貞四第張四第
日十二月九年子甲夏
1985
中學會考試題預習專欄
歷
史
(四)
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HISTORY (4).
VIOLA WONG YUK-YUE
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.
Last time we discussed the mjor international crises that nearly led to wars between the European great powers. You would notice that
some of these crises occurred in Africa and some in the Balkan Peninsula. The reason why we have to learn these crises is that while peace was maintained every time, it could not be maintained in the summer of 1914. To this issue you will learn how an assassination in a country in the balkans created an international. crisis similar to those that occurred before. The difference was that this time the great powers. were drawn into a war. against each other the First World War.
EVENTS LEADING TO THE OUTBREAK OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR IN. 1914 1. Assassination of:
Archduke Ferdinand of Austria In late June 1914, Archduke Ferdinand, an
Austrian prince, went to Bosnia in the Balkans (see MAP and was
Bringin
AFRICA
AUSTRIA
MAPI
Bosnia Serbia
Russio
Germany.
Austria.
Black
Sea
BALKAN PENINSULA
Mediterranean Sea
assassinated there. (in the capital of Bosnia called
Sarajevo). Bosnia had been annexed by Austria since 1908. Serbia was an independent country. Austria thought that Serbia planned the assassination. In fact, Serbia did not plan it. Nevertheless, Austria wanted to use this chance to teach Serbia a lesson. The reason was that the relations between Austria and Serbia had not been good. In the early 1900s, for example, Austria conducted a "pig war" against Serbia by- banning the import of Serbian pigs.
German support for Austria -Germany was ruled by Kaiser William II. He was military man and
liked military ventures. By 1914, Austria was Germany.
only reliable ally (ie. the Dual Alliance of 1879). Other powers, Britain, France and Russia, were allied to each other against Germany and Austria, So Germany thought that: she must stand by. Austria in this
WAH KIU YAT PO
crisis. Germany gave unconditional support to Austria. William IT thought that this
would frighten off
other powers from helping Serbia but
would not lead to
war (see MAP. 2)
MAP 2
Germany
declaring
war
3. Austrian ultimatum
to Serbia Austria. was encouraged by Germany's support to make war on Serbia, She sent an ultimatum. to Serbia. An ultimatum was
∙an'
official warning. If Serbia did not accept all the terms of the ultimatum, then Austria would declare War on Serbia. Austria really declared war on Serbia when Serbia refused to accept all the terms. The time was late July 1914. (see MAP 2) ..... Russia preparing for -Russia did not var want the Balkans to be under Austrian and German influence, Britain and France were Russia's allies, yo Russia prepared for war (by fully mobilizing her armed forces). A full
mobilization did not necessarily mean war, but it made a peace- ful settlement more difficult to reach. Austria and Germany became very much alarmed. (see MAP 3)
MAP 3
mobilizing
cirmed
Gerinany
Austria
toices
Serbi
·support
5. Germany making war on
both Russia and
France Before 1914; Germany had worked out a military plan. In a war with Russia and France, Germany planned to defeat France first and then turn east to fight. Russia. Let us remember that France. was Russia's ally, and in a general war France would (Germany thought) support. Russia. Russia was backward and could mobilize her forces. only slowly, So Germany calculated. that she could deal with France first. However, now that Russia had mobilized: her forces, Germany believed she must act quickly before Russia could prepare for war further.. Otherwise the plan would be useless. Therefore Germany declared war on both France and Russia. (see MAP 4
MAP 4
Brign
Russia
Germany
6. Britain's entry into var - The neutrality of Belgium was very important to Pritain because any power could easily invade Britain from a base in Belgium. To attack France quickly, Germany must go through Belgium, as the border between Germany and France.
報日僑華
was heavily defended,
Thus when Germany
attacked Belgium (so
as to attack France quickly), Britain
declared war on
Germany. All European
great powers except Italy were in the war in this way, (see MAP 5).
MAP 5
Britojn
neutrality of Beigwin. violated by Ġrmany: Britain istering wor
armony
CAUSES OF THE FIRST
1914-1918) WORLD WAR
The causes of the First World War (1914–1918) were of 2 kinds: underlying and immediate.
1. Immediate causes -
You have just now learnt that the great powers (Germany, Austria, Britain, France, and Russia) each took some steps in the summer of 1914. In the end these steps led up to the outbreak of world war. So each
of the great powers shared some RESPONSIBILITIES for causing the war. By "immediate causes" we mean tliese "respon-
sibilities".
2. Underlying cause's.
Historians think that thegreat powers took the steps because they were influenced by
some long-term histor- ical forces before 1914, such as milita rism, nationalism, colonialism and so on. The Alliance System was one such long-term force. These forces affected the great powers. alike, though in different degree. In trying to give deeper explanations for the First World War, historians look. at the conditions of Europe before 1914. The se long-term historical. forces and 'conditions were the "underlying causes".
3A two-way analysis.
The "immediate causes" and "underlying. causes of the First World War were.
related:
Question:
"Did war break out suddenly as an accident in 1914?"
Answer:
"No, long before 1914, some underlying forces and conditions already made the relations between the great powers very bad, so that a minor incident like the assassination at Sarajevo in 1914 led a world war
Question: "Were the forces and conditions before 1914 alone sufficient to lead to a world war?!
Ans
"No, these forces and conditions made war likely but not absolutely unavoidable, Otherwise a world war would have" broken out before 1914
in each of the major international crises.
Question:
"Why did not a world war break out in 1913, 1912 or 1911?".
