育教儒物 頁三第張六第日一初月四年西己腦夏
AH KIU YAT PO
•£8#3%$#$%$#$#8#%$£5#$#%$%!$%$#&%$##£#8#3#58#3%3 #%$#$%&#$%#3"
CC文中學會考試題預習
歷史科
( 廿八 ) ·佑青
HISTORY (28
What were the causes of the Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905, and what were its effects on the internal affairs of Russia?
Just as Russian ambition in the Balkans had brought her into conflict with England and Francs in the middle of the 19th century, so her constant: expansion in the Far East now led to a clash with new Asiatic power. In 1858-1860, China had requested the aid of Russia in Bettling the peace terme of a treaty with England and France, As reward for her work, she was given a vast stretch of territory in the Trans-Ussuri region, "At the base of this region and on the Pacific coast, Russia had built the naval base of Vladivostock, the Queen of the Pacific. She algo planned to connect Vladivostook with the rest Russia through the Trans-Siberian Railway. Thla undertaking, which would cover a distance of five thousand miles and cost £100 million, would come under the influence of Russia. This led to a vialant collision with Japan, who was also determined to take advantage of the danaying Chinese Empire.
In 1894-1895, Japan nad defeated Chins in wan and had gained control of Korea and the Liao tung Fesineuler, including Port Arthur. Russia cart.
covetous eyes on Port Arthur, which was a warm water port. It was then that she decided to put a stop to further Japanese expansion. In 1897, together with France and Germany, she forced Japan to return the Liaotung Panineula to China for an additional indemnity, The Japanese, not strong enough to resist as yet, gave in, but she never forgave Buksia for the part she had played in this Triple Intervention. She was even more furious when in 1898, Rusaja herself soquired a lease to Port Arthur from China Having gained a foothold in the mainland of China, Japan was afraid that she would soon be forced out by Russia. The Japanese were determined to hold on to their valuable concessions, and in the years after 1898, she quietly prepared for war.
During the Boxer Rebellion, Russia invaded Manchuria, and in spite of repreated Japanese demands for her withdrawal, she held on tenaciously. She also interfered in the Japanese administration of Koras.
The general feeling in Russia was that she had nothing to fear from a small Asiatic country like Japan, who, little more than fifty years ago, was still a backward, feudal nation. Besides, the Czar Nicholas II actually
·looked forward to a conflict with Japan to take the minds of his people off political agitation at homé and to revive his eagging popularity. The Cear had been assured by his ministers that he would be successful in a war against Japan.
In 1902, Japan and England came to an aggreement by which they would attempt to check Russian expansion in the Far Bast. In this Anglo-Japanese Alliance, it was decided that England would remain neutral in a conflict between Japan and Russia, but she would interfere actively if a third power (e.g, France) came to the help of Russia. Having secured the elliance of the greatest naval power in the world, Japan had nothing to fear. In February, 1904, Japan suddenly attacked the Russian garrison an Port Arthur before formally declaring war two days later. Japanese troops then occupied Korea, and they leid siege to Port Arthur. The Russians decided to send the Baltic Fleet to relieve Fort Arthur, and they asked permission for passage through the Suez Canal
But England, being an ally of Japan, naturally refused, an the Baltic Flest had to take the lone way round the Cape of Good Hope.. When the fleet finally arrived in the Sea of Japan, it was defeated by the Japanese, and Port Arthur was captured, The Russians. therefore asked for peace, and the Traty of Portsmouth was conluded 1905. By this Treaty, Ruseia had to evacuate Manchuria, give up Port Arthur and the surrounding peninsula to Japan, and recognize Japanese influence as predominant in Korea.
The effect of this humiliating defeat on hussian internal affairs was naturally profound. As in the Crimean War, the corruption and inefficiency of Czardom had been exposed. The demand for a parliament, backed everywhere by strikes, grew irresistible. One of the Czar's leading ministers was assassinated; In January, 1905, after the capture of Port Arthur, an enormous proċession of strikera marched onto the Winter Palace of the Caer to
present a petition for reforms. When they refused to disperse, the Russian cavalry was sent against the strikers kneeling in the snow and many were killed. This dreadful massacre led to an intensification of the strike movement throughout Rumnia. There were autinies in the army and navy peasants attacked loca landlords. Industrial and agricultural workers, railway and telegraph workers and even teachers 'LOU students everywhere went on strike. The Czar had no alternative but to promise reformes. By the October Manifesto, the Czar promised freedom of speech and organization and the calling of an elected. parliament which have effective control over the laws. Nicholas also agreed to widen the franchise and to life the censorship of the press.
