term basis.
b) pre-disaster planning..
c) strategies are improved, e.g. pengineering: and technological
devices..
in China to
is
Lung, and drain an area
750,000 km which is, inhals
over 100 million people.
Location of the Month China Plain and Loess Plateau
17 Huang Her Basin
Beijing.
The North China Plain hás attracted derise L'''farming settlements because of low-lying. relfef, cheap water transport. loss of life and property, crap failure, spread of diseases i local famine.
(4) Causes
Gaoyuan)
of drought in..... Huangtu
Tow annual rainfall below 380 mm Cand
and highly variable. unreliable (100 mm in-a year).
-high rate of evaporation, because
of high summer temperature, hot? dry wind,low relative humidity and deforestation: (loss .of vegetation cover)
(5) Effects
foss of fertile land:for farming. widespread famine.
(6) human responses
- Huang. He multi-purpose scheme.
a) Introduction
b)
E3 extreme ovents.
1 loads
droughts
Az Bi
c) Benefits: and
Aims and measures adopted in the Huang He Project.
AIMS
1. Flood control
"
-to remove the danger.
of flooding by flood protection measures along the channels: and on the flood.. Plains
2: Irrigation
Bo Hol
Kal Yang
Huang He Basin
deposit and alluvium
City
• Dyka.
Basin boundary.
(2) Causes of floods
a) great wearability in the amount
of rang fall
- heavy stimmer rains.
- snowmelt.
b) high silt content
— deforestation
and careless
farming activitie severe soil erosion.
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Huon)
loosened materials are washed
into the .Huang He,
heavy deposition raisés
the
river bed.
high discharge,
water may
spill over the natural fevees..
e):winding river. course:
m gentle river chamel, water
moves slowly,
財團收購 無不交吉樓 舖及交吉樓! 致利地產 7702561-3 油膜地上海街287號F地下
없고
to redo the
droughts of crops
generation
4. Navigation in lovar at
middle courses
5. Soll conservation catchment arba B loess region to say achieve flood abatement
JB R
problems.
annual precipitation
Time tyears!
environmenta
:flood prevention.
increased farm yfelds. Tengthened growing season. development of marginal Mandso
electrification. mechanized farming:: fresh-water fish farming: save time in navigation. check soil erosion. Findustrial development.
silting of rese
reservoirs.
increased use of fertilizers leading to stream pollution. Interference with river: transportation.
upsetting local ecosystem- and micro-climate.
.Measures adopted
(a) Dams 146 main dams), flood: retention.
reservoirs and desilting" basins are constructed along the main river and some tributaries:
to regulate channel flow and hence check discharge. A
to retain flood water/to store excess water
to retain silt, hence reducing the voluis
or sediment load carried, downstream to the i floodplains lower course
{b} Embankments in thic tower course are.
reinforced.
(c) Dykes, levees and banks are strengthened to.
prevent breaching..
(d) Meandering river courses are straightened to
quicken channel flow.
(e) Flood diversion projects are developed:
- flood distribution projects.areconstructed.
spillways are constructed to collect overspi1...
(f) River, beds and mouth are dredged.
(a) Flood retention reservairs are constructed to
store excess water behind dans;
they provide regulated and reliable water
Supply for irrigation.
Hence farming can be improved,
(b) Canals are constructed to lead away water to
•fields: for: Irrigation..
(a) Dams, are constructed to regulate channel, flow
for H.E.P. generation.
(b) Three major dams are Sanmen Gorge. Bam, Liujia
Gorge Dam and Longyeng Gorger Jan.
-Channel flow is regulated to enable cheap
watar transport by river,
(a) Exposed slopes are protected by afforestation
vand grassing.
(b) Hillsides are torraced for farming. (c) Güllies are dared,
(d):Windbreaks are planted in the north...
(e) Changed in Tand use farming. methods are
Improved.
(f): Desilting basins are constructed aid the silt so collected is dredged and used for soil Haproveient!
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