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1990 中學會考預習專欄
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Chenmistry (2)
Unit 1 continue
3.16When the electron transfer.
In Bionic Band formation) is. incompleteor: the sharing of bond pairs between two latoris (in covalent bond formation) is funequala bond which is partly ionic Jand partly covalent is resulted. Such a
bond will have properties intermediate: between the pure fonic bond and pure cevalent bond.
e.g. HCI consists of polar covalent
報日僑華
bonds due to the unequal sharing of the Question 1.3 band pairs.
H.C1
electroni Clouds
Chemical formula
dipole
3.17A polar molecule is one containing anet dipole. It has a much greater attractive force among its molecules.. It is affected by an electrostatic. field.
3.185tructures of the substances are closely related to the types of bonding while the properties of the substances are closely related to their structures,
Ionic
P. Chu
| Compounds
(a)Composing
wparticles.
lons
(b)Nature.of.
strong
3.13The 3-dimensional shape of simple molecules can be predicted using the "electron pairs.repulsion theiry):
electron.
the (a) The
pairs around (central atom in a molecule arrange themselves in such a way, so as to make the repulsion among them a minimum.
(b)Tae order of repulsion is:
LP-LP-LP-BR OP-8P, Where: LP
Metals
|Simple
¡Covalent
Compounds
molecules
Giant: Covalent Structure
atons
ators
weak
strong
usually
force between electrostatic ictermolecular covalent bond strong
attraction Force
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a.of electrons. in the
BedjB2U」
CO
{
:.3:
4. 5
6 17
gutermost shell of the elemerit
Boiling point (°C)
1700 2500
450
-57 -9
-219-224
Melling point (90)
2300
3900 $4500.
-78 21 -183 -145
Electrical conductivity of Jiquid oxide.
good poor
poor
poor
poor poor
Information about the oxides of the 2nd period of the elements. in the Periodic Table is summarized in the table above. (a)Choose früm the above table an oxide which BEST fits the descriptions helow. Explain briefly you 'choice: in each case.
metallic (1)it is a gas at room temperature
and one atmospheric pressure. (2) It is most likely to be a liquid
.room temperature atmospheric pressure.
particles
|(c)Melting
very high
low
Every night
bonding
high
is
point/bailing point.
(d)Physical state at room
hard.solid
mostly gases/hard solid liquids
| sometimes soft Isolids
lone pair and BP is the bond pair. N.B. A double bond or a triple bond is counted as one bond pair.
3.14The final 3-0 shape of a molecule
is cetermined by the relative positions of.the. tond pairs. The angle between two covalent bonds is called the bond angle.
Examples:
-temperature
(e)Electrical
conductivity
when molten or conducts in
Electron pairs
3) shape
·無耧翡翠台
(a)}
12 double bords {(1.e. 2BP)
(b) CH
4 single bonds
C4BP)
tetrahedra
109.5
Question 1.1
A Few
poor when
solid, good
in aqueous
solution)
isolution with!
ichemical
changes)
Six elements lettered A, B, C, D, E and F
their respective together with. atomic numbers, were shown in the table below.
at
jusually hard
solid
Solution to 0.1.1.
(a)Element C.
It
has a
Fpaor Réxcept Igraphite)
good
Question 1.2
(without any chemical changes)
Part. gf the Periodic Table is shown below with some of the elements being denoted by letters which are NOT the chemical symbols of the elements..
and
one
complete outermost shell.. [b]Element F. It only has to gain one more electron to attain the stable oclet.
(c)Elements B and E.
喔
because they have the same number of electrons in their outcrmost shell.
(d) has a higher melting point. D is a.
melal and its
are held. atome together by strong metallic bonding while E is a molecular solid, with its molecules being held together by the weak intermolecular forces only. (e){1}The formula of xis DF and that.
of Y is EF. (2)Compound X :
2 2
(3)It will sublime when heated. (4)It is likely composed of ions. (5)It has a giant covalent lattice.
(b)using the outermost shells only, draw diagrams to show the electronic (2)Li:0 structure of (1) 6,0 respectively.
(c)Arrange F20, CO2, Li2D. and No20, th
the order of increasing acidity,
(c)Element C It loses electrons most
readily.
(d)It is because they have the same. of electrons in their number outermost shéil.
(e)The reactivity order is: Y <X < W. (f)Elements C and H. It is because Cis the most reactive metal and isthhe most.reactive non-metal (g)The formulae are EC1 and FC1
ECIA
FCla
01
C1.
C1
Tetrahedral
4
Pyramidal
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Element
DEF
Not, 3 single bonds
Pyramidal
Atomic number
58 7. No 25 17
Per lads,
A
G
107°
H, 12 single bends
[2BP; 2LP)
-shaped for angular)
105
The bond angle decreases from CH to Nit to H20 is due to the increased repulsion of the bond pairs by the increasing number of one pairs.
3.15The metallic bonding Feyards – a metal as consisting of "the positively- charged metalions embedded closely together in a sea of electrons" The electrons come from the "outermost shells and are free to move within the matal crystallattice..
6.g. Na metal.
0000
00000
(a)Give the letter of the element conststing of monatomic molecules.
(b)Give the letter of the element which could be a strong oxidizing agent.
c)Give the letters of THO elements.
which are chemically similar. Explain briefly your choice.
(d)Elemerits D and E are both solids. at room temperature and one atmospheric pressure. However, D has a much higher melting point tian E. Explain briefly..
(e)F can react separately with D and E Lo form the compounds X and Y respectively.
(1)Write down the chemical formulae.
of X. and Y.respectively. (2)using the gutermost shells only,
diagrams.
show. the to draw electronic structures. of X and Y respectively.
(3)Which one of X and Y would have a
igher melting point? Explain your answer.
(4]的ch are ofX and Y. in liquid state, would be able to conduct electricity.
"
F
eromas
ㄓˋ
family in group's
riamės
of the
I
and VII
(alive the
elements respectiveiy..
of (b)Give the letter the element
having apriatomic molecules. (c)Which of the elements shown has the
strongest reducing power?
(d)Why do the elements A, B and C show
similar chemical properties?
(e)Arrange the elements W, X and Y in
the order of increasing reactivity. (f)Which TWC of the elements shown would combine most readily to form an ionic compound? Give
your reasons.
{g]Suggest the chemical formulae for
the
chlorides of E and F respectively, and draw 3-dimensional diagram to show the shapes of these compounds.
(h)would the oxide of f give an acidic
neutral solution alkaline or
dissolving in water? Give a reason ∴ for your answere
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(3)xwould have a higher melting point. X is an ionic compounds and its ions are held strongly together by the electrostatic force. Y is a-covalent compound and its molecules are held by the weak together intermolecular forces
only. (4)X would conduct electricity. Liquid X consists of mobile ons for responsible which... are conducting electricity through Liquids. Liquid Y. consists of molecules only, so, it does not conduct electricity.
Solution to 1-2
|(2)Group ↑ is the alkali metals. Group yTT is the halogens.
(h)The oxide.of F would be acidic
because it is an oxide of a non- metal.
Solution to 0.1.3
(a)(1)CO2/F20: because
their boiling
points are far below the room temperture (about 25°C).
(2), because its meiling paint is very close to the room temperature.
(3)C0, because its melting point is
below its boiling point. (4)41,0;
because it 你 conduct electricity when in maiten state. indicating the presence of mobile horis.
(5)Be0/BCz; because they have nigh boiling points and melting points but do not conduct electricity when in liquid state.
(b)(19F3 - covalent compound
12)Li,0
ionic compound
HOH
(c)Acidity: Li20 < CO2 € N204 S F
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