郭日僑華
Accordingly, the first Russian elected Parliament, the Duma, mot in May, 1906. A majority of Liberals was returned and immediately a dispute. with the Czar arose, The Duma wanted to control.
affairs of state, including taxation, The Czar al
reply was to dissolve the Duma and order fresh elections. The second Duna, however, proved as unwilling to obey the Czar as the first, in spite of government pressures during the elections. It was Pissolved within three months. Before the third. Duma met, considerable changes were made in the electoral. law, so that only the rich business man and the great landlord were able to vote. Therefore, the third Duma was more to the government's taste, and it survived impotently until 1912.
Thus the first attempts at parliamentary government in Russia ended in failure. The Czar and his supporters were determened that none of their power should pass into the hands of the people, and as a result, the government was still autocratic. The workers of the towns increasingly placed their hopes on the revolutionary overthrow of the Czar,
2. What were the main causes of the first Russian.
Revolution of February, 1917?
It has been said often that the Russian Revolution of 1917 was to a great extend due to the defeate Russia suffered in foreign wara. Certainly, there is some truth to this statement. Since the middle of the 19th century, Russia had been defeated in numerous foreign wars which had altogether exposed the corruption and inefficiency of Czardom, In the Crimean War, she had been humiliated. by England and France, and her ambitions in the Balkana had been checked,
at least temporarily. She had therefore turned her eyes eastwards towards the decaying Chinese: Empire, and her expansion in that direction had led her into conflict with a newly modernized country of Japan. In the Russo-Japanese War Russia was defeated and forced to abandon Manchuria and Liaoting, and to
.
acknowledge Japan's supremacy over Korea. Even when she was victorious, her gains were snatched away from her, as in the Russo-Turkish and the Congress of Berlin in 1877-1878, But the final disaster had come ia 1917, during the Great War, The Russian armies were defeated by the Germans at the battle of Tannenberg, and once again, this was caused by the inefficiency government administration. The total Russian casualties in the war ware about equal to the casualties of her allies put together. The great
wheat growing belt of the Ukraine was invaded by the Central Powers, agriculture was destroyed over a large area, and famine was added to the other miseries of the war. Meanwhile, the Czar and Czarina were in the grip of the evil monk Rasputin, and when Rasputin was murdered, the Czar put aside all
in
Important matters of state to try to communicate with
ould of Rasputin in the grave.
the
But military defeat, alone could not have caused a revolution in Russia, There were other social and political reasons. The lot of the Russian peasant had changed very little throughout the 19th century. Many were still no better than Berfs, trying to eke out a meagre living from the soil. An attempt to set them free had been made during the reign of Alexander II, but this had not been successful. The lands they had been given as aresult of the emancipation were the
worst of the nobles lande. In addition, they had to pay for this poor land over a period of years, And since they were left on their own to make a living, they found their lives even more difficult than before the emancipation. Dissatisfäotion had been widespread, and terrorism was the people's only answer to the government's unwillingness to reform. The Czar Alexander had been killed by a bomb thrown by a terrorist.