Answer: "Because the underlying causes alone could not lead to a world war." Question:
"Why was there a world war in 1914 then?"
Answer:
日期星
Because both immediate
causes and underlying
causes were at work."
經濟
(四)
日四十月十年四八九一曆公年三十七國民華中 育教僑華
comparative advantages from the exchange behavior.
3. Aims of division of
labour
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ECONOMICS (4) BENE
K.K. VONG & L.F. CHAN
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.
Divi
of labour 1. Introduction
2.
Human being are interdependent because we cannot live without the help of other members in the commu- nity. We all special- ize in some sort of job in the society in order to produce some useful commodities or services. In other words, we cannot produce all the goods and services we need for our survival. We can only participate in part of the produc- tion activities and exchange with others.
Therefore, specialization is essential.
For the same token, in modern economy, the production operation
are
so complex that there is an increasing use of capital in production and the adoption of mass production system. Usually the production activities are divided into different processes and sub- processes in which every process is assigned to particular group, of worders or individuals. There- fore, only a small part of the work is undertaken by one person or a group each of whom specializes in a single process.
By the same way, because of the existence of inter- national trade syst different
different 2
are produced by
depending upon climate, oil, availability of raw materials and labour. It is also said to be a kind of specializa- tion into different countries.
Definition of division of labour t
To
narrower
sense, division of labour means that the menufacturing process is broken down into a series of separate activities, each of which is performed by a separate operation carried out by particular person or particular group of workers.
In a broader sense, division of labour. means the separation of production into different stages and occupations, which sre carried out by different firms in manufacturing industries such as the spinning sector, weaving sector, knitting sector, finishing sector and garment making sector. In the broadest sense, division of labour may refer to international
division of labour which is the origin of international
trade. It means that
each country
specializes in
manufacturing some
products and exchanges. it with the other.
countries through
international markets. Consequently, each country would obtain
The main aim of
division, of labour
system is to increase output. In other
words, it can increase the productivity by making full use of productive resources including labour, land, machinery and equipment so as to increase the quantity of the products, and to improve the quality of products. As a result, through the division of labour, production becomes more
Types of divcient
and effective ion of
labour
Simple division of labour
It refers to the specialization of one trade and industry by a particular specialist or firm or manufac- turing unit. For instance, in the economy there is natural division of production performed by various firms and: people such as engineers, bakers, shoemakers and carpanters, etc.
B. Complex division of
labour
It refers to the specilization of more detailed process or sub-process by particular firm or production unit. It is the further division of work into particular aspect of
a special trade. Usually, the produc- tion processes are more complex. The breaking down of production process car manufacturing is an example. International division. of labour Y
It refers to the specialization of I particular trade or industry by the special country. Since modern technology has developed speciali- zation so that the geographical. specialization become.s possible. For example, each country would specialize in one. product which is world famous Scotch whisky, and Swiss watches are demanded everywhere.
5. Advantages of division
of labour
A
increased out output,
B. great skills of the
workers because of practicing,
C.
a saving of time by keeping to single process,
D make full use machinery and equipment,
E. provide more employ.
ment opportunities to the specialists, F. standardize the
quality of the products,
G. the workers would
become less fatigue by maintaining the same pace in division of labour system, H. reduced cost of
production,
1. For international
specialization of labour, each country. can fully utilize its productive resources and there are greater comparative advantage
over them.
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ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
S.F. KO
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.
Solutions to Exercise 2
2
1. x-ax+b=0°
Since the roots are two consecutive integers, then they are +1.
sum of roots=d+(2+1)
1
a-1
Prod. of roots=d(2+1)
(^) (441) b (a-1)(n+1)
2. Let
2
9-52
b
2=4b+1
(Ans.)
kx2-( 5x+1)x+9k=0 Since this equation has real roots, we have
2
−(5k+1)2-4(k) (9k) ≥ 0
2
25k+10k+1-3610 11k2-10k-10 (11k+1)(k-1) ≤0
11
the expression must
lie between
3. ax-c k+1
k-1
・.(x2-bx)(k+1)
and 1.
-{ax-c)(k-1)=0 e.(k+1)x2 - (ak+bk-a+b)x
+ck-c=0. Let one root be x,
*
then the other root is
so that sum
*1
of roots
ak+bk¬a+b k+1. ak+bk-a+b
k-a-b
px +qy1 px+qy-1. From (2), y=1-px
k+1
a+b. (Ans.)
px2+q(1-x)2-1
px", 1-2px+p2x2
pqz +1-2px+p x
2 2
83
(p +pq)x−2px+(1−q)~0
(Ans.)
The roots of this. equation will be equal if
2
(-2p)
2
4p
2
(p~+pq) (1−q)=0 |
2 2
2.
2 -4(p -p 4+Pq-Pq)=0
4pq(p-1+q)=0 Pq(p+q-1)=0
P+q-1 (Ans.)
5. (b−c)x+(c-a)x+(a−b)=0
For real roots, we must have,
(c-a)2-4(b−c)(a−b)
=c2+2-2ac-4ab+4b tha
-4bc
2
=(a+c)2-4b(a+c)+4b2
2
=(a+c-2b)2 which ís always positive or zero.
the roots of the given equation are real.
6. x +
III
...x2 + (1 - 1 x ) = -1
(Ans.)
(1) .(2)
a2x2+1-2lx+l2x2-m2
2
(m2 + l2 )x2-2(x+1-m2 =
For real roots,
4)2 - 4 (m2 + l2 ) (1.2
2
2
4
20
4 l2-4 m2 + 4 m2 - 4 & 4 l2 m2 30
2