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私人機構,逐步推行公道的... E
|後便兩地强制所有機
橇金或退休金計劃,最繳大乘經典編制,爲期甚晚。
一秒,而或立懷等退休,西在新老朋友就人、四人,其吃食格式也只是一個野人;相反,東非洲黑人早已懂依前及飯後洗洗手」等等的
·可「交明迢到貨遒產裹參雜了許多許多精純,與逐我們才不會白費作者苦心經營背後目標。能夠」。子有惡神,西福兆 (Au “子有錄一恸朋甲線之學,初中之「無樹」及「非育」俱狁否定句式而言現象之 律修行之網絡之中。
把握省羅氏的主線,即文明妮邦全然向前,則能容易明白羅氏爲何州街如:「二百年前文明,弗弗婓 KAU)。宛其死矣,他人是空 - 表面上與神秀之張針鋒相對,實則您能只否定現象之作,然未嘗一
(PAU)
例子;劉書除了該警中知識外,也要睚世作者的斗的,這樣便能王緊作者的主娠-淨白比死
T Jaj鼐出演,但區不振 八 Sm A F S 超意識活。林秀你以爲照云法門,然不知古包執身、心,雷能復六祖之本※特新。 (TALAT) CLIA ACTION) ETQ1 255H - KZENÝCHEART)ETREETSKE - B<NG · KUPU - MISHARAN 幷否定「身」,「心」,「身」非指身體BODY ), 而是指活動(有機及有特定指向之偈語,它既有獨立之精神,也有補-
及引伸之功用 從義理上分析,可兒惠能之第二偈,非如郭氏所實爲好文,而是一
你的大乘經典造論。街立大柔思想教義,因此一资料多。
1990 中學會考預習專欄
4. Number of consumers
If there are More consumers, the demand for a good will increase.
(35)日九初月一十年巳己夏
報日僑華
3. Consumers' income
If consumers' income increases, the consumers will usually demand more of a good.
Price
Quantity
$6
១
1
2
明德出版社一
MELL & DALE PRESS
3
A change in demand is illustrated by a shift of the demand curve. When demand decreases, the demand curve shifts to And when demand increases, the left. the demand curve shifts to the right, e.g.
the shift from Do to D1 in Fig. 10.2.
三期星日六月二十(九八九一)年八十七國民華中
But
if quantity
upward movement. demand increases, it will be a downward
movement, e.g. the movement from go to
q, in Fig. 10.3.
P
$7
4
d
5
56
50
E
$7
$5
Economics (10)
Table 10.1
Alain Li
$6 $5
$4
$3
$2
$1
1 2
$4
$3
$2
$1
DEMAND
In economics, the demand for a good is the relationship between *ts price andj the quantity bought.
There are 6 factors affecting demand: 1. Price of the good
Normally, when the price of the good! decreases, people are willing and able to buy more. Conversely, when the price rises, people will buy less.
2. Price of the related food
If the two goods are substitutes, a rise in the price of one good will raise the demand for another. But if they are complements, a rise in the price of one good will decrease
the demand for another.
1990 中學會考預習專欄
明德出版社wins
WILL & DALE PRESS
History (10)
J. Luf
The development of parliamentary government in Britain
Background History
1.
Britain Jagged behind France in the development
parliamentary
institutions.
of
2. Different paths to democracy:
FRANCE - REVOLUTION
BRITAIN PARLIAMENTARY REFORM
The grievances of the middle and lower classes did not lead to violent revolutions in the 19th and 20th centuries because
a. political event, such as the Glorious Revolution had made the Monarch only ä
figurehead.
b. there was a possible channel for people to express their demands and grievances.
3. From 1871 onwards, universal male suffrage was practised in France, Ont the other hand, it introduced in Britain at the turn of the century.
4. Different views on democracy:
was
The radicals considered that the practice of democracy was the best means to wipe out feudalism.
5. To the conservatives and moderate liberals, they feared that democracy would demolish church, religion, monarchy and above all the public order.
6. Duration of the struggle: It lasted for decades.
7. Cause for cry for democracy: The demands for
more direct representation resulted from the rapid economic progress after the early phases of the agrarian and industrial revolutions.
