(35)育教日九十月八年辰戊翼
1989 中學會考預習專欄 明德出版社 MILL & DALE PRESS
Economics (1)
BASIC CONCEPTS
Alain Li
Sconomics() is the study of human behaviour in using limited. resources to meet unlimited wants.
In economics, there are the following basic concepts:
A. Wants
Want's (refer to the desires for anything that people like to have. Those desires for something necessary. for survival are called needs (3).
Wants are unlimited. When 'some wants are met, new wants will arise.
B. Utility,
Utility (2) is conventionally | defined as the amount of satisfaction derived from the consumption of a good economics service. Some modern regard it as a set of numbers ranking or evaluating the wants of people.
or
1989 中學會考預習專欄
明德出版社
MILL & DALE PRESS
Chemistry (1)
Unit 1
Revision notes
Atomic
R.
Structure,
Periodic Table and Chemical Bonding.
1. Atomic Structure -
1.1 Proton, neutron and electropar the three fundamental partiatge making up an atom.
1.2 Some properties of particles:
the thredd
Syinbo!
Relative charge
Relative
Proton
p
+1
mass
1
Neutron
n
0
1
1
Electron
A
-
1840
1.3 Atomic number(2) of an element is the number of protons in its atom. It is a fundamental characteristic of an element. Mass number(A) of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in its atom.
1.4 The number of the fundamental particles in atom X is denoted by its full atomic symbol as shown below.
Ax
1.5 Isotopes of an element are atoms having the same number of protons (ie. same Z) but different number of neutrons (ie. different A). They have the same chemical properties,
35 e.g. 1501 and 37c1.
17
1.6 According to Rutherford's atomic model, an atom is regarded. as consisting of a minute nucleus (composed of protons and neutrons) with electrons, moving around it. 1.7 The electrons in an atom are in different energy levels. They move rapidly. in "shells" around nucleus.
the
The shells are at different distances from the nucleus and are numbered, with the 1st shell being nearest to the nucleus, and so on..
1.8 The 1st shell can accommodate 2 electrons, the 2nd shell 8 electrons and the 3rd shell 18 electrons.
1.9 The electronic
configurations
(i.e. arrangement of the electrons
outside the nucleus) of the first 20 elements are given below
1. H
1
.2. He 2
3. Li
2.1
4. Be 5. B
2.2
2.3
6. C
2.4
7. N
2.5.
C. Wealth
報日僑華
Wealth) is a stock of assets. When these assets are employed in production, they are called capital (##).
Wealth include (1) physical assets, and (2) financial assets. All of these can be productive and yield a stream of income or services over time.
D. Economic, and Free Goods
Economic goods (24) refer to those goods which can generate utility but are scarce in supply. So an economic good bears a price.
Free goods (4) refer to those goods "which can also generate
available utility and are
in such abundance that everyone's desire for them can be satisfied. So a free good bears zero 'price.
E. Scarcity and Choice.
As people have unlimited wants but the resources to fulfill these wants are limited, scarcity () arises. Therefore, people have to make choices in deciding which wants are
to be satisfied first.
F. Opportunity Cost
Because of scarcity, obtaining more- of one thing requires giving up some of another thing. In other words, the cost (4M of obtaining one good is. another good that has been given up.
In economics, the relevant cost of any decision is its opportunity cost ( ** * * * ) that is the highest- valued alternative given up.
8. 0 2.6 9. F 2.7 10. Ne 11. Na
2.8 28.1 2.
12. Mg
13. AT
Si
$2.894 2.8.5
2.8.6
2.8.7
18. Ar
2.8.8
19. K
20. Ca
2.8.8.1 2.8.8.2
ate the e.c. of K and Ca carefully.
G. Price and Value
四期星二日九十二月九(八八九一年七十七國民華中
Price ($), or more accurately, relative price(相對價格), is an exchange ratio between two goods in the market. Usually, the price of a good is expressed in terms of money.
There are 2 kinds of value: (1) use value ( (940 and (2) exchange value 470). Use value refers to the utility generated in the consumption of a good or a service. Exchange value means the price of a good or service.
