頁四第張五第
日七初月十年寅丙曆夏
1987中學會考 試題預習 專欄
經濟(七)
BÅLRETTESÜ MILL & DALE PRESS LTD
Revision Exercises
Cert. Exam, (1987),
ECONOLICS (7)))) BUSINESS UNITS AND OWNERSHIP
Definition of a firm
A firm is a business unit foräed for the purpose of carrying on some kind of economie activity. It is the basic unit of production. Most business firma aro privately owned and motivated by profits. It should be noted that awnership. Is a determin ing factor in fires behavior.
Public and private. Enterprises
The basic unit of planning and control over production Is the
enterprises. The
terus
firm and enterprise actually belong to on group. All modern economic societies, lavé such control units, hut there are wideļ differences in the waya. they are <rganized
Public enterprise is. owned and managed by the atate, In Hong Kong, the owner of auch enterprise. is the government. The Post Office, the Water Works, the airport, NIEL the British section of: the Kowloon and Canton Railway are public. enterprises.
Private enterprise”Ï owned and managed by the private individuals. In our cormunity, wick follows the Laissez faire
free enterprise) M principle, most of the
commerical and industrial concerns are privately owned,
The Sole Proprietorship bes This is the oldest and simplest type of firm that has the.. characteristic of "one-. man" business?" A the" firm's decisions are. centered in him all profits from the firm ig his, and he is personally liable for all the firm's debts. There is no legal distinction between the personality and Da possessions of the owner and those of the firm. In fact the owner is the firm and is personally responsible for
everything the firm does, and his motivation to
work is the strongest.
The Partnership
A partnership is composed of several
(more than one) owners who pool their resources together to form the
firm. The partners agree among themselves about --
WAH KIU YAT PO
how much capital each 1 to contribute, what role each will play in the ⠀ management, and how much esch will share in the profits, à partnership. bus none capital and resources and, tirugha s grentur possibility of staying in the business, Since different partners. may have different skills or experiences, each cab contribute to the firm in various ways, Alse there is flexibility and adaptability for the firs when partners are directly involved in supervision and thus the motivation to work is therefore troug Thé límited Company. (Juint-stock. Company)
This is a legal form of enterprise (organiza tion) designed to take. advantage of large-scale production methods by pooling the wealth of many people into a single enterprise while at the same time maintaining centralized control over and responsibility for operations.
The major characteris tic of a limited company. is that the lisbilities of shareholders dre limited. This simply means that the liability of the shareholder is limited to the fully paid up value of the shares he holds, so that should the compuny find itself in difficulties and unable to meet the. demands of its creditors the shareholder can lose nu more than the anoint he has invested, the rest of his property being “ free from any claims by the company's creditors.. In Hong Kong, limited company is set up under the Companies Ordinance. Each limited company is a legal entity, Teit is trunted as a legn 1 person and has the right To sue and t be sued, can own property in its nane and makes contraets. The capital of the entity Sis divided into aliares
and the shurellolders normally do. nat. danare the firm, instead, a
Board of Directors 1s elected and it holds responsibilty to the shareholders, ie, report the state of business and publish the angual reports to the : public.
There are two types of limited companies, the public limited company and the private limited company. The two are quite different us for as legal comui tuents/ organization, and capital raising are concerned,
JJapan Line
美國西岸貨櫃航耧
PACIFIC SOUTH WEST SERVICE
E. GIVEN
-E. GUEST
E. GENTRY.
E. GAINT:
VOY+No.} Arr.
001A
Closing
| 8/11
7/11
13/11
̈OMA
· 21/11 "016A--+- | 28/11
·12/11.
·20/11:
27/11
DIRECT TO LOS ANGELES, SAN FRANCISCO Also accepting LONG BEACH, OAKLAND, SAN
DIEGO. RICHMOND. SACRAMENTO {MLB ALL ATLANTIC, AND GULF PORTS.
ALL INLAND POINTS.G LIPI
PACIFIC NORTH WEST SERVICE
JAPAN APOLEO:
PACIFIC ARROW.
E. VITAL
JAPAN ALLIANCE
VOY.No. 073A *050A
Arr. Ia Closing
12/11 25/11
11/11
24/11
053 A
5/12
4732-
036A
12/15/12 }
14/12
The Co-uperative Society
This is anothér, forá of business organization but is quite distinct ins its structure enzi. objectives. The major aim of such a society is Lo provide benefits which are common to Il its
Reabers. A
The most common type if co-operative society
is the Censudera.com operative. The owners are gorištimes also the customers and the profits, are distributed asong tha members. The students' co-operatives in many universities orc examples of quel In Producers" Co-operatives, the
workers themselves own the business and elect ̈ some of their weavers manage it, the profit then being divided among them. Co-operation among farmers is a good example of the producers co-operatives.