8. Different phases:
9.
a
a. The commercial and industrial classes struggled to have greater say in the government. b. Then, by the turn of the
century, the middle and
commercia1 classes took the interests and welfare of the working class seriously.
They could not take the risk of overlooking the interests
welfare of the working class.
and
10. They thought. that reforms from
above would guarantee a stable and
prosperous country.
5. Consumers' taste
If the change in taste is in favour of a good, the demand for it will increase.
6. Consumers' expectation
The demand for a good will rise if consumers expect its price to rise. If the price is going to rise, it will save money by buying the good immediately.
DEMAND AND QUANTITY DEMANDED
a
While 'demand' refers to the whole relationship between an array of price the quantities bought, 'quantity and demanded! refers to particular quantity bought at a particular price. Statistically, a demand schedule shows the demand for a good which is formed of particular quantities bought at particular prices, i.e. the quantities demanded. Table 10.1 refers
Results
1. More people were given the chance to express their grievances through parliamentary institutions.
2. At first, the middle class was
enfranchised.
3. Then, by the turn of the century,
the lower class, especially the urban working class, enfranchised.
was
4. In other words, the interests of the middle and lower classes were ensured and serious social upheavals could be prevented.
Points to consider
1.
How did the MP and the upper class limit the political activities ofx the commercial and middle classes?ge
2. The importance and significance
the practice of sector ballot.
3. The attitudes of the tempestial and
industrial classes working class.
Graphically, the demand for a good is illustrated by a demand curve while the quantity demanded is illustrated by a particular point of the demand curve, e.g. the point of the demand curve D in Fig. 10.1 shows that at the price of $ the quantity demanded is 2.
P
$7
$6
$5
$4
$3
$2
$1
5681 23 A
0 1 2
3
4 5 6 7 0 Fig. 10.1
12. For instance, workers were allowed to form trade unions and organize strikes in 1824.
13. However, people other than the MPS wanted greater say in the parliament.
а
Causes for the limited representation in the 1830's.
Franchise was based on property and ownership of land, i.e. only MPs with land worth $300 to £600 in annual rents were eligible to vote.
It limited the franchise because farm worker only earned £20 to £50 a year at that time.
its
10% of the acult population could vote.
2. Landowners who represented only 2%
of the population took all seats in the Parliament.
the
4.
The development of parliamentary institucion
3.
Situations Napoleonic Era.
3 4 5 6 7 Q fig. 10.2
A change in demand is caused by a change in the price of the related good, consumers' income, consumers taste, number of consumers, or
Thus consumers'
in expectation. Fig. 10.2 even the price of the good remains $4, the demand for the good changes from 2 to 4.
On the other hand, a change in quantity demanded is illustrated by a movement alorga demand curve.
If quantity demanded decreases, it will be an
After
were
c. women
still excluded from having a
She say in government.
-- A5 a result, it led to the Chartist Movement in which radical reforms were demanded.
1832, the Tories became the Conservatives who worked for the interests of the landlords and nobility, and the Whigs became the Liberals who fought for the interests of the middle class.
Other social reforms. For instance
1. The Factory Act 1833
the
3.
On the other hand, the commercial and industrial classes were not represented.
Britain after the
4. Thus, it Ciscontent
led
of
to the
the growing
middle and
working classes.
Two economic classes grew in Britain after the incustria) revolution.
2. They were the middle class and the
working class.
3. The middle class benefited from the economic prosperity of Britain, whereas site, working class suffered much from 1
4. They had "to work more than ten hours a day Tso, child and women labours
employed. ahors were Also, some Wad to
5. All in all, thark underground.
6.
7.
2.
orking class was
seriously exploited.
The hardship of the face pane much severe when the depressions stormed Britain,
created
The Napoleonic Wars economic boom in Britain, but t was only a temporary solution to the British economy.
The situation of the working class was worst when another economic depression at Britain after the Napoleonic Wars.
It was because the European powers were too poor to buy British goods. 10. As a result, social problems became much more acute and the Tory government had to deal with the social and economic problems carefully.
