化交育:草一幕張六第4日 七十月二年寅甲愿夏 WAH KIU YAT PO
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恒
【 1874 中學會考試題預習專欄
堅道書院主機
The as is collected over water
Frogen dioxide N-0, or NO2
This oxide is a greenish-yellow liquid boiling at 22 c. "At temperatures just above. the boling point, the gas has the formula N2Oy. As the temperature:
israised it decomposes, first into molecules of formula No and
then into: nitric oxide:ahd axygen-the reverse reactions. occurring on cooling: :
報日僑筆
1. On the surface or a catalyst, about 500°c., ammonia is oxidized. by the oxygen in air to nitric oxide,NO. (The catalyst is metal11 Kanze made of platinum or a rhodiu platinum alloy.
4 NK
6H
3. The nitric oxide, after cooling is oxidized by the oxygen in air ffo. nitrogen dioxide, NO. which is
also a' gas:
2NO
三期星
Dilute nitric acid as, an acid:
It turng 11tmüs red.
日十二月三年四七九一藤公年三十六國民拳中
1974中學會考試題預習專欄
The Locus of a point is the paths
It will react with bases to gi a salt and water:
traced out by a point which moves der certain conditiona...
NaOH + HNO2
NaNO + H20-
3. Magnesium is the only metal
which when reacts with very dil nitric acid, will give hydrogen Mc+ ZN03 YOU NO2) 1⁄2 *; H2
4. It will react with carbónate ti
give carbon dioxide:
數學科(乙)
文長波
In analytical zoometry, if we
Assume that the point on the locus is P(x,y), then the given condition will lead to an equation involving tae variables x and y called the equation of the focus
hataematics (19)
"Solution to exercise if
1. Let B(x,y) bu the image.
în tue line x+y-7=Q..
Examule 1
The mid- of the line joining to (1,2) lies the line 2x+3y=5• ̈ Find the equation of hig Ret P
371ation: Det P(x,y)
the loci,
any point on
the or-ordinates of M are
化學科(乙)(牛八)
CHEMISTRY (18)
Suggested answers for last week: 1.(1) When ammonia is passed over
hot copper oxide is reduced to metal, and the gas is oxidized to iltrogen and water.
30u0
** (11) "Aumonia gas does not burn in air but burns in oxygen with. greenish-yellow. flame; forming nitrogen and water.
(ii) Ammonia gas reacts direct ly with hydrogen chloride forming: salt. When these two gases are. brought together, white. funes are produced due to the formation of: minute particles of ammonium. chloride.
NH + HOL
NH, CL
(iv) Ammonia gas can react with: carbon dioxide in the presence of water, forming a salt, ammonium carbonate
2NH CO
2.(a)When ammondun hydroxide is
first added, a pale-blue gelatini ous precipitate is formed,But when ammonium hydroxide 1s added in excess, the precipitate disap- pears, vand the solution: becomes. deep blue in colour.. When the ammonium hydroxide Le added to the copper sulphate solution, a pale-blue gelatinous precipitate coppar hydroxide is formed:
CUSO + 2NH OF
But when ammonium hydroxide. ta. added in excess, the copper hydre oxide forms a complex 1on with ammonium hydroxide. The product (cuprammonium hydroxide) so formed 18 soluble and 18 deep blue in colour, constituting the deep blue colour of the liquid. Cu(OH)2+4NH, OH:
> Cu(NH) (OH)2
+480
(b).By the apparatus as shown in the diagram, nitrogen cam be prepared: by :passing dry.amonia. over, hot copper'oxide,
NHS
+3cup
+3Cu 3H
The gas collected over water in. the Jar is inertf it has no react. ion with glowing splint, litmus, and Iime-water, It is nitrogen.. This vexperiment proves that ammonia contains nitrogen,
The oxides of nitrogen
1. Nitric oxide NO
Nitric oxide is usually prepared in the laboratory by reducing nitric acid (of atrength. 1 part acid. tod of water) by copper:
3Cu(NO3)2 + 2N
4H20
3Cu + 8HNOㄢ
dissociation 2NO
20
yellow brown
association · ·
It is along with. oxygenby heat: ing any nitrate other than those of sodium, potassium and armordun In the Laboratory, lead nitrate. is usually used andthe nitrogen- dioxide separated from the oxy- gen by passing the gases:throgh a freezing" mixture of ice and salt:
2Pb(NO3)2
Comparison of prop ties of the oxides of nitro
Nitric Oxide
a.Colouriesp
b.Insoluble
water
3. The nitrogen dioxide is dis- solved in water with which Lt. react to form nitric acid:
3NO + H2O
RHNO3
NO
The nitric oxide that is formed in this last reaction is used again in stage 22:
|Properties::
Nitrates:
A.: Preparation
1) By the action of nitric acid
on bases, e.g. NaOH,KON, OH
NaOH +
1) By the action of nitric on.
