頁二第張七第
日七初月五年丑癸歷
WAH KIU YAT PO
英中會考經濟及公共事務科答案
堅道英文書院主答
H.K.C.E.E. (English), 1973
Suggested Answers
for
Economic and Public Affairs (Conventional Questions)
(Editor's Note: In view of the. Length of the Examination paper the answers will be given in notes-form only.):
ろくくり
1. (a) What is division of labour
and what different forms can it take? Explain and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of such division.
(1) Division of labour essenti-
ally means specialization of work.
(ii) If it is specialization in
one complete trade it is known as simple division of labour; this works well if the firm is small (e.g. a floral shop) or in certain service trades (e.g. shoe- making); the risk involved in the business is small, but the profit margin is low; the business is diffic- ult to expand since demand for such business is relat- ively small, but then it requires a small investment. (iii) If each worker contributes
his time and effort towards the production of an article or a service (requiring many other workers) in a task different from that of an- other worker, this speciali- zation is known as complex. division of labour; this
kind of division of labour works well in a large-scale industry; goods are mass produced, and the industry is capable of reaching optimum size to enjoy the advantages of economies of scale; a large investment is required initially and the risk involved is there- fore bigger; labour-manage- ment relations usually prove difficult to maintain and occasionally result in industrial disputes and consequently strikes occur; the community, however, benefits from mass product- ion and a higher standard of living is made possible. (iv) if it is specialization in
one industry by each country it is known as territorial division of labour; internat -ional trade is imminent under such form of division of labour; a greater output of goods is made possible throughout the world; a wider range of goods can be enjoyed by each country and developing countries can gradually become developed countries; in times of war countries participating in international trade will suffer.
(v) generally, under division
of labour workers find their work monotonous and they usually suffer a loss of pride; but the time taken. to learn a new job is short and so people can become quickly and easily economic- ally active; efficiency can. be checked and increased as explained in the maxim- practice makes perfect; a greater and more economical use of machinery will result and standardization of goods is made possible; quality of goods can also be improv -ed; during a depression, mass unemployment will follow.
(b) State the factors affecting
changes in population and the purposes of a census and a
報日橋華
四期
by-census. What sort of in-
formation can be obtained
from a census and in what ways
can such information be used?
(i) natural increase or decrease
according to changes in
birth rates and death rates.
(ii) migration which represents
the net balance between the
number of people leaving thị country and the number of
people coming into the country.
(iii) The purposes of a populat-
ion census-- it can serve
as an aid for the develop- ment of the country in various ways, educationally. culturally, commercially, socially, industrially, medically, etc; it supplies useful and often statisti- cal information to town- planners, government offici- als and entrepreneurs. (iv) a by-census helps to up
date the information obtain -ed from the previous main census; it can serve as a pilot survey before the main census is carried out; it is conducted generally for a particular purpose in helping to develop, say the field of education; it is also used when check- ing only a part of the population of the country.
(v) The information obtained
usually concerns the age, sex level of education, occupations, incomes, marit- al status and spoken languag
es or dialects of the in- habitants of the country.
(vi) the information can be used Pin various ways for the
development of the country; for instance, if the census shows that there is a drop in the marine population, then some reasons must be" found to account for this; perhaps more and more young people from the marine popul -ation are turning to the land for more lucrative jobs this drop in population may cause a shortage of labour within the fishing industry; to solve this problem, Government may equip or help the fishermen to equip their junks with engines; to build more secondary schools or more primary schools a check at the population dis- tribution according to age will provide the answer; should more "satellite" town. -s be built, and where? a look at the geographical distribution of population will provide some signifi- cant information for answer- ing this question; if one area of the colony is too densely-populated, or too badly developed, then Urban renewal is necessary.
(c) Define demand and supply.
How
does demand and supply of a commodity increase or decreasé
What factors affect the change of price and what are the effects of such a change on demand and supply? (1) In economics demand implies
effective demand, ie. the quantity of a commodity that will be bought over a range of prices during a certain period; graphically it can be shown as thus:
Y D
P2
PRICE
Pi
QUANTITY
(ii) In economics supply does
not mean the existing stock of a commodity; it means the quantity of a commodity that will be put on the market at a given price during a certain period; graphically it can be shown as thus:
PRICE.
