三期星日二月一十(九八九一)年八十七國民華中( 28
國民華中
育教 日五廿月十年巳己曆夏
報日僑
1990 中學會考預習專欄
明德出版社
4. They subported sucn subject peoples with the aim of extending their influence in the Balkan Peninsula. 5. Witnessing
decline of the Ottoman Empire, both powers intended to grasp their share of influence.
d. Soon, Russia declared war on Turkey
6. France got a free hand in Tunisia.
after she gave Austria a free hand in Bosnia and Herzegovina because she intended
dismantle Ottoman Empire.
the
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1
History(8)
The Eastern Question (1871-1914). (a general survey)
J. Lui
Eastern Question is an important issue because nationalistic struggles amongst different Curopean
happened
there and its strategic position nado it become a bore for contention.
The term Eastern Question refers to the crisis in the Balkan States; resulted from the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire.
A series of political forces collided In the Balkan Peninsula, and would like to examine
a. the causes behind the rivalries of
the Great Powers"
b. the interests of the Great Powers.
c. the content of Balkan nationalism.
A. The Austro-Russian rivalry
Causes:
Habsung's
(the Austrians) interest the Balkans had beer sharpened by the desire to recover in south eastern Europe the prestige that had been lost in Italy and Germany.
large slice of
Austria: lost territories as a result of Italian
and German unification.
2. The Russian interest was intensitied
the aggressive.
Austria.
gesture of
3. In order to secure their interests, both the Habsburg and the Russians
supported the
subject peoples
for independence..
Octonan
Empira's
B. The Anglo-French intervention
Causes:
1. It began when the Turkish government susperided payment of interest on its large foreign debts.
2. France did not want any direct
intervention in the Balkans.
3. The eritish government aired at preventing Russian expansion into the Balkan derinsula.
4. She favored support for Turkey because she had much vested interests in Egypt; a stable Turkey would ensure the safety of her interests.
c. The German interesis and the role of
Bismarck in the 1870's
1. Re
at preventing any open breach between his two partners.
Austria and Russia)
2. As far as the German interests were concerned, Bismarck wanted the Turkish government to be dissolved by a joint agreement of the powers.
Crisis in Turkey
1st Episode
Characteristics of the period
1. Repressive policy of Turkish Sulten. 12. Foreign intervention.
Causes: the army of the new Sultan
treated
Serbians The
badly. Then, the Serbians sought the intervention
the Great
Powers.
Faced with the Russian intervenţion
a. The Suitàn agreed to settle the
problem by
international conference.
a
b. Then, he proclaimed a
constitution,
渴
2nd Episode
Characteristics of the period
Russian interest was ensured.
The Russo-Turkish War of April 1877 The Treaty of San Stefano in March closed the chapter of the Russo-fukish War.
Since the terms of the treaty can be found casily in any textbook, 1 would like to pinpoint the consequences of the treaty.
Candidates should try to understand the causes leading to foreign intervention after the Treaty of San Stefano was. signed.
In fact, the treaty caused inevitable jealousies and disappointments.
1. Rumania, Serbia and Greece resented
the rise of Bulgaria.
2. Austria and Britain feared that Russia would extend her "nfluence through Bulgaria.
3. Then, Britain and Austria pressed
Bismarck for a mediation,
3rd Episode
Highlights of the period Russian expansion bl checked political map of Ottoman Empire reshaped.
The Congress of Berlin, 1878 and its significance
A
new re-alignment of The Great Powers
1. Rumania, Serbia and Montenegro were recognized as independent states.
2. Russia was allowed to take a few Turkish towns and to reclaim from Rumania Bessarabia,
3. The projected state of Bulgarie was
cut back in size.
4. Austria was allowed to occupy and
Sonia administer
new liberal
Herzegovina.
the Sultan rejected the demands of the Great
5. Britain took Cyprus.
in their struggle c. Later,
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移民 38年萬事得四
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15
and
7. Only Germany and Italy were left
empty-handed.
Important Points to Consider
1. The nationalist interests of the
Suoject
Ware people
completely Overlooked. They were forced to live under the spell of the great powers.
eng. Bosnia and Herzegovia were ho气 allowed to pracíain independence. Instead,
occupied by
Austria.
they
were
2. The great powers were more divided.
than before,
The Austro-Russian rivalry over the Balkan Peninsula led to the end of the Dreikaiserbunt.
3. Above all, it was ત
Russian prestige.
defeat of
Big Bulgaria was cut or size which means that Russian influence was checked.
4. Frustrated Balkan nationalism Spoke for the future crisis and war's in the Batkan Penirsuld.
- Vone of the party was satified.
5. Although Germany tried her best to maintain a new balance of power, the stability
台 Turkish Antire
cord not last long.
The Question of Bulgaria
1. It was the center of contention in
1878.
12. Big Bulgaria created under the Auspices of Russia mac aroused fear and anxieties among the European
13. Therefore, in 1873, the Bulgarians
were pro-Russian.
4. But after 1883, the Bulgarians were anti-Russian and leaned towards the. Western Powers.
5. In 1883. King Alexander
Battenberg resul vec 話 resist further Russ an domination.
herscored
the constitut on and played off the rationalists and the parliament against the Russians.
Significance
1. After 1863, Britain considered a strong Bulgaria a more reliable to
Russian influence.
2. It
an important turn international affair.
3. Since 1883, the British were more with sympathetic
the Balkan nationalism than hefore.
4. Later.
Eastern Rumelia integrated with Bulgaria.
15. However, 3hce serbia was jealous of the Bulgaria's rise in power, she declared war on Bulgaria in Nov., 1805.
Judging from the above development and events, it is obvious that
1. Jealousy and mutual fear among the great powers generated tensions and
2. The jealousy among the Balkan States was another cause for the outbreak international crisis
Lensions.
e.g. Serbia disliked the existence cf a big Bulgaria in the Balkan Peninsula.
the
more
3. 'he intervention of the Great Powers struggle of the Balkan nationalist independence made Eastern Question much complicated and it
was such involvement which changed a Toca? conflict into a large scale world
4. Also, the great Dowers realigned themselves so as to safeguard their interests in the balkun Peninsula. e.g. In Dec. 827. Britain, Austria- Hungary und Italy agreed to keep peace and tre status of the Near East.
5. Such
pact against Russian Constantinople.
6. Aloc.'t marked
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