1968
貫二第張六第
鬯七十月二年申戉层夏 WAH KIU YAT PO
英文中學會試題預習專欄
歷史科(二十)
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History (20))
1. Describe the' policy and achievements of Sicholas I..
1825 - 1855.
Upon the death of Alexander I in 1825, his brother Nicholas I mounted the throne. On bia accession, a dispute with a fellow chaimant to the, throne gave the chance for several reformara to attempt a military revolt – the Decembrist Conspiracy. The purpose of this movement was not to abolish Ceardom, but simply to institute parliamentary reforms such as the abolition or serfdom, reduction of militáry service and better government in general. But the Conspirators were entirely unsuccessful, and Nicholas' revenge me severe. The leaders were executed and over a hundred men were exiled to Siberia.
The effect of this oprising was, naturally to cause Nicholas to embark on a repressive policy. Nicholas held viswa similar to the "Divine Rights of Kings" to govern their peoples according to their wishes alone. He believed himself to be charged with a divine mission and be would brook no opposition or challenge. His mind was parrow, hard and inflexible. The outlines of his policy were simple - the maintenance of autocracy at home and abroad. In Russia, rigid censorship of the press was maintained throughout the thirty years of his reign, and forbidden books sight be neither printed nor imported. Even possession of a banned book was punishable with exile. An organization known a the Third Section - the secret police con was salive in seeking out and punishing all those suspected of liberal sympathies, Foreign travel was forbidden, even to the wealthy, and education was discouraged. Serfdon was maintained. In fact, it was on the increase, and serfs worked in the most appalling conditions in the factories. Strikes were frequent, and the government finally ned to outlaw them. But even so, there were serf uprisings practically every year of Nicholas' reign. They cere usually suppressed with great cruelty, and the unfortunate serfs were rewarded with a life séntanos in the unspeakable horrors of the Sibar Jan
But Nicholas was not vaimi to the reet that réforms were needed in his country. He proposed á šumary of the chaotie aubalah laws. Technical institutes were founded; thế currency was reformid and punishment by thủ khỏi was abolished. A few factory acta vare påssad, but mostly not observed. But generally, a reactionary policy prevailed in the country. This increased in seventy és pódially after Nicholas assitied the Bäpsed of Austria të suppress the 1848 Revolutions la digmany and tha Austrosilungarian Empire;
Abroad Nicholas consmustrassa on tas arpansida of Russia, and the suppression of liberalism. Inve Asia, Russia acquired another million agukes miles of territory. In Europe, Nicholas instily intervened to help the Greska agažnāt the Turks, and gained certain privileges be the Tranties of Adrianopla (1829) and Unkiär Skaisosio (1833). The latter treaty, in particular, waé nöst advantageota for Russia, as it gavẽ hạr the ašle right to ass the Dardanelles and the Blaer Set. “But this privilege was soon enatched from her by England, who in 1841, drew up the Straite Convention which declared the Black Sám neutral, The quarrel over the dismemberment of the Türkish Empire finally led to war with England and Francs in the Crimes in 1854 Before this wär, the-Russian army had been recognized as the most powerful in Europe by virtua or its successes in 1812. But during the Crimmän struggle, Russian losses were, tremendous, All the`inefficiencies and corruption of Gzardow vere revealed in this war, Baform was clearly necessary, but Nicholas did not live to zes it.
-It is, perhaps strange to Find Nicholas being morad by the sufferings of the Christians under the Turks, for in áll other respects DE VER invariably on the side of absolutism. In Poland.
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for angle, he failed to 'coop his grosión Ori maintaining the Polish Constitütion. The danicëship of books and other publisations was greatly increased, Russian officials gradually replaced Polish.officials in the government servios and in 1828 Nicholas costed calling the Polish Parliament altogether, Above all, he showed no signs of redessing Alexander I'a promise to the Polès of including Lithuania into their kingdom. The Folda were further annoyed when in 1830, Hicholas ordered the Polish Army to Belgium to supprung' the revolution there. The Poles sjapathized with the Belgians, who, like tremwelyon wara living under fordig rule, They refused to suppress the Belgians," and the résult was a revolution in Poland itself.
"There was never any chance or success, for the Poles, and the uprising was an expression of desperation. In 1831, the Poles were defested ip Warsaw by an overwhelmingly suprior Russian 'army', and -Bicholas took í heavy cavangs on the Polish patriots. The Constitution was abolished and public meetings and political organizations were barsed throughout Poland. The University of Warnásť sona closed, all important posts in the government, went to Russians, Russian who made the official language in Pòland and thousands were exiled to Siberis. Poland sank to nothing more than a province of the Russian Bagira”
* With the triumph of his reactionary policy. not only in Russia, but also in Poland, Hungary and Germany, Nicholas deter ved to be called "the dornarà tone of despotišŃ.
