20
Page
HONG KONG DAILY PRESS
SATURDAY, MAY 23, 1936.
DEFENCES AND LAWS EVADED BY
SUPPLY
Coordination Defence
of
Minister
A BRIEF SURVEY
GIVEN
FOREIGN SHIPS
Fine Cheaper Than Compliance
TRADERS CALL FOR REVISION
London. May 2. The "advisability of revising the Merchant Marine Shipping Act, to prevent the evasion of the regula- tions by foreign vessels, was dis-
Sir Thomas Inskip recently ap- pointed Minister ur Co-ordination made his first im- et. Defence
the portant speech
House Commons this a.ternoon in the course of which he reviewed the nature and scope of the work in the nine he has undertaken weeks since h Look up the ap-merce. pointment. He described the series
ENGINEERING AND BUILDING
LUBRICATING OILS
The prodigious rate of consumption of liquid fuel and lubricating oil by the tens of millions of internal eduïbustion engines now in use, is increased annually by the demands of millions of new engines.
The fuel and oil, with the ex- cussed at the annual meeting inception of an inconsiderable part..
are procured from crude petroleum. Landon yesterday of the Associa-
tion of British Chambers of Com-The problem of supply would have
A resolution was moved by Lt.
of enquiries he has put in hard Col. J. Sandeman Allen urging
of review and revision of the Act. the vulnerability regarding
of the with special reference to the Battleship. organisation Fiet, air arm and wartime food gulation of the storage of grain supplies and the preliminary steps cargoes and the penalties attach taken for securing adequate
-HI
ing to any infringements. He
These ships often preferred to risk being ned, £100 rather than incur the cost of complying with the regulation.
Seconding, Mr. T. Edward Les- cher (Liverpool) declared that Merseyside was united on the mat-
In Just
2
be
FULL-SIZE ROAD-TESTING MACHINE
the supply of all having the specia: characteristics required for the lubrication of the pistons of inter- nel-combustion engines. These been simple if crude of, wherever arise from the reciprocating mo- found, were of an unvarying com- tion of the piston in the cylinder, position, and if the constituents of
and the necessity for providing a the substance were
the high-pressure seal between the two right proportion to satisfy require members. A load carrying oli fim ments with nothing left over.
Any such as build up between a bear- possible balance would be destroy- Ing and a journal having unidirec- ed. however, by the requirements tlonal motion in it cannot sponse from the industrial system pointed out that, as matters stood. of one decade differing from those formed in the conditions mention-
carried out. defence services foreign vessels came to this coun- of another, and sometimes changed. Lubrication depends therefore
requiry without adhering to the re-
ing even more frequently. It is on "olliness." or the ability of the gulation.
within living memory, for instance, oll to adhere to metal surfaces. that lamp all alone was required and this quality is not dependent from crude petroleum and other on viscosity. The larger part of. producis burned to waste. The the suppiled, the proportion in- heavier distillates later became creasing with wear, is not used as substitutes for the relatively ex- lubricant, but as a stream f
animal pensive
vegetable, scaling' quid and
passing s owly tvbricating oils.
18es and
were through the clearance space into found gradually for other products, the combustion chamber. The oil. but during the development of the should not evaporate while passing ridning industry there was always the piston, and it is most desirable too much of some products if that it should not decompose cr enough were produced of those in oxidise "en
route" to products demand.
tending. to stick up piston ring). climax
The oil, having passed Into the combustion chamber. cannot be recovered; at least, no method has been suggested. and It seems necessary to dispose of it by in- cineration. This process is assisted if the oll is, of relatively low visco- sity, and tends accordingly to dis- perse readily to fine particles. It can in this state compete with the fuel for the oxygen of the air supply, and combustion. occurs with the minimum of residue.
to the needs of and particularly to the ments of Air Force expansion.
