育敎刊 日四初月十年已己曆
報日僑華
三期星
十七國民華中
日一月一十(九八九一)年八十七國民華中
124
東龍炮台旁展覽中心
建築材料具歷史價値
發掘及出土文物,若有開片說明。 問篇上午九時至下午四時,覺除了有中英空用違姁台的歷史·維修
·築成。此中心現已開放給市民參觀,除星期二及公眾假期外,開放時
·材料却甚具歷史價值,是一些義工利用飛進台圍牆時塌下來的老魏 位於炮台附近有一中展臂中心-此中心雖非歷史建築,但其建築 【圖文:徐英
*作日後研究之用,所以發掘暫告一段落。 九八四年,遠台内部已有約四分三的面積發攝完畢,爲了保留部份地 到了熱心的義工協助,終於在一九八一年秋季完成最後一期工程。 一繒i握在一九七六年一月開始,當局僱用了人请劳,同時得 定古斌,惟決定將炮台沉,作爲歷史海燬,開放供大衆欣賞 " 的人員,實地視察炮台,由於炮台的歷史價值甚高,既而被實作爲法 方面都有困雜,因而被抛荒百餘年,至一九七九年,古物古蹟虢事處 一至十九世祀初,办资日誌猖獗,並炮台位於孤島,在油精和支援 縦南於淸康熙年間建造,有營历十五間及大炮八停u
·佛堂門口是一個軍作要點。有满一代,怡透露思、炮台便爲「防禦 。而歷史悠久的佛堂門炮台,就在這小島的北端。遠日宋朝開始。 東龍島位於满水門半島之南,島上只有小屋十數閎 - 癈境問幽恬
瀧島參觀火雅炮台及其新設立之展覽中心。 【特}占物諸詢委員會各委員於十月十八日會同商时界前往
▼交廣播科招紹瓉爲各參觀者介紹炮台
▼東龍炮合之上盖右側有木梯供參觀者爬上瞭望台
掘便一直負責看守,至今已近十年。 ▲現年六十九歲的黃伯,由炮台開始發
何承天,該會轄下教育及宣傳小組委員會 ▲前往參觀的古物諮詢委員會委員包括主席
主持
員會主席白爾德博士等 .主席施天賜博士,考古學及生物學小組委
台灣房遠晰可見
建築材料極具歷史價值 ▲位於炮台附近的展覽中心,其
▲東龍抱台的外貌
Taste ent
25.
PORCELAIR
▲展中心的一面
wwe
CERAMIC OBJECTS
▼東龍炮台中已發掘出來的部份營房
1990 中學會考預習專欄
明德出版社
MILL & DALE PRESS
History (5)
The Congress System II
J. Lui
Cause: Liberal Constitution granted
The Congress of Troppau, 1820
by King of Spain Frightened.
Lhus Alexander of Russia and called for a congress to crush the constitution.
were
restored
powers
in the .colonies. So for her self- nterest, Britain did not take the same action.
5. Cause for the breakdown of the
Congress System:
- Conflicting views of the Great
Powers.
Austria. Prussia anc Russia ali kings of suppressed revolutions lest they should! spread to European continent.
and - Trance
Britain
topke a different stand. Because they reared Russian pfluence.
The Congress of Laibach, 1821
In 1821, in view of the uprisings of Piedmont
the and Naples,
Austrian armies moved into the above states and Czar
As a restored the power of the kings. he
rebels result,
hunted down. were Similar revolls
took place In the Spanish Colonies, but the actions of the Great Powers were different.
However, the action of the Great Powers split over the issue.
to
the uphold (a) Castlergeagh,
theory of 'sovereign rights'. insisted that
Spanish the Revolution
entirely was internal problem of Spain. opposed remarked that, the revolution had to be settled by Spain herself.
intervention
Points to consider
1. Basically, the Congress of Laibach was actually the continuation of the Congress of Troppau.
an He
and
2. The uprisings
(b) At first, Metternich of Austria,
feared the spread of influence,
Russian
refused Czar 5 request for a congress. (c) Later, Metternich changed his revolutions broke controlled Austrian states of Piedmont and Naples.
policy when out
in
Points to consider ።
1. The Protocol of Troppau was only signed by the three reactionary Powers, Austria, Russia and Prussia.
2. According to the Protocol, any state having undergone a revolution would Lo be 3 nember of the
cease Alliance.
to
3. The reactionary powers were prepared
force to use
Suppress any revolution, 90 as to maintain the status quo.
4. Britain had a different policy:
(a) She did not support the Protocol because being a liberal country, she was unwilling to offer reactionary powers any help to suppress liberal movements. (b) Also,
as far as the economic
interests of Britain were
Italy in suppressed, whereas those in Spain and
still alive. Portugal were Judging from the outcome of
the
On
the principle of non-intervention.
other hand, Austria, Russia and Prussia regarded "intervention" and "suppression" as the best policy in safeguarding their interests.
The revolts in the Spanish Colonies
Although strong protests voiced from Canning, the new British prime minister, France was asked to put down the liberal revolution in Spain.
The Greek Revolts (Background)
Greek Revolt Causes In March 1821, the Greeks il was a revolted against the Turks." national movement of Christian Greeks against the tyranny of Molsem Turkey. How
They the Great Powers reacted. reacted differently over the crisis. (a) Russia, the aristocratic power, intervened with the intention of The supporting the Revolution. strange gesture of Russia paved the way for the diplomatic crisis among the Great Fowers.
