REFERENCE LIBRARY
4E01974
WAH KIU YAT PO
would fill the tube and 'suck' back
有教儒華真三第張四第1日三十月正年寅甲歷表
into the flask. An inverted funnel Uses:
橋
is attached to the tube and afrakge
ad so thab ih-fia is just below the surface of water in a beaker.
Ammonium -
:1874中學會考試題預習專欄
化學科(甲) (十三)林景源
CHEMISTRY (13).
Suggested answer for last week:
1. (1) Chlorine combines directly.
with tin to form stannic chloride, however the reaction is catalysed. by a
Morrace of water.
2012
SnCl
(11) Chlorine reacts with ammonia by replacement of the hydrogen.. Thus in presence of excess chlorine hydrogen chloride and nitrogen tri- chloride are formed.
OH + 3012 NHL
3HC1 NC1+0 However, in the presence of excess ammonia, the nitrogen tri- chloride is decomposed:
NH, OH NC
3HC1 + H20 So that the over all reactio 301+8NH, OH ——— 6NH C1+8H2O + N ̧
fa:
(iii) Aluminium is a strongly reducing metal, it combines very. igorously with chlorine yielding the chloride,
2A1 +
(iv) If chlorine is passed into a aqueous solution of sulphur dioxide (sulphrous acid) sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid are formed.
SO
- C12+ 2,0 → R2SO + 2HC1
(v) Carbon monoxide will unite with chlorine, in sunlight or in presence of heat animal charcoal to form carbonyl chloride COC1. Also known as phosgene...
CO + Cl2
COC1
The simplest laboratory preparatiş of chlorine without heat is by the action of potassium permanganata with concentrated hydrochloric acid
+5012
2KMnO +16HC1 ✈2KC1+2MnCl2+820
As 100 g of the conc. acid ootad 6.5 g HC1, 200 g will contain 73 8
e. 2 moles. According to the quation given above for the prepar- tion of chlorine 4 moles hydrogen hloride will produce one mole of hlorine 1.0. 22.4 litres at N.T.P., 2 moles will therefore produce 11.2 Litres. At the temperature and pressure of the experiment these 11.2 littes will represent
760 290 750
11.2 x
273 12.1 litres, The maximum yield is 12.1 litres.
(1) If a filter-paper soaked with warm turpentine is dropped into a Jar of chlorine, there is a vigorou reaction and clouds of soot are formed. The chlorine has extracted. the hydrogen from the turpertine, leaving the carbon.
8C110C + 16RC1
(11) When chlorine is passed throu a sölution of ferrous chloride, the colour of the solution changes from pale green to yellow, showing that the ferrous chloride has been oxid- 1sed to ferric chloride.
2FeC12
+ C12
→ 2FeC13
Chloride.
Properties:
It is a colourless gas, when breath Sodium
ed, the hydrochloric acid formed
gives it a choking, irritating anell.
It is very soluble in water, however than air.
Chemical:
1. Dry hydrogen chloride is not
acidic and will not affect dry litmus paper.
2. It neither burns nor supports
combustion..
With ammonia, white clouds of ammonium chloride smoke are immediately formed.
NH3 + HCL
With reactive metals on heating to give the anhydrous chloride.
Zn + 2HC1
Fe+ 2HC1
FeCl2
Hydrochloric acid and hydrogen chloride in toluene:
We know that hydrogen chloride is ä covalent compound, but that when it
Potassium
Calcium
Zinc
Silver.
報日僑華
Uses
In dry batteries,
Leclanche cells.
In the manufacture of Caustic soda, chlorine and sodium by electroly
sie.
In the manufacture of
washing soda by the Salm process:
To the manufacture of bleaching powder, and other sodium compounds
As a fertiliser.
As a source of caustic potash and potassium nitrate.
As a drying agent.
As a source of calcium metal.
As a dehydrating agent. Its solution in conc, hy drochloric acid is uses' as a flux in soldering. In making printing-out papers in photography.
dissolves in water it losises, giv- Tests for chlorides, Bromides and ing hydroxonium ions and chloride ions.
HG1 + H2O
solutions of acids. Hydroxonium ions are present in all
Hydrogen chloride does not donize. in dry toluene, and is present as covalent compound. The toluene sol- ution differs from the aqueous aol- ution as follows:
HCI in water
Elect It conducte rical electricity conduct ivity:
[HC1 in dry
toluene.
It does not. conduct electricity
ActionHydrogen liber It does not on Mg,ated
form hydrogen Zn, few
ActionIt turns the on in-colour of dicator indicator
Action Carbon dioxide on car produced. bonate
Action Ammonia
on KH, dissolves
No effact
It does not. react with carbonates
A white Ppt
ferned.