P2
61 QUANTITY
日七月六年三七九一层公年二十六國民華中育教儒集
facilities have also played a part; the existence of a number of government-assist- ed and autonomous organizat- ions (such as Trade Develop- ment Council, the Hong Kong Export Credit Insurance. Corporation) has paved the way for the growth of light industry in Hong Kong; as an example, the Health and Safety Committee has been set up to advise the Trade and Insustry Advisory Board on means of ensuring that our manufactured goods are able to meet high standards of safety and hygiene; our banking and insurance ser vices have helped to facilit -ate the import of raw mater -ials from abroad;
(iii) Demand may be increased or
decreased when there is a change in the consumers' earnings; when the populat- ion of the country rises or falls; when there is a change in the consumers' scale of preferences, when there are changes in taxat- ion; and when there are changes in the prices of commodities.
(iv) supply may be increased or
decreased when there are changes in the prices of commodities; when there are changes in the production costs; when government introduces or abolishes a tax on the commodity; when there are changes in pro- duction techniques, and in agricultural products there are changes in the weather.
(v) the factors affecting the
change of price are: any change in demand when there is no change in supply and any change
there is supply when
change in
demand; thus the price will rise if demand is increased whilst supply remains constant, or if supply is decreased whilst demand remains constant; the price will drop if demand is decreased whilst supply remains constant, or if supply is increased whilst demand remains ̈constant.
(vi) Any change in price tends
to affect demand and supply a rise in price tends to cause demand to drop, but tneds to cause supply to rise; a fall in price tends to cause demand to rise, but tends to cause supply to drop.
2. (a) Why is Hong Kong suitable
for the development of light: industry? What are the factors that have enabled Tsuen Wan to develop into a successful industrial district?
(i) the labour in Hong Kong is
generally mobile, geographi- cally and occupationally; because of limited land available for agriculture, Hong Kong has to turn to industry to produce manufact -ured goods in exchange for foodstuffs and heavy machin- ery from abroad; naking use of the shift system, our factory system is able to cope with the limited space we have; moreover in light industries, the use of "flatted". factories is convenient; changing circum- stances of world trade have brought an increasing demand for the products of our. light industries; the abund- ant supply of labour, initi- ally in the early fifties due to the influx of refugee -s from Mainland China, has also been responsible; our ability to cope with increas -ing world demand for better -quality goods; the geogra- phical location of Hong Kong makes it convenient and economical for the import of raw materials for our light industries and the export of our manufactured goods; the role of Hong Kong as a free port and as à country with low, rates of taxation is also a predomin- ant factor; the government's policy of "laissez-faire" has been a continuing source of encouragement for the development of light indust- ry; our port and harbour
(ii) the factors that have enabl→ ed Tsuen Wan to develop into a successful industrial
district are: as a "satellite" town, Tsuen Wan has a ready supply of labour capable of being: trained for factory work; being close to Kwai Chung which has "containerization" facilities, Tsuen Wan has no transport problem; the availability of power, banking and insurance ser- vices, is also another factor; the development of Tsuen Wan, Tsing Yi Island Kwai Chung area through the construction of a bridge (linking Tsuen Wan and Tsing Yi Island) and the construction of the contain- er terminal in Kwai Chung is regarded as a move in the right direction, thus heralding in the growth of this area as one of the largest industrial districts in Hong Kong, and consequent -1y Tsuen Wan is able to enjoy external economies of scale; the availability of land through government's reclamation of 26.9 acres of land and government's format -ion of 41.7 acres of land at Tsuen Wan – Kwai Chung provides sufficient space for the establishment of factories, as well as low- cost housing estates for the workers' families.
2. (b) What are the reasons for
the successful development of
What tourism in Hong Kong? possible factors hinders its further expansion? Suggest how they can be overcome. (i) an increase in the number of
ultra-modern hotels so that tourists can be assured of comfort and service compar able to international stand- ards; the great number of beautiful beaches we have, including some secluded bays and coves of the outlying is -lands; European, American and Chinese styles of enter tainment are available in Hong Kong; Hong Kong as a "Shoppers' Faradise" has attracted a lot of tourists especially from America and Japan in recent years; effective promotion work done by the Hong Kong Tour- ist Association in publiciz- ing Hong Kong as an inter- national tourist resort; the cross-harbour tunnel and the cross-harbour helicopter service have helped to ease the growing problem of trans -port between the airport and hotels on the Island the increasing arrival of large groups of tourists by passenger charter flights has also helped to develop our tourist industry; Hong Kong as a politically and economically stable country is always an attraction to foreigners, coupled with the fact that Hong Kong is so close to China which until 1972 had remained a mysteri- ous country to the wester ners, intemational banking and insurance facilities are readily available to the tourists; the development of Kai Tak airport to coincide with the ushering in of the "Era of Jumbo-jets"; and the ocean Terminal, Asia's. largest indoor shopping arcade.
(未完轉入第七張第三貴)