(b) Besides, the British foreign policy
must be examined carefully.
Points to consider
1. (a) Metternich
and
Castlereagh
feared that Czar Alexander of seize this would Russia opportunity to go to war with Turkey.
were
(b) Russia
the
above events, we can come up with the conclusion that the Great Powers worked for their interests' sake. (3) Metternich suppressed
succeeded
her could expand
Balkan in influence
the Peninsula. Thus, the balance of power might be destroyed.
Canning when Castlereagh, he was most sympathetic with the liberal movements abroad. Thus,
he joined with Russia putting pressure on Turkey to grant the Greeks armistice and some degree of independence.
2. Later,
because
the status
the he
Italian uprisings wanted to maintain quo. (b) Metternich let the revolutions in the Spanish Colonies active because he did not Favor Czar Alexander's proposal of joint intervention.
3. As far as the interests of Austria
concerned. sne hated were
the
expansion of Russian influence in South America because it meant an upset of the balance of power in : Europe.
the 4. By observing
above points carefully, we can remark that the Conservative Powers began to reacT differently.
The Congress of Verona, 1822
AL the
Congress of Verona,
the
conflicting interests between Britain
and the Great Conservative Powers became irreconcilable. The new British prime minister, Canning, insisted
on
in
3. Finally, 1830, Greek independence
and was ensured,
guaranteed Russia, France and Britain.
Was
4. The long and desperate struggle of the Greeks enlisted i'mense enthusiasm among liberals everywhere
13 inspired Europe.
and encouraged otner nationalist and liberal movements.
in
What were the causes leading to the break-down of the Congress System?
1. The Conflicting Views of the Great
Powers.
If we take the conditions listed the in the Quadruple Alliance as criteria ift judging the Congress System, we simply conclude that the Congress System was a failure since no regular congress was held.
the other hand, when we examine the above crisis in-depth, we can easily find out that the Great Powers did not take unanimous action Over Their important politieal issues.
on divergeat winterpretations intervention and the function of the Quadruple Alliance explained why the Congress System broke cown.
in
2. The Monroe Doctrine.
The United States policy response to the Conservative Powers' policy of intervention.
The Great Power 3 restored Ferdinand VII 10 1815. Being affected by the ideas of nationalism and liberalism, the people living in South America demanded national self-determination and independence. As 1
in have mentioned before, response to the situation, the Greal
preferred Powers except Britain,
to safeguard intervention so as their interests.
British policy was different because the restoration of the old order would mean the end of the British trade in the Colony, Thanks to
British the
open disagreement, President Monroe of the United States ceclared that the famous Monroe Doctrine.
the the doctrine, - According to
United States of America would go the conservative and to war to
the of powers
Europe if they
autocratic
Continental
intervened with the liberty of the Spanish Colonies.
4. The British foreign policy
As mentioned before, the British foreign policy was different from the reactionary powers. (a) Her
Over
interpretation, 'intervention' and the functions of the Quadruple Alliance were different from the autocratic great powers. In the Spanish question, she did not intervene because intervention meant reactionary measures against nationalist and liberal movements.
of the Greeks independence, she intervened and supported the nationalist movement. Then, she recognized the independence of the Spanish colonies in South America and the Greeks.
(b) In
war
(c) Because of the British policy,
Britain split from the rest of
and the Great Powers
the alliance could no longer work.
50
The significance of the Congress System 1..It has been generally accepted by historians that although the Great
did Powers
not take unanimous actions over the crisis inside and outside Europe, the Congress System helped to maintain peace by settling
and
conflicts disputes
through The consultation and arbitration. duration of peace lasted for above forty years.
to
2. On the other hand, the Congress was
able
solve a
range of wide internationa} problems.
For example, the abolition of slavery. river disarmament, navigation of Congress
Danube and Barbary trade, etc.
Both the Monroe Doctrine and the British foreign policy spoke for the downfall of the System,
3. The Greeks Revolt.
The autocratic powers, Austria and Prussia were over the Greek Question.
Russia,
divided
the
Russia intervened so as to help for rebels to
right independence.
Unlike
former her
strategy, Britain intervened so as to prevent. the intervention of the autocratic powers.
Result: Britain, France and Russia formed a military alliance against Turkey in 1877.
- As far as the ideas behind the Quadruple Alliance were concerned, in
was Quo
Europe status destroyed. Thus, we can conclude that the Congress System came to a real end when the Greeks were able
3. Last but not least, since most of the Great Powers used the Congress System as an instrument to maintain the status Quo 11 Europe, they suppressed all the rationalist and liberal movements in the 1820's and 1830 by force. The interests of the smaller powers were overlooked. Judging from this perspective, it was obvious that the interests of the smaller states were neglected. As a result, the break down of the Congress System paved the way for the way for the
of the nationalist movements in Europe. Later, having learnt. the lessons from the revolts in 1820's, 1830 and 18418, the leaders of the nationalist movements were more clever in their They struggle for independence,
success
used armed force and war to bring the status quo to an end.
花遊
RAVEL PAGE
奎星期三出版
今迄
KRESE
,是日本中
AS BH
IG
業大城市 干
大阪飛足而 DER-
動脈的心
今日本經濟
立,被視爲
都士人遊識的數無
concerned, British industry would suffer if the absolute
An
to declare independence in 1829.
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