̇most metals, e.gcuPBASER
(iii) By the action of nitric acti
on carbonates,.g. Ca, 5, 40,
·PhCO3+8
B+2HNO + Fb(NO3)2+H2O+Cl
Nitric acid is a heavy, colourless 1iquid, miscible with water in all proportions, pungent smell; corros ive action on flesh, clathes; wood B. etc. Boling point 30.; specific gravity 1.53. Ordinary *Concentrate nitric acid contains about 70% HNC Conc. nitric acid decomposes slowl in light and on heating:
Nitrogen dioxide 4 HNO3
Brown:
Soluble, giving HNO2 and NO,
e.Support the combustion of those
substances giving out sufficient heat. to decompose the gas into :: nitrogen and oxygen; then the burning substance burns more bri ly than in air, since each gas 'contains a higher proportion df
oxygen than does air;
and the nitrogen dioxide so formed accounts for the yellow or brown. colour of the concentrated acid. Concu nitric acid is a powerful | oxidizing agent:
Conc. nitric is an accepter of electrons, ear!
从HNOg
cone.
SANO3
d. With air turns No action in air For examples:
-crown_forming
nitrogen diduide 200+0
2N0.
Ji). On, metals
2N0
CuCNC + ZN03 2 3Cu+ •HNQz →3Cu(N©zλ2+482C+€N° All are reduced, to nitrogen wher passed over many heated metaisic. 4Zn+104NOz - 4Zn(NO3), +3H2O*N£ †
20 +20u
2000+ N2
4ZMCNT)2+5H_0 F.with cold ferrous Brown colorati 4Zn+105NO,
sulphate solution, due to NO form brown coloration when the gas
reacts with wat
Nitric acid,HNOZ Lab. Preparation:
Sodium or potassium nitrate is heated with conc. aulphuric acid
in a glass retort. The nitric aci is given off as a gas and is condensed in a water cooled flask With excess of potassium nitrate and higher temperature, potassium sulphate is formed; but this temp: may crack the glass and decompose some ofthe acid:
Industrial method:::
Much of the nitric acid for indust ry is made from ammonia by Ostwalc
Process. This has three steps, as
follows:
On non-metals
Carbon is oxidized to CO by hot and.cone. HNO3
C+ 4HNO
20
dil.
Sulphur is oxidized to hot HNO3 56:
AHNOL
dil
35
Cm compounds.
-Ferrous salts'are oxidized to
ic sal
Hydrogen sulphide is oxidizes yellow ppt. of sulphur.
280
Sulphur dioxide is, oxidized to
sulphuric acid:
2 NO
Properties:
All nitrates are soluble in water and react with hot conc, sulphuric acid to form nitric : vapour.,Many nitrates: are also
deliquescent.
Uses of potassium and ammonium: nitrates:.
̇Potassium nitrate is not deliqu
escent. So, it is used in the manufacture of explosives, such as Wun-powder, which contains: roughly by weight,
l part of charcoal; part of sulphur 6 parts of potassium nitrate.