To overtake uccumulated deficien- cles
of many years in a short period was Sir Inskip declared a great enterprise but he belleved they were on the road to accom-
Ir his opening re plishing it. marks the Minister drew a toe uf division between the opposition and Government supporters. The "former he said thought there was something ominous in the preparu- ttons the country was called upon 10 make while the latter were per- suaded as he was that the British plans for Defence would not alarm single nation in the world but Important would fuster the ad sense of world security.
ter. The question should not be allowed to drug un as it was at present by the Board of Trade.
TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES Sir Alan Anderson sald that were all in sympathy and they understood the difficulty. It was, however, a very technical matter, and it was doubtful whether they should impinge on the work of the technical organisations of shipping.
HAD TO BE READY"
It did not require 'a, revision of At the same time he emphasised the Act. The Board of Trade had that the fact that the Defence power of impose what penalties it Services had to be ready to take wished. It might require a change part in collective action under the of regulations, but not a revision Covenant of the League n circum- of the Act He suggested that the. Lances which might be quite un-Executive Council should be asked foreseen. had truroduced the new to go into the matters with the factor into the problems of those technical organisations concerned. who had to form strategle conecp- Mr. S. R. Beale, the president, tions necessary for a complete said that it was obvious that the system of defence,
meeting wanted to pass the reso- - Speaking of the subcumamitlers | lution, but they must be sure that of the Committee of Imperial De- their facts were right. fence which were, investigating the It was agreed to refer the mat question of Battleship and of Fleetter to the Executive Council. Air Arm. Sir Inskip said it Was A resolution was moved by Mr. attractiv to env.sage the "gränd C. E. Worthington on behalf of plans and spectacular decisions, the Leicester Chamber, recom- but his inclination did not ie that mending that the present policy way. Nevertheless he would not of quotas for agricultural products that shrink from any decision nuwerij should be abandoned, and
cuties on imports with consider- important if he were convinced t
able Empire preferences should be was necessary,
imposed.
Sir William Beveridge had agreed to Serve as Chairman of another subcommittee investigating the all important subject of food in war- time a question, which involved such details as transport, storage, distribution, and home production. All aspects of the food supply wou'd come under consideration. Seter tific research was vital in the pro- blems of defence and the services
Mr. Worthington pointed out that they were not pressing for a very high level of duties. What was required was that every for- eign exporter should pay for the right to sell in our markets.
The resolution was referred back their to Chambers to ascertain views.
AGRICULTURAL POLICY
as
at very eminent scientists were Mr. E. Shaw Brown (Notting- being utilised in the developmentham) moved a resolution drawing of the schemes. A detailed survey attention to the serious condition had been made of the material of agriculture, and urging the operative and technical resources Government to make a declaration of the industry. Suitable Arms of its long-term policy as soon as ordinarily engaged on percetime possible, especially affecting activities had been classified. In- beef and milk production. spected. tabulated and allotted to The meeting referred the resolu- different service departments.
tion to the executive council, 'who would get in touch with the Cham- ber of Agriculture and the Na- tional Farmers' Union and try to frame a policy. The same course was taken regarding a resolution on the Agricultural Marketing
Acts.
ORDERLY PLAN
An orderly pah nas buen draw up which embraced not only such requirements as the production cf shells and shell components but provided for the lacter to which attention has been directed by Mr.
A resolution moved by Lord "Lloyd George and Sir Austen Desborough urging the adoption Chamberlain' in previous de of a fixed date for Easter and of bates, namely, production of es- a perpetual 12 months calendar sential todis and gauges. He was carried. hoped within a few days to arrange
or the allocation of contracts for the full supply of these essentials and for the necessary acceleration of production.
WHITSUN RECESS
The House
London, May 21. Dealing with the expansion of
of Commons will Aircraft Industry necessary for the reassemble after the Whitsuntide great numbers of Aircraft required Recess on June 9.- by threefold increase
of the British Wireless.
Airforce, the Minister explained
steps were being taken to exitst
The position reached a on the demand for the earlier waste product, that is, the petrol fraction" Increasing out of all proportion to that for lamp oll and other heavier distillates. It is fortunate for the users of motor cars that on the advent of the cracking prOCEES. the balance of supply was readjusted by extend- ing the proportion of petrol pro- curable from the crude. There remained the difficulty that the petrols from the more abundant crude oils wire suitable for use in motor-ear engines at uneconomic compression ratios only. because of an inherent tendency to knock.