Tast for hydrochloric acid Added a solution of silver nitrate into the hydrochloric acid (or any of its salts). A white ppt. of in- soluble silver chloride is at once. obtained. The ppt dissolves again very easily in a dilute solution of ammonia.
AgCl + HNO3
HC1 + AgNO3
Chloridee: Hydrochloric acid forms only one se ies of salts known as the chlorideï All of these are freely soluble wi the exceptions of lead, silver and mercury(1) chlorides.
Preparation
By neutralisation of an acid with an alkali, e.8. potassium, sodium and ammonium chlorides
' Kaol + HC
2H Ở + Ngà
By the action of the acid on a metal, e.g. zinc and ferrous. chlorides.
Zn + 2HC1
Hol
ZnCl
By the action of the acid on a metallic oxide or carbonate, calcium chloride.
CaCO3 + 2HC1
CaCl
By double decomposition, e.g. lead (111) When chlorine is passed into and silver chlorides.
a solution of potassium bromide',: th
solution turns red as free bromine
is liberated.
2KBr + C1— 2KC1 + Br
Hydrogen chloride
Preparation:
Hydrogen chloride is usually made by the action of conc. sulphuric acid on common salt.
NaCl + H2SO4
or 2Naci +
NaHSOHC1
Na
la 2501
+ 2НС1
It is heavier than air, and so can be collected by downward delivery.
The large quantity is now made. direct synthesis from hydrogen and chlorine. These are both obtained by the electrolysis of bring solution in the manufacture of caustic soda. The hydrogen is then burnt in an atmosphere of chlorine in silica vessels.
2XC1
H
Bolution of hydrogen chloride in Water is called hydrochloric acid, This cannot be made by leading hydrogen chloride directly into water by an ordinary delivery tube. The gas is so sbbuble that water
Iodide:
With silver nitrat solution,
chlorides gives a white ppt.
insoluble in nitric acid but soluble in ammonia.
KC1 → AgNo2-
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S. AB! AB = SB: SB (TANYO ;) L=10h
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KNO2 + ABC) 6 A'B' ? AD = 'B'EM? BC (T
Chlorides give chlorine when
heated with sulphuric acid, and manganese dioxide.
4NaCl+MnO2+ 4H2SOL
4NaHSO+MnCl2+20+ Cl2
7. ABCO'EU AB (DE(R)
8. A'B' TAB = B'C' BL (A))
邊對應邊成比例)
When a miture of a chloride, con sulphuric acid, and potassium: dichromate are warmed, red vapor of chromyl chloride, Cro C1, are formed. This give yellow ppt, or lead chromate when passed into lead acetate solution."
9
2HC1
H.Cro
(CH_COO)¿Pb.
РОСГОН + 2СН-СООН Chronyl chloride also dissolves in caustic soda solution to form yellow sodium chromate...
Bromide with silver nitrate sol ution to form a pale yellow
silver bromide, slightly soluble in ammonium hydroxide.
AgBr
KBr+ AgNO3 KNO
Iodide with silver nitrate solut ion to form a yellow silver lod ide, insoluble in ammonium hydr oxide.
KNO
KI+ ARNO,
Question for this week:
Using ammonium chloride as the material, outline one method for the preparation of a reasonably conc. solution of hydrogen chlor- ide.
Describe what you would observe
and explains what happen when
1) dilute hydrochloric acid 18. added to a solution of lead nitrate and the resultant mixture heated.
11) A jar of hydrogen chloride
placed mouth to mouth with a Jar of annonia.
三項各等分别一比例之 相等三項,則其餘一項
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ASA BUD SAB
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(12)
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sx sx=k (12)
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行診を知
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定義:二相似多邊形之相當邊
* 1974 中學會考試題預習專圖書 比平可考,但似形,其相
堅道書院主
H2SO
By direct combination of the metal with chlorine 1 ¡e.g. copper and ferri chlorides.
化二科(乙) (十二)主兆交
第十三講
Pbs+ 2HC1 > Pac12
Cu + Cl2
Properties
Most metallic chlorides yield hydrogen chloride with conc. sulj uric acid. Chlorine is evolved or heating a mixture of chloride,
manganese dioxide and sulphuric acid.
2. Some chlorides decompose on heat
ing to give either the elements a lower chloride, e.g.
CuCl
2
Cu C12
Other chlorides form the corres- ponding oxides and chloride when heated in air.
4FeCl2 + 302
F203.
+401
4. When it is heated ammonium chlor dissociates into two simpler gas eous compounds, ammonia and hydr gen chloride, when cooled, these gases recombine to form solid ammonium chloride. This sort of decomposition is called thermal dissociation.
NKCI
NH, + HCl
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