頁四第張八第日五初月十年卯丁曆夏
1988中學會考 試題預習專欄
歷史(九)
明出版社
MILL & DALE PRESS
Revision Exercises
for
Cert. Exam. (1988)
HISTORY (9)
The twn world wara Cone in 1914-19, the other in 1939-45) made the 20th century very much different from previous centurics. In the olden days, dynasties or empires fought against one another. They uaed professional armies, and most of the common people did not take part in the fightings: These professional armies met on a pertain battlefield,' and the battle would last for
·days before leither side retreated or was "defeated. One intereatu Jing feature was that in winter timea all ware stopped. It was something like a gentleman's agreen ment that all countries kept, and failure to keep it would damage e country's reputation badly.
In the two world wars, however, practically every city or village was turned into a battlefield. Whereas in the past only
professional soldiers tried to kill one another, now one people tried to kill another people in the two world wars. Previously common people were killed rather accidentally (as indeed the main purpose of all invasion was to beat the enemy army rather than to vaste time and efforta killing common people), but in the two world wars. comion. people were intentionally slaughtered by sassive bombings. It vastao People
(Who'
bo (because of the... system of military conscription) had t
take up weapons against
"other. And Let u告
her 6 million Jews: resystematically and
愛欣欣
efficiently gased by the Nazia during the Second World War,
In the First World War no great power deliberate- ly wanted war or provoked:
one, Germany supported
Austria to bully Serbia for fear of losing an ally (as Austria was
Germany's only reliable ally at that time). Russia mobilized her
armed forces against both Germany and Austria for fear of loning Zace in Balkan affaira.
Germany made war on both Russia and France on the calculation that as allies both of them would make war on her sooner or
later. world war broke out as a result of mytual distrust, fear, eagerness for prestige, and miscalculation, but no power wanted a world war. If they had known the
bloody results of the war, they would not have taken measures that led to it in the end.
Not ap with the Second World War. This time the picture was more aimple. -We have Germany under
Nazist rule (and Italy under Fasciat rule)on the one hand. On the other hand, we have powers like Britain, France, the USA and Soviet Russia. With the excuse that Germany was humiliated in
the Versailles Settlement (that settled the First World Wor) of 1919, Hitler conquered land in East Europe in 1938-1939 again and again. First, Germany marched on Austria (1938)," then "on" Czechoslovakia (1938) and finally on Poland (1939). The excuse used by Hitler was that there were Germans living in these countries, and that Germany had the responsibility to protect them. The other powera just watched and protested in worde, not acts. Se Hitler thought he could go on like that forever. Gambling on the.
unwillingness of the other powers to act to stop him {and indeed these powers. used an appeasement policy toward Germany), Hitler thought he could swallow_e j one country and then the next. However, when han German troops. marched ga Poland, the: other powere ;were awakened. Poland
contained very fe
Germans, and this time Hitler could not une the
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excuse of uniting all Germans into one nation So war was on. It was more simple than the Pirat World War in that this time one side (Germany) committed undoubted aggressions and the other side tolerated until they could no longer do so.
In the following, we
are going to look at the background of the Second |World War (1939-1945).
Perhaps many of the topics between the two |world ware (1919-1939)
you have already learnt. But it is one thing to know these topics) (like the rise of Nazism in Germany) and another thing to be able to. relate them to the out-break of the war itself. So let's start.
BACKGROUND OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR
1. Defects of the Firet World Wor settlement Many of the problems. facing Europe were still ungulved after the Pirat World War, such as:
Germany felt that she vae unjustly treated by the Versailles peace conference of 1919. When Hitler claimed to revive German power, many Germans listened to him, expecting that he could undo the
humiliations of 1919.
14
b. The traditionel
balance of power between the great powers was destroyed, but a new international order that guaranteed peace was absent. The fall of the Austria
Empire in East Europe wan followed by the rise of soul1, independent but wenk atutes, They could be easily
conquered by aggressors, especially when Soviet Russis (which replaced the fallen Tsariat
government of pre-1917) did not cooperate with the Western Powers like France in checking aggressora like Germany.
c. Before the First
World War, Europeans were generally. optimistic about their culture After 1919, because of the harmful effects of the First.. World War, many of them became pessimistic about international peace and, above all, feared, the
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coming of another
equally destructive war. Many people in France and Britain wanted to. prevent war at all coat. Dictators like Hitler. and Mussolini knew thie well, and sinde good use of the widespread feur to commit aggressions.
d. Economies vere
disrupted by the First World War. This led up to, in part at least, the Great Depression of 1929-30, The Great Depression had two importaut effects:
i. It led to the rise
of Hitler in Germany. ii. The problema that it
created preoccupied Western powers like France and Britain and contributed to their lack of posi- tive steps to check aggressiuna.