11. During the 1820, reforms in the area of criminal laws, trade unions and religious discrimination took place.
5.
fi.
As a result, the working class made use of demonstrations to voice out their grievances.
The radical moves of the working class frightened the Parliament and later the Whigs headed by Lord John Russell proposed a Reform Bill in 1831 to enfranchise the middle class.
The significance of the 1832 Reform Act 1. It ensured that the middle and lower classes could express their grievance and discontent through parliamentary means.
Thus they would not resort to vichatte in the suggle せん greater participation in the government.
3. From then
the on.
MPS were concerned not only with the interests of the landlord class, but also the interests of the middle class.
4.
Since the Reform Act of 1832 enabled the middle class the right to vote they were eager to preserve the stability and prosperity of their country since they could share power with the upper class.
5. Limitation:
-a. franchise was still based on
property.
b. workers were still excluded
from having a
in the Parliament.
say
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-Children under 9 were forbidden
to work in factories.
The working hours were limited to only nine.
Reforms in education
Children the working class were given the chance to receive time through government
Mines Act 1842
Realizing the children
0 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 Q
Fig. 10.3
A change in quantity demanded is caused-
by a change in the price of the good. Thus in Fig. 10.3 when the price changes from $4 to $2, the quantity demanded changes from 2 to 4.
A
THE LAW OF DEMAND
normal sloping,
demand 1.2.
Curve is negatively
downward
sloped,
showing that the price and the quantity demunded of a good tend to move in epposite directions.
In economics, the Law of Demand states that the lower the price of a good, the greater will be its quantity demanded.
Thus, the Conservative Party headed by Benjamin Disraeli put forward the Reform Act of 1867 which aimed at providing the urban industrial workers to have a say in government.
As a result.
the
a. the living conditions of towns were improved, For instance, drainage system was improved.
b. education was made compulsory so that even working class could
acquire knowledge at the expense of the government.
Act
the
Other reforms, such as the Sanitary (1866), the Education Act(1870) Housing Act(1875) were passed so that the living and working conditions of the working class were improved.
Also, farmers were enfranchised in the Reform Act of 1884. Thus, by the turn of the 20th century, nearly 70% of the male population were eligible to vote.
Other social and political movements
were
of the
1.
were working underground, the government did not allow wortet de children to work underground"..
to 4. Also, due
the outcries and demands of the middle class, many old laws, were repealed.
For instance, the laws regarding tariffs, monopoly of Big companies were abolished one by one.
5. Thus, the Corn
Lavand Navigation Acts were tapealed.
the
The Chartist Movement was resulted from the growing discontent of the working class who could not benefit from the prosperity of their country. They demanded
1. universa manhood suffrage 2. the practice of secret ballot 3.salarjes for members of Parliament so that the poor could participate in politics.
Points to consider
the Despite the rising demands of working class for social and political reforms, the British government was still able to contain the discontent and prevent great social upheaval from happening.
than
In the second half of the 19th century, Britain became more prosperous before because she had extended her economic influence from Europe to other continents, even to Asia.
Having benefited from such economic prosperity, more and more educated British middle class realized that the working class should not be in the deprived to
a say government..
have
2.
The Labour Party was formed.
It worked for the interests of the workers.
The rich were taxed So as
to
relieve the financial burden of the
government since she had to finance a lot of social services.
3. The Parliament Act of 1911 which ensured that only the House of the Commons could introduce money bills.
Conclusion
1. Universal manhood suffrage caire into practice after the end of the First World War.
2.
Causes: All the British regardless of their social status were mobilized during the war.
Women were eligible to vote.
3. The road to universal franchise in Britain was rather peaceful. There was no serious class warfare partly because of the effectiveness of the parliament in reconciling the differences between different
classes and partly because the preconditions for practising democracy were ripe.
4. Enlightened
leaders
political recognized the needs to share the government with other sectors of the population.
5. Thus, the welfare and the political demands of the middle and lower classes could be met one by one.
5.
It was such a rather peaceful road
that the British could enjoy equal
saying in the government.
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