(25)育敏 日四初月正年巳己腦夏
1989 中學會考預習專欄 明德出版社
MILL & DALE PRESS History (19)
The 1911 Revolution.
General Introduction
the influence of revolutionaries, they had become another centrifugal force.
B. New wave of Nationalism
1. Nationalism was revived at the turn of the 20th century since China's
was survival
Sethreatened Imperialism.
by
2. Thus, more and more nationalists were inclined to believe that only revolution from below could save China,
·J. Lui
3.
The far-reaching consequences of the late Qing reforms and uprisings were examined in the last few issues.
"causes
This week, I would like to examine the the immediate
leading to outbreak of the 1911 Revolution, and the Multan Uprising. Besides, would
examine the significance.
Revolution in next issue.
of the
The Immediate Causes of the Revolution of 1911
China at the turn of the century was baset with mounting
and internal external problems. Because of the inability of the Qing Dynasty to cope with such problems, the Dynasty was finally overthrown by revolutionaries,
A. Discontent of the various social
classes
1. The peasants were discontented because they had to pay more taxes because the Qing Court was forced tc make ट lot. of есоповіс concessions.
Also, because of the Boxer Protocol, the Qing court had to pay a huge indemnity and it was the peasants and common people who had. to relieve such economic burden. 3. Besides, new railways constructed by western powers made the peasants discontented", because they had destroyed fung-shui of their native countries.
As mentioned before the returned student.s and modern educated intellectuals were ready to revolt against the Qing Court because they were not under the spell of cultural heritage of Confucian China.
Thus, they were more critical of the Qing Dynasty.
young
In addition, since
many officer of the New Army were under
1989 中學會考預習專欄,
明德出版社
MILL & DALE PRESS
Economics (20).
MONEY (Continued)
Issue of Money
Alain Li
As a result. more people joined thr revolutionary movement led by Dr.. Sun Yisian.
C. The revolutionary work headed by
Dr. Sun Yixian
1. Since Sun Yixian was brought up in southern China, he was more exposed
western influence.
Thus, he learned modern western medical knowledge in Hong Kong...
3. When Sun Yixian was young, he was nationalistic by the inspired stories of the Taipings.
4. When he was a teenager, his brother where he took him to Hawaii received western education.
5. As China was humiliated by the: Br. Sun Western encroachment, realized the need to reform China so that she could withstand western encroachment.
5.
When Sun's petition to Li Hungzhang did not receive any attention, he was determined to overthrow the Qing Dynasty so as to save China.
7. Thus, he founded the China Revival Society when China was at the mercy the scramble of concessions of the western powers, 1895 to 1898.
8. At the very outset, Sun instigated: a series of uprisings with the hope- of overthrowing the Qing Dynasty national and arousing the consciousness of Chinese people.
early attempts to
9. However,
overthrow unsuccessfu
10. Thus, "he
east Asia,
wer"
ar South-
11. He vent Japan because Japan was a fertiloground for modernization. and revolution,
12. Me Venda
South-east Asia to raise fund from the overseas Chinese.
regulate the quantity of bank notes. When the Hong Kong, and Shanghai Banking Corporation or the Standard Chartered Bank
issues a certain amount bank notes, they are required to use foreign Currency of equivalent value to buy, Certificates of Indebtedness from the Fund. Such Certificates are the legal backing
the bank notes and therefore the bank notes are totally backed up by foreign exchange.
Since the end of 1983, Certificates of Indebtedness have been being bought or sold in terms of .S. dollars, with a price of MK$748=US$1. This is called
linked exchange rate system',
Honey Supply
The Exchange Fund in Hong Kong 15 to Money supply or money stock should not
1989 中學會考預習專欄
明德出版社
-MILL & DALE PRESS
2.4 Consider a hypothetical reversible
reaction: A28.
The changes in concentrations of A and respectively with time is described by the Concentration-Time Curve while the changes in the rates of forward and reverse reactions with time is described by the Rate-Time-Curve.
Chemistry (20)
The Concentration-Time Curve
Concentration
Concentration
R.. Chu
of A
Constant Concentration
Cafcentrat
of B
Unit 11: Revision Notes on Chemical
Equilibrium
1. Reversible Reactions
1.1 A reversible reaction is one which can proceed in eitner direction, under different sets of conditions. 1.2 The equation of a reversibe reaction consists of a "double half-arrows" with one denoting the. reaction to the right (the forward reaction) and the other the reaction to the left the backward
or reverse reaction).
e.g. 2Fets). 3H2O(g)
The rate Time Corys
Reaction rate
118 15
13. Then, he went to Europe. -14. Later, hé spent much
time
in British Museum where his basic skeleton of the Three Principles of People were formulated.