2. From 1919 to 1929,
Europe slowly recovered from the First World
War. But the peace was actually unreal, as later events were show.
3. From 1950 to 1939,
Europe gradually stepped into war,
to
a. After the Great Depresston, the Western Powers
(Britain, the USA, France) became concerned about their interesta only, rather tinn cooperating with each other to safeguard pénce.
b. Fascist Italy and
Naziat feimany mat used of the opportunity to expand their
territories. The Italian war against Abyssinia in 1935.
ii. The German
annexation of Austria in 1938.
iii. The German threat to
Czechoslovakia in 1938-39.
iv. The German threat to
Poland in 1939.
康樂
桌機展,商業
. At. First, Britain
and France tolerated the aggressions, One reason was that many people felt. that the Versailles, -Treaty (that was
imposed on Germany)
was really unjust....
The Western Povera hoped to satisfy
Germany with limited
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going so that peace
could be maintained.
Historians call this
appetsum心的先” (trying to please dictatora').
d. In the end, in 1939,
it became clear that further appeasement was waelene. Thus war broke out between Germany and povers like Britain sod France. This marked the outbreak of the Second World Kur.
*. The USA joined the
the Allied war on side (Britain, France and Soviet Hean)
after her naval base Pearl Harbour was
attacked by Japan
in late 1941.
附加數(九)
日五廿月一十年七八九一曆公年六十七國民華中
1-3tag "x
end that
+3-21+2+35t-7-0
where t-tan-x
(a) Deduce that the rootn
of the equation
t3-21+2+35t-7-0′ are
2/27
2(II), tan (25)
ton().
and to
Solution:
(a) tanexwatanix
mton(T-3x)
.*, 4x=¤*+(x-3x)
where n is any integer
*n(n+1)座
the general solution
(b) tanix2ton2x
1-tan 2x
2-2tonx
2
MILL & DALE PRESS
1-tan
2tanx
4tanx
1-tan x
for
Revision Exercises
Cert. Exam. (1988)
ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (9)
Trigonometry(I) - Worked examples:
1. Find the general
solution of cds5x+sin3x={}
golution: Rewrite the
equation as
cos5xowainyx
-sin(-3x)
00(蛋(-3x))
<8(+3x) 5x-2m2 (+3x)
16
.. the general apletion
ia xl4n+1)A
(4n-1)7
16.
or
where a is any integer.
2.
(a) Find the general
-solution of
...tan4x+tan3x=0
(b) From the equation in~
(a) Show that
4tànx-4tan?
1-6tan x+te
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2
2 2
(1-ton2x)2-4tan 1 Stanx-stop3x
4
⚫tan3x
2 J-htan-x+tan-x otan(2x+x)
ten2x+tanx #1-tan2x-tanx 2
1-tank 2tanx
2
1-tau x
2tenx
2tanx+(1-tundx),tenx
1-tan x-2tan x Stanx-tan5x
2
1-3tan-x
4tanx-4tan3x
106tan-x+tanx
-(3tanx-ten5x)
2
1-3tan-x
From the above equation, we bave (4tanx-itan3x)
3
(1-3tan3x)
--(Jtanx-tan3x)
2
4
{1-6ṭan x+tanx tan x-21tan x
+35tan2x-7-U
Putting ten“xmt,
this equation becomes
3.
t21t+35-7-0
From (a), the
solution for
tanixu-tan5w is
韓
or
for nuû, 1,翌。
Now, there arc 3
roots in the equation
+3-81t2+356-7-0
and they are
t=tan2xy, ton2x1
and ton2x.
...tan), tau
tan2(37). (Ans.)
and tan
Exercise 5
1. Find the general solutions of the following equationa;
(a) cosx+cos3x=2con2x (b) tanxunot2xmU
2. If sinx+cosys coux-siny-b
and
x-ye
prove that a+b2-3x
3. Express coa30 in
4.
terns
of cose. Bence solve the equation 8x?-bx+1w0 giving the rootn: correct to 3 decimal places.
(a) If tetan, prove
that sin26
4211-12)
(1+1)
(b) Find the general
solution of 2sin20-1
(*) Using (a) and (b),
show that
5.
3
t^-8t3+2t2-81+1=0
Hence find the roots" rof this equation.
(a) Find the general
eolution of sin30-sin20
(b) From the equation io
(a), show that
鹽
16x*-20x+5=0
where xainė.
(c) From the results of
(a), deduce that
the roots of the equation
2
16x-20x7+5=U
題
are sin() and
:2,2M
Hence, show that
(1) sin (M)-sin2(2)-
(11) sin2 (sin(-Z
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