Ammonium. nitrate used in many explosices, such as amponal (a mixture of ammonium nitrate and aluminium powder)When it 18-
40410_+6日_O+ON
Again a large volume of hot gas is produced from a small volume: of explosive. The other uses of ̇ammonium: nitrate as a fertilie in nitrochalk (a miture of ammonium nitrate and powder chalk).
Tests for nitrates:. -1. Brown Ring test.
Dissolve the suspected nitrate ii. water and add a fresh solut: ion of ferrous sulphate, shake * well. Incline the test-tube
and slowly pour cone, sulphurdc acid down the inside of the tube so that it form a Tayer below the level of the aqueous solution A brown ring (FeSO, NCY forms at the junction oft the twd layers of liquid if a nitrate is present..
2. The cópper test:
Add a piece of copper to the aolid suspected nitrate; 'and add conc. sulphuric acid heat gently. If a nitrate is present the brown fumes. of nitrogen dioxide will be given off.
Question for. this week;
Describe: how..you would ahoy. by experiment the presence of Oxygen in nitric acid.
Describe how you would perform the brown ring test on a sample of sodium nitrate and explain the che the chemical reactions involved
3. How would you prepare crystal-
line specimens'of sodium nitrd and lead nitrate from a mixture 'of sodium carbonate and lead
carbonate?
Compare the action of heat on
these two nitrates.
X=4
(1)+(2)←2x=8
(2)=(1.)>2y=10
The co-ordinstes of the ina- ge of the point (2,3). in the Line:x+y-7md are (4,5).
Equation of the line" passing through (-49-1) 20
8x-3y+23=0;
alope
Equation of the red straight line-
2x-10-3y-21 2-3y+11=0
slope of 3x+1.2y
Equation of the re straight line is
4x-20-y-7 4x-13=0
tan
can on tan (180
-tan B. →2
Equation of the required straight line is:
-2x+10=y-7
17-0
lies on 2(x+1)+ 2x+2+3y+610 1.8. 2x+3x-2=0 The equation of the
2x+3y-2=0
Example 2 à straight line cuts the
nampak 2 dB and AB 20units. Find the locus the mid-pt of A3,
Exam
Let:2\x,3} be any point .or the loci,
品
The co-ordinates of A and B are^(2x,0) and (0,2y): reapectively.
AB = 20.
2:400 100
The Joeye of the as 100
Find the equation" of the circle on the dameter " whose enda are (-3,-2) ang (2,5)*
Solution: Let P(x,y) be any point
the circle
APB
33-14
The equation of circle
Exercise 19
A line parallel to the y-axis meets the curvey=3xs at R and the line y=x+1 at Si
Find the locus of the mid-point of RS,
2. A is a variable point on the x-
-axis and B is the point (1,3)..
A line through B perpendicular to A3, meets the y-axis at·0. Perpendiculare to the axis at A. and C meet at P. Find the locus
of the point P?
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續寬
續講楞嚴經撮要
寬如寬榮兩法師
·基粗生波已伏,此
↗乃頭識定境
時。上之内守閒
現」非分別色相之
佛德似绣似物,於
·別都無之境,仂仿
·能分別之心,所分 分別不當J,有一
·文句古澤作都無 無可分別放(因此一
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,置空嫩白亦願非彈一也爲六
非一無色五都非。都較 卽阗非以,根無色
無餘
,以非實,對杯
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三乘班人所證之真
高空,此非色非空
梯式:
可口可辣,空液
智者。見外五非心,所得伏關
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非淼過若眞萜故廣之即是 境名有此德
子子關
宗
油藏境比乃爾:境鯽境生精下空有
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·濕別識不絕 中药守注
開故明 在無 外明所守幽之
為覺云 了取 獨分 絲了守附
法知一同獨 散別,不,開之。,可非微去,色
座內縦五影位,當行五 境比 是對 色细 佩如非
*量約。齲湖者
其中
中有云,有
四:月
晚四份
班
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余少
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錢後,洋並,作能
山
中腳病理
如何
勞。
飛草行
鄉