H. Production and Consumption
Production (4) is the process of utilizing resources to create goods which are used to satisfy wants. Production creates utilities resulting from: (1) changes in form, (2) changes in time, (3) changes in place and (4) the provision of services.
消费 Consumption (
) is the utilization of goods .to generate utility. There are 2 kinds of consumption: (1) household consumption. and (2) capital consumption, Consumer goods f ) are for household consumption and producer goods
are for capital consumption.
I. Income and Expenditure
Income (*) is the amount of wealth produced over a period of time. It is a flow of goods, services, or accruing to the owner's of. money production factors. It is used either for consumption or for addition to
1 The elements are arranged in the Scending order of their atomic
umbers in the
extable.
* 2.2 The elements
1.10The electronic configuration may be represent by the following diagrams.
e.g.ști
an
1.11The chemical properties of element depends mainly on the number
electrons in its outermost shell.
ONG
2. The Periodic Je
Shown below is the parts Periodic Table consisting of first 20 elements together with their electronic configurations.
Groups
00
2
Periods
1
He
1
H
ยม
L
2.8
100
N
2.5
JV
10
Z nja
Be
Li
+2
C*7
2
7 7
201
2.8.8
2.8.7
2.8.6
2.8.5
2.8.4
2.8.1
Mg.
2.3.2
Ca
AI
2.8.3
$1.
eN
2.8.8.2
2.8.8.1
groups. periods.
and
to 8 vertical. horizontal
2.3 Elements having the same pub of electrons in the outermost va shells are in the same
number is the same. as the group. number.
2.4 Elements having the same number of electron shells are in the same period. This number is the same as the period number.
e.g. C is in group 4, so, it has 4e in its outermost shell.
C is in 2nd period, so, it has
2 electron shells.
2.5 Some groups have special family
names: ..
Group 1
Group 2
Group 7- Group: 8
Alkali metals
Alkaline-earth metals
The Halogens
The noble elements
2.6 Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties though, their reactivity varies down group.
2.7 Trends down group:
(a) Atomic size increases (as there
ase more electron shers). Metallic character increases. B.. and density increase. (d) Reactivity of metals increases. (e) Reactivity of non-metals
decreases.
2.8 Trends across a period: (a). Atomic size decreases as electrons are more strongly attracted
to the nucleus.
(b) Metallic character decreases, 1.e.
metals (e.g. Na). gradually changes to semi-metals or amphoteric metals (e.g. Al) (e.g. Si) and finally to non-metals (e.g. Cl}.
(c) M.p., b.p. and density usually increase from group 1 to group 4 and then decrease to group 8.
3. Chemical Bonding
3.1 Chemical bonding describes the force or structure which keep two or more atoms, similar or different, linked together.
their
3.2 Since noble elements (e.g. He, Ne, Ar) are chemically inert and they all have complete outermost shell's (1.e. having 2 or 8 e in the
shell), outermost
so might electronic configuration represent a sort of stable electronic configuration (known as stable duplet and: octet). As a consequence, all the have unstable other elements will configurations.
3.3 Through the chemical bonding, all the elements will be able to attain the stable duplet or octet.
3.4 An atom may achieve the stable electronic configuration by one of the following three ways:
wealth.
Expenditure () is the amount of wealth used in consumption over a
period of time. It leads to a reduction of wealth.
J. Types of Economy
Broadly speaking, there are 2 types of economy: (1) market economy and (2) planned economy.
Market economy 市場經濟315
based on private. Ownership of resources, i.e, private property rights. ). Prices provide information and incentives to guide all economic activities.. Firstly, the prices of the goods tell people what to produce. Secondly, the prices of the production factors let people know how to produce cheaply. And thirdly, the prices of the production factors determine the incomes of the factor owners and, hence, for whom to produce.
Planned economy (計劃經濟) is
based on state ownership of resources. A central authority decides what people should do in the economy. In other words, it decides what to produce, how to produce and for whom to produce. The role of price is not so important as in the market ecomomy. Price is mainly for counting or calculation.