This difficulty has been overcome. to a considerable degree, by the cracking process. and in large measure by the use of tetra ethyl lead.
SEALING OIL
The ideal scaling oil would be of Invariable viscosity but such os do hat exist in nature. The Pennsylvania olls do, however, ap- proach the ideal more closely than others more widely distributed. The result is that the demand for these oils outruns the supply: the best evidence being that Pennsyl- vania crude commands currently twice the price of, for example. Discovery and development have the mid-Continent variety, al- been led by economic necessity to though the petrol fraction pro- keep pace with changing fuel re- cured from the former, being par quirements, and the same factor affinic, is inferior in anti-knock is now leading to an extension of value.
[
DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT
THE ELECTRIC ARC AND
化
· ITS APPLICATIONS
In a discourse on "The Electric Arc and its Applications," which he delivered at the Royal Tristitu- lon on Friday, Apr 3, Lord Ru- therford recalled that his subject had a certain historic connection with the body he was addressing, since it was in that building that Davy had made his discovery of the arc over one hundred and thir.y years ago. In the arc a flow of heated gases took place from the
ert gas, so that the discharge through it was more of the na- ture of an arc than of a sustained electron stream. This device could be used in connection with a small voltage to start a large current. and was employed not only in the laboratory for such work as count- ing electrons, but industrially for the control of electric welders. An- other application of the arc to welding was 10 positive to the negative electrode.
be found in the atomic-hydrogen system, where two and this stream could be deflected
smal tungsten. electrodes were by a magnet. It had also been" made hot enough to dissociate a found that the arc had a unilater- hydrogen stream, the resulting al conductivity due to the emission atoms being sufficient to raise the of electrons from the negative metal to be welded to a very bigh pole. The actual phenomenon. of temperature, Mention might also the arc was, however, very com- be made of the mercury vapour plicated, and had only been pro- rectifier, in which use was made of perly understood within the last the property that the arc would decade as the result of investiga- only burn if the cathode were hot. tions into electric discharges in this case the arc concentrated through gases. When such a dis- charge was initiated by making the cathode hot and applying, a potential between the anode and the cathode, the nagative carriers of electricity, began to move and to knock electrons out of the cat- hode. These electrons 10 turn
Motor Manufacturers in a scheme ANGLO-SOVIET TALKS Produced new carriers which were
for building up a reserve of out-
They had been asked to. build new premises or extensions
put.
London, May 21. The informál Anglo-Russian
at the Goverriment's expense. Naval conversations, which opened
Remuneration they would receive yesterday, will be continued would be a fee for the manage-Monday.—
ment and premises which would British Wärelean.
remain the property of the Govern-
On
also set in motion, 30 that the whole process was repeated on an increasing scale. If the distance between the positive and negative poles was decreased a paint was sudden rise of reached when a voltage occurred." An arc discharge was essentially similar to what oc- curred under these conditions, ex- Wartime cept that the heating of the cat- Questioned by Mr, Winston basis and was inviting the British hode was due to the current itself. Churchill on the rapidity of pro- Government to follow that ex-It was also important to notice that the voltage across the arc duction and priority of Government ample. But the Government were orders, Bir Inskih reminded the trying to achieve a successful re-must always be sufficient to ionise House the Government had no sult without undue disturbance of the molecules, compulsory powers. Mr. Churchill normal trade, It was Sir Inskip
ment would be on a 'care and
maintenance basis,
dustrial systems on
he said was naturally impressed by added the conceivable events might the example of the Foreign Gov- compel
virtually mind. had
them to change
ernments which placed a great part of their in- [ British Wireless
their
THE MAKE-UP
1.