Co-operative societies in Hong Kong have to register with the Registrar of Co-operative. Societies and 49 Incorporated under the Co-operative Societies urnance. Presently there are over 400 registered co-operative societies and all are under the control of': the Registrar (The Diigetur of Agriculture and Fisheries). Examples of co-operative societies in Hong Kong are the rural societies (e.g the Vegetable Marketing Societies), the fishermen's societies (eg the Federation of Fishermen Credit Societies) and the Urban Societies (e.g. the Building Societies). QUESTIONS MA
Distinguish between public limited company and a private limited company.
The public und private limited. companies are different in many aspects A private. limited corríany 18 asually gull "ing scale wil its number of shareholders rauges from 2 to 50; a public limited company is usually large and
there is no upper limit in the number of shareholders, but there must be at least soven The shares of a a private Tími tenkt. company are not quoted in the toch iearket nad thus it can only ruise capital frum. its shreitoldars în private" On the other brand, the shares of the public limited company can be quoted on the stock market and therefore it con raise a large mount of capital from the public through the stock exchange by
issuing shares,
SECRE
or by
郭日僑華
issuing debentures (boude). In this way
alurge amount of
capital can be
accumulated from amal
savings of the public. for the public limited company.
As far as thie private limited. company is concerned, a shareholder cannot transfer his shares without the consent of the company nor can uŋy invitation be. made to the general public to subscribe for shares. Hence the. company cannot be Look-over throngly trading of shares. Also, the shares. Connnot be used-for.
speculation. For the public limited compaùies, shares are freely traded in the stock exchange atri the company can be controlled by purchasing shares. Moreover, the shares Can be manipulated for speculation
It should be noted. tint the financial statement of a private fiaited company is not. open to the public an there is en close relationship between shareholders and management for such a
coniany", ""The opposites: are true for the public timi Led company ie, the financial statement of the company. La open to the public and the shareholders usually aily invest, without taking part in the mana geident of the
What are the
advantages af spublïc
venterprisë muda private.
enterprise?
Advantages of public enterprise-
Public enterprises are motivated by the onsideration of the well-being and
interest of the people not that of making profits. Therefore n state-owned
organization can offer to the public chesp uniform price and regular services. products. Un)ike"! private enterprise system, excessive competition can be cavloded and the
government can ensure that essential goods and socially necessary services are main tufted, Public Investment algo can finance long term and big projects, such as the Plover Cove Schene which is too costly to private investors. Generally speaking.
WKLAITRE
大部分適用於本港航運 文件, 就設立獨立 方對。 擬太地法例以代替現行 月,我們已發表一份許船舶登記處的三個基本
严業的英國法例的工作上舶登記處的途徑徵詢意書,現行的標準《無
或是
做示財政司翟克誠昨日在香港船東會 的午餐會」致辭。' 冊多個玉門及國際海事 多次討論後,我們張署 隻將建立密切的聯繫, 一時的更爲密切: 而在這些聯繫價會較現
需香港政府,英國政 東會及務員工會的代表
·進展到比較棘手的階段 到的意見,及與香洊點綴糍持; 他說:但我們現已,他說:在考滃收 歷或其他各方面,將媺 ,已取得良好的開端。見。」,貓是有關安全,船。 香港及登記的婚
登記處對所有 作的人員都有歪 軒 航運業或有關行業工
·爾籍,或英聯邦國家
船東必須聘請英籍,愛 ! 花氏表示他博與規定 的高級船毡及鉛貨問題
·香港登記的船隻所僱用
海長或其他人士 論是船束,高級船
項主要原則,即有關在
·至於新登記處的一
DIRECT TO - SEATTLE, VANCOUVER, PORTLAND, Also accepting LONGVIEW, TACOMA.
E, CANADA MONTREAL, TORONTO
CMLB VIA VANCOUVER
JATLANTIC COAST SERVICE
GLORY
E.LINKING
E GLOBE
E. GRAND
&
VOY.NOWA Arr: 1 Closing
014 A
026 A
19/11 *16/11
OLA
1- - 011A
8/11
· 24711 1.. :23/11
2712 | #17128
DIRECT TO CHARLESTON, BALTIMORE, NEW YORK
Also accepting: Savannah. Norfolk. Philadelphia."
boston
CY & CFS HONG KONG INTERNATIONAL TERMINAL
TELPA0-4850539
CARIBBEAN SEA
GLORIA PEAK
: PORT OF SPAIN CURACAO.
ARUBA, SANTO DOMINGO,
十一日本語翻
十五日到港
CFCL CONTAINER AVAILABLE FOR:
ALL PORTS SUBJECTS TO INDUCEMENT.