The pure types of market economy or planned economy do not exist. Most economies belong to the type of so- called mixed economy (24) which possesses in different degrees the characteristics typès.
of the 2 Dural/
(b) gaining one or more electrons to become a negative ion (anion),
(c) sharing one or more electrons. 3.5 Three basic types of chemical bonding:
(a) electrovalent (ionic) bond (b) covalent bond:
(c) metallic bond
3.6 Electrovalent (or ionic) bond is usually formed between a metal and a Electron is transferred
Po metal atom to a non-metal atom avea cation and an anion. These Oppositely-charged tons are then ttracted strongly together by an
such electrostatic forces:
force
between the ions constitutes ionic bond..
e.g
the
12.8.7) (2.8) (2.8.8) Each Ton has a stable electronic
tration.
A compound composed of ions is Shown as an ionic compound. 3.8 When two non-metals combine together, neither of them will be willing to lose electrons, so, they can achieve a stable electronic configuration only by sharing a pair of electrons, one from each bonded. atoms. The electron pairs shared between two atoms are called the bond pairs or covalent bonds.
one bond pair a single bond two band pairs a double bond three bond pairsa triple bond Each bond pair is represented as a stroke in a simplified diagram: a single bond as "-", a double bond as
and a triple bond, as "",
3.9 A co-ordinate covalent (or dative) bond is resulted when a shared pair of electrons totally from one of the bonded atoms. However, it is identical in nature to a normal covalent bond. e.g.
H
H
H dative bond
3.10Electron pairs not taking part in forming covalent bonds are known as lone pairs.
3.11A compound consisting of atoms covalently-bonded together is known as a covalent compounds.
3.12The chemical formula of at compound can be obtained by considering the number of electrons
its constituent elements have to
lose, to gain or to share in order to achieve a stable electronic configuration..
e.g. Mg. has to lose 2e and N has to gain 3e to attain stable octet
Mg and N will form a compound having the formule Mg N2+
by N
(a) losting one or more electrons, to become a positive ion (cation),
no. of e gained no. of e
by N
To be continued -
lost by Mg
[一位發生在中、老年人中的疾病,如前列腺肥大、埕經期綜合
疝、老年性白內雕等;
的特蕉
庭家樂康
老人保健
所謂保健廣義來說是指任何健康教育和相關的活動使能達到促進健康的" 了解老年病的特點,就知道老人保守的重要伙。甚麼是老人保健?
[七] 跌進和轉介服務的提供。
B
·老年人都是患有老年病i八北省时大概有百分之八十以上的老人是患有 緩慢的,生理上的我送不再是導致死亡和晚年殘疾的原因。而大多数的 欺的老人都能在社區或獨立生活。醫學界已磴假現代人老化的過程是很 ※說,六十五歲以上的老人需要住院服務的只佔入口的百分之五,大多種或家人的照顧。
〔四)營養埆住的審訂,..
「四両,煲滾佐出,此方可外用數 - 當可
CHOR..
(K)
老年病一般是本是帝国的土地酒年人所特有的 自標。因此老人保健总是指所有但超老人健康的活動。以徒的保镫計劃是
老年人底該恪年定期檢查身體一次,透過體格檢驗,能了解老人身
上,而自己沒有股避孕藥,列及服用
·荃黄女士 孕,可能想子官治,故有此現象,你丈夫的描 :你來慰說:你巴有排卵,但長可惜不能受
̇院病。所以實際上老年病包括大類
對著他的個人也要面對社區的健康。保健是一個特 引起本人、家人甚至西護人員的重視。它單的體格檢驗可以早期發現疾
。雖然引人的健康受到個人的生病,早期洽照,是一項增强若人身心健康的有力施。『明天落);
「你提出問函如下:
子宮冷服两底群才舱痊態?
水酸
#7
自宮:
「即使是山東街,這裏有很
阮突」,可詁服下方: 二錢籓水) 奈良縣二窟,黄柏二錢,望了路。. 熟,淮山大錢、婪肇實四蟲,雲否五鸛。“送眠前, 就是有一些天夜 森),多獒子三歲·甘草橋崦半,石菖涌三、 可怕的事情出現在 此外•可搭石菖蒲錢,煲豬小肚湯佐 路旁排本便,退房時
一方用:川草解五钱,車前子三錢,益智仁多車輛,很不容易才班 答:贾夫人上淡症狀,現代醫學名爲「盼芾等。走近了适祟, 物的人,們航與證在
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