15. What were the three principles of
people?
16. They were" nationalism, democr
and socialism.
17. The essence of nationalism was to expe? the Nanzhus from China and to end all unequal treaties which were signed by the Qing government.
18. The new form of governemnt would be modeled on western representative government. It would bea republican government in which the president was granted supreme political power from the people.
the Thus,
president would be responsible to the people only, instead of the monarch. Besides, the power of the president would be checked by the parliament, in which the members of it would be elected. of it would 19. According to Sun's principle of would be socialism, land distributed to peasants. Besides industrialism would be encouraged. as well,
a
20. Sun's three principles of people had helped to rally the support of returned the mass, especially students and western educated
because students,
it. offered future hope and future form of government, who were disillusioned with the incapable and corrupt (ing Dynasty.
21. Later, Sun was kidnapped in London. 22. Fortunately, he was saved by his
former teacher, Dr. Cantile.
23. The London Kidnap made Dr. Sun famous not only in native China but also in international political, scene. Thus, more people fought under his banner
24. Besides, because fifs fame, he
o negotiate with the west and thus the western powers declared" neutrality after the Wuhan Uprising.
25. Thus, by 1905,
四期星 日九月二(九八九一年八十七國民豪中
uprisings and rebellions in the southern part of China.
D. Three important events which helped to consolidate and strengthen the revolutionary movement.
1. They were The Russo-Japanese War of
.1905-06.
Although it was a struggle between
Tsarist Japan and
Russia .over
Court Manchuria, the Qing
was seriously humiliated as the terms of the Treaty of the Treaty of Portsmouth were total negligence of the integrity of China.
b. As a result, more and more people felt disillusioned with the Qing Court and joined the revolutionary. movement..
2. The abolition of the civil service
examination, 1905.
As mentioned before, such reform made many confucian scholars disheartened because they could not gain any access to the echelon of the Qing government.
b. As a result, they were more easily
influence under the
.of the revolutionaries."
3. The founding of Tongmenghui in
Tokyo in 1905. a. After that data. various ..revolutionary movements were better organized and under one central and
leadership. direct
Thus, the strengthening of the leadership enabled the revolutionaries to stage uprisings successfully.
E. The inevitable conflict between the central government and the provincial power.
1. At the turn of the 20th century, centrifugal tendency grew immensely in different provinces because of the impotence of the Qing government in coping with internal and external problems.
3.
Dr. Sun's revolutionary movement could gain...... mass support because it was better equipped by Sun's ideology and the organization of the movement,"
4.
Besties Tot of provinces became powerful and rich since native businessmer traded with the west. facilitate ten loy
goods, many native merchants Faceted a huge sum of money in constructing railways..
national
In other capitalists emerged as a new- political force at the turn of the century.
26. Besides.. the military strategy of 5. However, the late Qing govertiment
the revolutionaries were, to stage
be confused with legal tender. It is the total quantity of money in the economy, and consists" of means of payment other than legal tender, e.g. demand, savings and time deposits. A new type of deposit is the Certificate. of Deposit (CD). Basically it is a form of time deposit but, is negotiable. This means that it can be transferred by the holder to somebody else before its maturity date.
In Hong Kong, there are 3 definitions. of money supply:
→
Legal tender in circulation
demand deposits with licensed banks
time and savings deposits with licensed banks certificates deposit issued by licensed banks
concentration or amount of the substances (i.e. the reactants and the products) in the equilibrium mixture.
3.2 The equilibrium is said to move to a new position if there is a change in the relative concentrations for amounts of the substances in the mixture,
3.3 The equilibrium position of a
chemical system is a constant under: a particular set of conditions. It will change to a new one when there is a change in the conditions.
of shifting equilibrium position can be predicted
Le Chatelier's Principle.
3.4 The direction.
by
Le Chatelier's Principle states that if a stress (1.e., a change in temperature, concentration or pressure, etc.) is applied to a system initially at equilibrium, its equilibrium position will shift to a new one in such a direction that the stress i's nullified (removed).
Piz
=
attempted
to:
deposits
centralize the
with DTCS + certificates of deposit issued by DTCS.