The Industrial Revolu..on had home to Russia at the end of the century, and with at the social evils which followed the great change. Factory conditions were appalling, and up to the end of the century, workers still worked 18 hours a day, appeals for reforma had been ignored by the government. The workers resorted to strikes, but strikes had been declared illegal by the government and strikers were imprisoned, The censorship of the press was tightened, universities were supervised and the secret police and courtemarahal were busy with trials and executions,
The first opportunity for the dissatisfied
elements to manifest their feeling came in 1904. Even before the surrender of Port Arthur, a number of loyal citizens of St. Petersburg had sent a petition to the Czar, asked him to grant reforme and an elected parliament which would be responsible to the people. On Sunday, January 22, 1905, the petitioners marched. onto the Winter Palace of the Czar. At first, it was an orderly demonstration, and the people knelt in the snow in front of the palace. But when they refused to disperse, the cavalry was sent against them, and dany people were killed, This cold-blooded massacre angered the whole country, and the strike movement. gained momentun. Railway and telegraph workers waked out, teachers and students went on strike and there were mutinies in the army and navy. The Czar was forced to agree to a Duma, which met in 1906. But the first attempts at parliamentary government in Russia were failures, due to the Omar's inability to work with the Duma,
By now, there were many political parties in Russ1 The most moderate were the Constitutional Democratic Panty, representing chiefly the educated professional and businega classes. It hoped for a gradual transformation of the government into something like the British system, with an elected parliament, a responsible cabinet and a written constitution. The Social Revolutionary Party found its main support among the peasants, but was led by middle class men who promised to despoil the nobles and divide up their estates among the actual tillers of the soil. Then there was the Social Democratio Party, comprising of the bulk of the working den in factories and mines. It accepted the principle of Karl Marx and accordingly stood for the confiscation
五期星日六十月五年九六九一腊公年八十五层民董中
(接第六張第二頁)
(廿八)、鄧炳恩
中中會考專欄物理科
2/ (*)
4两相對角問連接於電路之電阻為工
B5BCL串咲電咀 為2,同理AD
之事联電阻为 2个
KACB 電
R.
X 2
217 2
(山畑)
5、導線之電阻為6几電池之内阻为4元, 解疑尺為導線電阻则
R======6(n)
由公式
或 # r == - R = 15 -6=4 (34).
100
25
9.6+2.93
v.
6.導線之電流为25/3安培B点之電位為804.
(安培 == 因A点觸地故其電位為零是以B点之電位 V2 = 35 x 9-6 = 80 (#
7.長度為4米 輝由公式=
·RTY
V
IR
14 X3
2x5 +0.5x8 = 0.5 (##) 0.5x0.5%.
8=-=-=4($)
8.電流强度為0.73 建造電位差為438伏特
由公式
*** 1 =E/CR+ 1) = 8 / (6+5)
I
0.73 (***)
FR.
= 0.73×6=438 (49)
J *: V = E - IY
19尊線之電流为安培電池之内田為上几 鲜由公式
I = V/R
4/12 = 1/3 (**)
E/s =R = 6/1/3=12 -6.(^) 两電池之電動势方向相同,其電流為0.48 安境若方向相反,则其電流番 0.04安培
2 tbb # §, 1)
(伏特)
I
1+4
48 (#*)
老方向相反
R) I'=
(安培)
M、電流及歐姆定律問答計算題
1.下图為一封闭电话3電镭S阅闭時電池区
安培電池之内障
電阻 &
舞s開啟時
B&C两点间
電位差黹常干
E=12.V.
不在下图中之電路,2点之電位為若干又忘電
汜两端bc点問之電压為若干?
3.電池之两極連以電阻每1几之導線其两端
电压高1伏特設以電阻为3几 丸王導線並联則莫两端電压降為009优 電池是電動势及的電徂.
of private property and the control of industry the workingmen."
Then came the Russian disaster in the Great War, Diacontent spread alarmingly through the spire."," Ficholas turned a seaf ear to entreaties for reform, and preferred to listen to those who declared that autocracy was the best for Russia. The Duma was sullàn and numerous strikes showed the temper of the working Glansas"
In March, 1917, the government made an attempt to atop one of these strikes, and the storm broke. J committee of soldiers and Markingmen took over the government of Petrograd. The example of the capital was speedily followed by other cities, provinces and by the soldiers at the front. Nicholas II, unable to. enforce obedience, abdicated in favour of his brother} Michael. The latter realized the days of the Cears were over and refused to occupy the shaky throne. The whole Romanoy family thereupon retired into private life. The Revolution had arrived in Russia.
A note to all E.S.C-5. examinees
As your examination le approaching, this will be the last 18gue in tha History Model inawers Series, Wish you all the beat of luck in the forthcoming examination.f