貨倉藏貨時間:十一月十四日(下午五時)
CENTRAL SOUTH AMERICA BANG
A VESSEL
十五日到港
十一月十五日朗行 MANZANILLO, PUERTO QUETZAL ACAJUTLA. SAN LORENZO, PUERTO CALDERA,
CFCL)CONTAINER AVAILABLE FOR ALL.
PORTS SUBJECT TO INDUCEMENT. 貨倉識貨時間:十一月十四日(下午五時)
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24 TEL: K-7179988
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Interocean Shipping Co. Ltd.
土耳其國營輪船香港代理
(D.B. Turkish Cargo Lines)
·定期線·
M.V. "General A, F. Cobesoy" ETA 14/11
∵收貨往:
「塞得港、亞歷山大港、法馬古
斯達、伊斯坦堡、麥辛、伊斯 肯德倫
Port Said, Alexandria, Faninguşin,
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M.V. "G. Zeki Dogan" ETA 17/12
收貨往:
特倫斯、伊斯坦堡、麥辛、伊 斯宜德倫
Derince, Istanbul, Mersin, jakenderum
5-412634
地址:香港干諾道中122號海港商業大厦4楼 1990:5-416449
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governuent-run enterprise has better access in varioua
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and statistical data
回力做賺
六期星
and, thus enables
日八月一十年六八九一曆公年五十七國民華中訊航育教
further developpant,
advantages of private enterprise,
Tue activiting F private enterprises are généraliy regulated by the law of demand and supply, Competition amongst privite enterpriser. not only lead to new proiluet and technofigy development- (innovation) and thus economic progress, ut alay ellousy vider range of higher quality gonds and
ervices offered to the consumers, In addition, competition ensures price to be kept at a competitive -level so clut
consumers can be benefitted were. The prefit-maling' objective, is, e poverfal incentive in making private enterpriser to work hard and display greater initiative in his work. This kind, in of drive usually leads to more efficient and effective management. Morever, the frey market ensures the optimal (best) allocation of
resources including Tabour and thus the possibility of wastage of resources will disen be limited. Hence, in sucha ayateny the interests of the conshaers are taken care of in tint the production of various goods and services is based on satisfying consumers needs.
物理(七)
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD
Revision Exercises
for
Cent Exam. (1987)
PHYSICS (7)
2.5 Experimentul
measurementaj
(A). Measuring specific:
heat cupacity of water:
As shown in the figure, the power of the immersion heuter ja F watts, and if the time taken to raise the temperaturë of mkg of pter from
ᏓᏯ . tomperature T
temperature T., iš
then the specific. heat capacity of.. water can be: calculated by
進船
Pt/n{T-
Inmera'i on
bester
Joulemeter
Since there is Toss of energy to the" surroundings, therefore, the value of e so obtained will be higher. This can be seen, if, wệ let the loss of energy to the surroundings lie E' thus
Pt-Boergy supplied by
the heater =(Enregy goined by
water)+E"
Which should be smaller than the previous. calculated value of en (0) Measuring specific
hent capacity of metals
Suppose a joulemetor is available, we set up the apparitus as shown i'n the figure below,
Jouleme ter
Tamersion heater
me t'al block
thers
In order to reduce the energy loss to the surroundings, the block. should be wrapped with sone cotton wool. Also, to ensure good thermal contact between the v
the rnoneter and the block. a little oil on the ther- moneter is necessary
Thus
Let mass of the
etal block.
sinttinl tempera-
ture
Tafinal temperature
zinitial foule-
meter rending
-final joulemeter
reading
caspecific heut
cupacity of the metal
Again, there is energy Toas to the surroundings, therefore the value "so obtained ray he higher than the actual value. (C) Measuring specific
latent heat of fusion office r
As shown in the figure below, small. pieces of ice are heated by means of immersing heater. The mugs of Bolted ice can be found. be wearing the mass of water in the beaker below. A control
experiment is
set up in exactly the same way in order to
estimate the loss in
energy to the surroundings.
experimental}
Snjezde.
let mass of experimental „cup and water inside
f control cup and water inside initial: joulemeter rending
Thus
J-final joulemeter
reading a
L-specific latent
heat of fusion of
icé.
The major error. is mainly due to difficulty in maintaining same energy loss in the experimental and control apparates. In addition, if jonlemeter is not available, the over of the immersion heater and the time taken for heat ing should be found.
- lleuse the tern(Jq=d;}
should be replaced by Ft where:P is the power of the heater and is time taken,
(D) Meusuring specific Tatent heat of Vaporization of water As shown in the figure below, a kilowatt hour meter 1 caployed.
thus
Kilovatt-hour
(Suitable) weighing machine:
·B-initial reading.
the weighing anchine
'-final rending of
the weighing. machine
ga
Pakhi meter calibra-
tion in rev/kwh number of revolut tions counted in kwh meterkinda Lspesi fic latent:""
heat of vaporiza- tion of water
Energy supplied up kWh
-3600000mp
(joules)
3600000sp={»==1 }X for L-36000001p/(m-mTM).