Describe the part played by the United States 20 the skin. fasues affecting the Far East from. 1853-1921
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五期路
日丑十月三年八六九一层公年七十五國民家中
Until the "year"1900, the united states'found full scope for its energies in peopling its vast territories and developing its resources at home. Content with primacy on the American continents, it resolutely kept out of foreign complications. The Americans desired, along with commerce, peace and honest friendship with foreign countries. In 1844, by the Treaty of Whanghia wien China, she had won herself opportunities for trade at the treaty ports, and the application of
extraterritoriality. The Treaty also contained a l most-favoured-nation clause. But unlike the
European countries, the United States sought only trade in China, and did not acquire for herself any territories.
By the middle of the 19th century, events in the United States had caused her to be increasingly. interested in the Far East, especially Japan,
With the cassion of the Oregon territory in 1846 and of California in 1848, the United States
acquired a Pacific frontier, which opened up the Great Circle Route, the shortest trans-Pacific route to Asia. Thereafter, many American ships followed this route across the North Pacific to China. Moreover, for some time. American shäline,
shape nad been active in the pacific, wÉSléboat crews were often shipwrecked by storms at eas; am - cast onto the shores of Japan, Soms vers returnéd to their homeland, but most were attacked by thê Japanese, Owners of whaling fleets appealed to Congress. With the coming of steamships, a coaling atation for vessels en route from San Francisco to Canton was needed. American merchants were eager to trade with Japan, American missionaries were eager to "civilize" the Japanese. Thus in 1853, Commodone Katthew C. Perry, under orders from thỡi United States goverʻriment, by a show of forcé secured the admission of American trade to two Japanese porte, Shimoda and Hakodate, Consular relations were also set up at Shimoda and the first) American Consul, Townshend Harris arrived mi Shimoda 1a 1856. This action of the United State was soon followed by Britain, Russia, Holland and other Kurapean powere, The Americans had been
Asrespon81aae for opening the doors of Japan, amm exposing her to western influence. This had not bgen an easy process. Townshend Harris ran into difficulties when he tried to gain a full commercial treaty. It was not until the conclusion of the Second Anglo-Chinese War in 1858 that the Japaneou grudginglÿ sofaénted to grant further privileges to the Americaris. But before the end of the 19th century, Japan had transformed hérâelf from a backward feudal country to a modërë industrialized; and imperialistic nation.
In the second half of tää 19th century, taw United States was drawn further into the affairā¬ of the Far bäst. The Spanish-American War (1898) were the United States in so sea gion of- the-w Philippines and during this in she annexed Haw11♪ Thus she held mastery of the Pacific and was --- brought to the door of Asia, These acquisitions abroad put an end to her traditional policy of isolation. She was anxious to secure for herself - equal deportunities of trade in China. She had watched with trepidation is the Buropean countries: frantically sorambled for concessions in China, but shè heršélf hað sequired no territories. I China should collapse the would be excluded from the lucrative Chinese trade. jo in 1899, John Hay, the American Secretary of state proposed the "Open Door Folicy” with regards to China. The powera were to enjoy equal opportunities of trade bul had to uphold China's territorial integrity. The various „wers accepted Hay's proposals, and Chira was đầved from partition by the timely actigë of the United States. This became the basis of futura Sino-American policy, and affected the relationship of the two countries for may decKUER,
During the Boxer disturbances 1900, the United States had been among the eight countries whose armies had fought their way up paver" to Peking to relieve the besieged cegation Quarters. At the end of the war, it was largely through the insistence of the United States that no territorial indemnities were taken from China. And she was also among the first to remit parts of the Boxer Indemnity payments for such purposes as educa taona 1 advancement.
The early zuen century witnessed a struggis between Russia and Japan over Korea and Manchuria, Japanese modernization had been so successful that she had defeated Russia in 1905, and peace between the combatanta had been secured through the good offices of President Roosevelt at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The Japanese gains at Fortsmouth were sall, but her startling achievement caused anxiety in the United States. She became aware of
a paw threat to security in the western Pacific,
ang from then on, her molicy was aloed at checkins further Javanese expansion.