Credit Creation
Since credit money such as demand deposits and credit cards have been widely used in transactions, commercial banks may create a close substitute for legal tender...
a
Commercial banks are required to keep fraction of their total. deposito gathered from the public as minimu cash reserves. Under this fractional reserve system', banks Creat deposits by lending when they have received, deposits from theat customers.
Say if the reserve ratio is 0.25, a banking gol deposit of $100 is
Pressure
A(g) 28(g)
Pressure
government at the turn of the. century.
6. Thus, the conflict between central
and regional power was inevitable, 7. To centralize the government, the Qing government attempted nationalize all the railways
育教日四初月正年
to
1989 中學會
8. As a result, native provinces
protected
by their interests forming a lot of railway protection societies.
9. Worst all, the Qing government made
a mistake in nationalization: railways.
10. The mistake was that the Qing government borrowed huge loans from foreign consortium.
11. The gesture generated a new wave of anti-Qing nationalism because it gave a chance for the imperialists and expand their to control influence in China.
12. Accordingly, more and more people joined the revolutionary society because they regarded the Qing Court the traitor of China.
13. Thus, after the Wuhan Uprising,
local
declared provinces independence.
The course of the 1911 Revolution
1. The Wuhan Uprising was followed by the declaration of the independence of various provinces.
2.
Dr. Sunt was elected as provisional president.
ген
3. Then the Qing government
appointed Yuan Shikai to negotiate with the revolutionaries.
4 Since Yuan commanded the new army, Dr. Sun made good terms with him in order to avert civil war.
5 As a result, the new Qing emperor abdicated in 1911 and the revolution seemed to be a success.
6. However, the grandeur of Yuan's power and the loopholes of the revolution which made the early republican periad a
a chaos.
7. And the failure of the 1911 Revolution paved the way to the New Culture and. the May Fourth
Movement.
3. Thus, I would comment on the 1911
Revolution in new issue.
Last but not least, the causes and the significance of the May Fourth Movement would be examined in next
sue as well.
are
only required to keep $25 as reserve and lend out $75, then the money supply becomes $100+$75. IF these $75 subsequently paid to a man who again. deposits the money with another bank, the bank keeps $75x0.25-$18,75, and tand out, 156.25. The money Supply then becomes $100+$75+$56.25. If the same process repeats continuously, the total
1
supply will become $100 x 0.25 $400, .e. the original amount of $100. plus the credit of $300.
Money Multiplier
The money multiplier measures how many times credit can expand on the basis of an additional amount of deposit, and is. equal to the Procal of the reserve.
ratio,
(b) There are equal number moles of
gases on both side of
2C(9)O(g) + E{g}· no effect
4. Summary of the Factors and their Effects on Chemical Equilibria
Factor
Attakoof
*Changes freversible
racction
Faster
1. Concentr afton] Increase In
concentration
1. Temperature
(at a substance] [X fa componenti jai egulltar Jus;
tural
Decrease in concentration or à suastance
corpoépet!
|ot edullibriumE
Mixta
Increase in 1mperatura.
ANY
Fastor, Buli
ane extent.
Decrease In temparature
Host
Slover, Bota
Forward reaction
3.5 Predicting the shifts
Equilibrium Positions
of
direction of the shift of equilibrium position.
Catalyst
Positive
Forward rate
-Reverse rate
(1) Concentration change
Fe203 (s) + 3H2(g)
Reverso
reactiah
[A] or [B]
Negat
A(g)
29(g)
2. Chemical Equilibrium
2.1 when
allowed
reaction
-Im
denotes the time of reaching the
equilibrium.
to
a reversiole
15 closed to proceed in vessel, it will
go completion but reach a state of equilibrium...
'never
2.2 Chemical equilibrium is a dynamic equilibrium because at this stage both the forward and the reverse. reactions proceed at the same rate.
2.3 A chemical system at equilibrium will not show any more changes in its macroscopic properties with respect to time.
2.5 The equilibrium state of
reversible reaction can be reached from either end of the reaction'.
3. Equilibrium Position:
き
3.1 The equilibrium position of
chemical system at dynamic equilibrium denotes the relative
[A] or [B]1-
(2) Temperature change
Temperature |
A(g) 28(g); Al=-ve
Temperature
(3) Catalyst No effect
(4) Pressure change
(a) There are different number of
moles of gases on both sides of
¿flect an ñquè i Eberlian -
It sits in such a direction; DT or the concentra tion of X.
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Height in m Weight in kg Blood group
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1989 中學
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MILL &
Phys
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MILL &
Geogr
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zones of insti Crust.
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資投際國 塲廣經財 日四初月正年已己曆頁