例如在八七年十一月五百是秦王六十歲大壽, 【明年到泰國旅遊,可以追究一切,無」。
中民俗發現以及國家慶典等。
(特)泰國旅遊局及泰航等單位昨日駄其會,一新耳目。 4年臺國的傳統當口和國家慶典特別多,所以如畫的科館體建新任泰國旅遊局總放說瑪 伊 泰國旅遊局定出明年焉旅遊年,原因是明,交通,或者由崇優鐵路局安排火車,或者乘坐 目的在吸引遊客到泰國參觀傳統節日,特別的一邁花饰以及大象晏演等活動都會在明年舉行。 「八七泰國旅遊年」在港掀行研討會,研討會,此外,還有泰國新年,華人傳統節日, 明年遊客到比後,泰航將安排到各活動地點的
泰王明年六十大壽慶典特多
八七泰國旅遊年 策劃週詳節目豐
泰國旅遊局舉辦研討會吸引港客
香,為李香,其該冷
健料食
包去國港
慈•領處 店有 主前
可以一睹泰國王族的威儀。 屆時泰國朝野各界,舉國上下,無不變重其中一遊局香港辦事處主任等人。 遠在八二年,泰王曹在河上泛舟。染王泛一方便,包括縮至申請簽證的時間, (主泛舟亦会在明年舉行,屆時到泰國將會欣逄一望明年將會吸引更多香港客去泰國。「鴻) 有者大大小小龍舟,圍繞着泰王御瑗而行。泰「多人,比去年同期增加近二成,泰國旅遊局希 将也是王童话对之一,該活動屆時會在河上,一,香港今年上半年去泰國的症客有七萬七千 盛大獎說,這就是一個千載難逢的好機會,泰國駐港領事卡西·班松吉表示,總領事 是否仍然適宜。這項規 人士爲高級船員的法例
,
; 不足以應付現時在香港予沿迎宾大幅免稅,以 定原來是爲菡待的原因船隻的需求,所以使登記處有效地運作的,他指出,後 而
立行
持塑或的意·英·
船無?...
新船舶登記處細則 進入棘手階段 需英港及國際進行協商 比沒有人手使不服本的同,就这段,而不應業,龍發精不同的
的基本原則是從大港點 數,因此,我們決定將來一是新記處將要離題。在民說,能治是
記處的鰍隻僱用的高級船隻的數目將要減少,在外地的货物所獲取的航運業有理由有別於其 巨商意,毋須規定新登開始時難如人意,一是將續投他們徒由香港是,他说:我並不認為 而英國及中國政府亦提出廣泛的豁免,令到否在港居住的他束,均取的利潤便應課稅。: 論點隻是否在本港登記,待遇。
·莊氏續說:我們並情况。
(港訊】香港在具 協商組織之間有密切的|视就斯哈因牙記念的卡可我們的日都是儘量放許我們越重新檢視一 財司透露脫離英國獨立進展大,堅持法例規定香港維。有關登記處自負盈
BENKALENE - CARE-OK = 14#<HH
任
體訂定新船舶登記處的聯絡。為此,我們已安 作原則徽悳英國政府的
櫃
小在
意則第敦
港的污名,及對香港整|取反 香港船東會作上述表示 英國方面的工作上所取 翟氏說,香港在草、在一九八五年五
。財政司雅克誠昨日對港在將船棺登記處脫離。 引力,避免站上方便赦 的系統,負實聯絡及聽,舉行的聯合聯務小組第,記船隻上的所有轻位中一樣,收取最初登記費 要 做,俾能對船東有吸倫敦,以建立一個有效後,在今年七月在倫敦他補-
說,香港登費用,例如船東會建議 .那些原則於上月中 發表,傳各界參考。”资格的香港高級海員並 甄繁榮及安定有所裨益,帮氏概略地講述香 獲得了中國政府的同意译担任—而遠洋輪船方 他說:這將使登記 L E E S E,香港國際貨櫃碼頭有限公司常務 PERESULAHU BEINTURE TEKERCS # DE AS KOK 此外,由於具足夠藉定性。
少改變,使新登記處能 現時的收費制度,以另 四輪會議上,這些原則,是不多數由香港海 及以噸位計算的年费。各業已委任現代貨幣碼頭有限公司常務董事 面,則爲三分之一。 她按年的財政有更大的董事 ME R ED { T H及代表香港付貨人委 談及有關香港應給「年,由八六年十一月十六日生效。 以會之劉石仁爲貨櫃常務委員之成員,任期兩
(特許)昨日出版的政府熏報中公布:港
航
訊
·秦王泛舟之雅姆
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