1
The outbreak of the Great war in Aurope artoruSU en excellent opportunity for Japan's imperialistic ambitions. In 1914, she seized the Gerten leasehold of Shantung in China. In 1915, she presented the notorious. 21 Demands to China, The United States condenried Japan's action, but she was busy with the "Lusitania" affair and was not prepared to intervenz by military means. When he was induced to join the European conflict in 1917, she suggested that China should do the same. In the same year, raaliza - tion of the fact that the United States would have a seat at the Peace Conference made Japan arkious to improve relations with her new ally. An ax2 hartigt w of notes took place between Viscount lahii and Secretary of State Lansing. But both countries misinterpreted the contents of the agreement, and the Japanese thought that the limited States had show more warmth of beart toïmrds themselves than› bad beso for years past, in fact, President Wilson's object was to curb Japanese influmnae, and) km «proved loans to China,fem EYL
KAEN
SIKTE 計程,學校共匏六百餘間。
►BIKE-DESKOSKEVEGS 諱及可望之將來保健服務有何新下
本年春拳,有自發展,來如人野 均在研究討論中。 據騃計劃委員會發盍人昨日向記者患 牙科及膜料等重要方之保鎗,澤溼列 保健服務範區擴大, 對於供給示意滎價 一度改善,此項計劃自去年採用「續參 交毎年費用!元外,即可讓得享受十二個 示:戴止目前共有五萬多名學生添加保健,又得擦寳葉,戶經費欠缺之故,一旦解决,使學生及學校當局,對於參加計劃有更多 (特) 本沱述出 供服務擔行, 鏡及眼科醫療,以學京宇對保健方面,「加」決,並將各項手續予以簡化道 織消息添露:學生保健計服務對於人增加。 本港學生保鏞計劃推行,做來已有 現時凡參加學生保健之學,除維 此方面困難,則學童保轲陳必然有問█便利,並將大宣傳工作,吸引發學生
,對於學生及學校均能獲得便利,而健保
BECANSEVENTYRI-
「注意。
餘均廉
餘現眼
餘名 學校六百餘間 均在研究之列 現時參加保健學童共五萬 廉價眼鏡供應及眼科治療、齒科保健等
學童保健計劃範圍能否擴大
在積極研究中
眺登大,質祆望一,徐福,陳實料,解外,對於無劇~分
KANADER
年期滿,考得航空機械工搔斯樹,並在育性電視廣播,承有職業」。麥氏爾東大 滋砵民航材實醫二年,昨於學成返港。開家局激的意見,億德院詞曲專科教授及 航空蒇械工程凛料厚接攻頂,經傳來,於明年九月間增股教友淇被搔器「滴曲與 日日讓洲標梨開紙本浩,競述本港留學生一定難损慶祝三八年女座;桩两週即激熱學 「 係於一九六一年前往澳洲墨爾砵如下:(一本港府昨通三下午又常说 一批,包括在澳洲攻讀統機械工程之槃 對大會經過澡,堪綆 台教授蒞校作專題演飾演 (特莸J縠行巨揄「柯朗賽」號,昨開賽後,由徐書體報夏,梅被學生專題第 范蚤察,優案 柏,煮得才,那小察與曲之分別,你時期, 能在蘭州阿厚以 永集,張海淸,李嘉特詞曲之源花及將對, 嫩保本排工一愼嗆其事,剛將成立 中文大學校外反 REKER CREEKEE 究,又對劇編
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1月下列各演出益:
復獲得按時檢驗。
(E) MONCLEREK - ED
診治不限次數。此外,認許要付出二: 八)雙物:規定應用之藥物名稱, 降費~ 眼間來,此帶則可絕。「爲指導。 NREKAS-NJEKE- KRYK- [EKEBI<FISH - (11)BRKE-FERUBER] (HORORSECHEN-DIR (<) KERDI-KOLEKER 明之任何一間集房满度,可得酸甜府專料診所捱得治療。 【六】如牙贵需要治療降,醫生亦善醫院留醫者,可事受著燕病人特徵。 BAEZWUNZAKA-BEROKK
·八十)如欲私家專家醫生診治,
一,為列表會變受體為檢驗,其後案物又不入預警罷賽者,同沃邦業方後則散,增設教育電視廣播
TREK-CHEN
航辦所屬會鈎灣統 會後魚餐酒館。 ,昨(十四)日下午 孔聖堂桉專題演講 ,這珧行本月份常務園
私立中文學校聯合會熱,連還有銅話
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航空機械工程師銜 熊光祿在澳洲榮獲
鄭滴望,讓選清,那山狼孔亞為中體,而國際。
:關斷督話,會親。生
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relations, which had been deteriorating since Russo-Japanese Wär, were at a dangerously low abb. Both countries were then building up their navise to new strengths. It was against this background that the United States in 1921 értended invitationa to an International Conference to open at washington. An attempt to limit naval sinementa resulted in the 5 Power Fact in which Japan ömürged as the world's third greatest naval power, behind the United States and Great Britain. & further agreement between the United States, Britain, France and Japan-limited the fortifications of their Pacific island colonies. Still a third. Agreement, among 9 countries promised to respect China's sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity. But the Washington Conference decisions did not sus e tension in the far baat. They also served to involve the United States fürther in Pacific affaira) And involvement in Far bastern affairs ands likely an eventual clash with Japan, for by then, Ja pân NOT SPRM.ed far along the road that led to Peari
Muistions for next vonal
). Give an account of the esforum of Alexander 1.
How can his later "reactionary" policy be explained1) (2. What was the importance of africa to the Great”.
Power after 1870o How did it affect internatiora 1. relations?