This property was made use of in the thyratron, which was a tube containing a certain amount of in-
the
a
In the Report of the Road Re- search Board, a description was given of the equipment.of the road- research laboratory at Harmonds- worth. Among the more important equipment mentioned were tee road-testing machines, viz., a small model with a mean diameter of 5 ft. 6 in., and a larger model with a mean diameter of 38 ft. Neither of these machines is suitable for tests with a full-size lorry, and it was stated in the report that third machine was under construc- tlon in which such tests could be This machine "has now beer brought into use, and as regards the weight of the lorry and its speed is the largest of its kind in the world, has a mean diameter of track of 116 ft., and a track width of 10 ft. The weight of the lorry when loaded is 10 tons. and it has a maximum speed of 40 m.p.h. The machine consists "essen:lally of an A.EC. motor-lorry chassis with the engine replaced by an 180-hp. electric motor. This lorry is tethered to a centre post by a structurai-steel arm, along which the
to supply cables run power to the lorry motor,
At the maximum load and speed there is a pull of 25 ions on the centre post, due to centrifugal force. The armi weighs five, tons, and was design- ed not only to carry this force and Its own weight, but also so that no period of vibration could arise which would synchronise with the various natural periods of the lorry on the road. The arm is carried on the lorry by a ball joint under pressure lubrication, the centre of the joint coinciding with the cen- tre of mass of the lorry. To pre- Yent urting of the track by the lorry wheels always running in the same path, traversing gear is pro- vided. This gear moves the arm, and the central structure to which it is anchored, slowly backwards and forwards over the centre, post, thus alternately reducing and in- creasing the radius of the lorry track so as to move the lorry over the circular surface under test.
THE CENTRE POST
The centre post is bedded in a heavy reinforced-concrete pler, 6 ft. deep and 8 ft. in diameter, tied to the outer track by eight radial reinforced concrete arms below the ground surface. The arms are 6 it, in depth at their inner ends, and 1. 6 in. in depth at" their outer ends. The machine is housed in a building to facilitate the test roads being laid in any state of the wea- ther. Water sprinklers are installed for simulating rainy conditions. The water drains from the road to 4 gully, from which it runs to a sump. whence it is returned by a pump to the sprinkler "pipe line., The building is surrounded by an earth bank, except in the section where the control building adjoins the track, Protection is afforded at this point by a heavily reinforced concrete "crash" wall. The control room liself is also in reinforced concrete, and is provided with a sinall safety-glass window, through which the machine and road can 'be observed. A concrete foundation is provided for the test road. It may be mentioned that the road at present under test is "hot-process" tar macadam, with a thickness of 24 in: This road is intended as a base course for thin surfacing coats of bituminous material and for surface dressings with tar or bitu- men and chippings.
a
RAILWAYS
itself on a small spot which moved FACTS ABOUT BRITISH irregularly and rapidly over
surface of the mercury cathode, the current density being 4,000 amperes per square contimetre or more, and
The British Railways Press Of- the temperature between 2,000 deg. fec, 35, Parliament-street, London, and 3.000 deg. C. This arc could B.W.1, has just issued, on behalf of also be controlled by a grid, as in ibe four main-line railway com- the thyratron. Finally, there were panles, the 1938 edition of the lit the hot cathode mercury-vapour the book "Facts about British Rail- lamps, which were" being Inercas- ways." This publication, which com- ingly used for lighting. The pres-prises 32 pages, contains a very sure existing in the tubes used for great amount of facts and statis- this purpose varied from very low ties relating to such matters as figures to 30 atmospheres, the lat- traffic receipts and expenditure, ter giving a large amount of light services and equipment, passenger at a very high officiency.
services, foodstuff and freight ser- vices locomotives, carriages and wagons, hotels and catering, docks track and and steamships, and signals, Column diagrams of rail- way receipts and expenditure, and a 'map of the British rail- Ways showing the routes of the various famous main-line ex- presses, are also included. Coples of the booklet are obtainable gra- La from the British Railways Press Omce at the address given above,
"And what are you going to be when you grow up, John?" asked his godparent,
"I'm going to be a philan thropist," repiled the small boy.
"A philanthropist, eh?" respond- ed the other: "Why that?"
"Because they always seem have auch a lot of money."-
10
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