Page
DUPRENE SYNTHETIC RUBBER
Latest Information
on
PRINCESS ELIZABETH'S BIRTHDAY
MAY BE
10
A QUEEN
ONE DAY
リ
London, April 22,
But Yesterday she was ten.
Now Britain's that's all over. best-loved child begins to leave childhood behind, because one day she may be Our Queen! Her Royal Highness Princess now entered the double numbers" which children covet as a sure sign of approaching grown-upness. Yesterday she cele- brated her tenth birthday,
HONG KONG DAILY PRESS SATURDAY, MAY 9, 1936.
ENGINEERING AND
THE - FRENCH WATERWAYS
MECHANICAL FRACTION
Traction
on
was which
According to a paper, entitled the "Mechanical French Waterways,” read by Mr. L. P. Alvin before a joint meeting of the British Section of the Société des ingénieurs Civils de France and the Institute of Transport, on Monday, March 2. the system of navigable waterways in that country covered 8,200 miles. of which 4.100 miles were classed as main and 2,100 miles as second- ury. What
very
The feet was composed of
Some Interesting information regarding a new synthetic rubber- like material, which is known as the Duprene and is made by Dupont Rubber Laboratories in the United States. was given by Mr..O. M, Hayden at a meeting of the London Section of the Institu- tion of the Rubber Industry Monday, February 24.
Actually, Duprene is a chlorinat-Elizabeth has ed dutadiene, and thus to some extent resembles rubber in chemi- cal composition. It is however, Said to be definitely superior to
Being grown-up means the natural product in its resis- tance to heat, ageing and deterio-serious responsibility for this little. ration by chemicals and solvents. lady, for one day she may be our Unlike natural rubber. it is not Queen. polymerised by hest, and com- position, containing it do not chip or cruck to any great extent when xposed to direct sunlight. Oxida t'on is less rapid, and the resist- 14 ozone is higher. It ance to also less permeable to gases and is resistant to the Satisfactorily action of acids and aikalis. It is She went out, a smiling baby, also claimed that i withstands sitting on her nurse's knee with her tre action of petroleum hydrocar- curls blowing in the wind, and all tons, such as petrol. kerosene, the babies of England went hat- "cils and greases, for better than less...
rubber products, and that the same is true of animal and vege- table fats and o's For instance. though ordinary rubber swells. soughs away and ultimately dis Integrates almost completely under
The sand pit in her maternal industry, the the influence of Diese oll Dup grandmother's garden was the be-northern, and castern France was rene only swells slightly, and doesginning of sand pits for children the most important and carried 60
not lose any of its other char- acteristics.
These properties, combined with its flexibility and other qualities mentioned, it is argued, render it particularly sultable for use covering for the cables employed i motor-vehicle construction. especially as i is proof again
st
For
the corrosion effects. spine reasons it will it is hoped.j find considerable application as a protective covering or the cables ded for supplying neon signs. from which large quantities ol ozone may be evolved, while its ell-resisting.. heat-resisting and flame-proof qualities should render suitable for the cables employ-
ed
the
morrow.
She started the craze for streamline coat which mothers co- pled everywhere.
LE
Already she is a leader. Princess Elizabeth does to-day, the 12,000 barges, of which 1,500 were ittle girls of England do to-equipped with engines. The mai waterways carried 98.2 per cent of the traffic, which in 1932 amounted to 50.000.000 tons. For comparison, It might be mentioned that the British canal system had a mileage or 2,500 and carried 13,500,000 tons per annum. Of the traffic car- ried, 36.7 per cent, in ton-mileage vas accounted for by mineral fuel, 24.4 per cent, by building material, and 11.7 per cent. by agricultural
American fashion writers often describe garments as belag Frin-produce. Metals cess Elizabeth," and I have seen children's clothes labelled with her name all over the Continent,
and machinery totalled 4.5 per cent., and ore 3.2 per cent. "Owing to the existence of coal fields and the metallurgical canal system of
per cent. of the traffic. The St. in all manner of gardens.
Quentin canal. which carried -Dolls lost much of their popu-
7,650,000 tons per annum, was by larity when it was learnt that far the greatest thoroughfare of Princess Elizabeth preferred cuddly the whole system. It was not sur- toys. Yellow came into its own-prising, therefore, that mechanical her favourite colour! But now
traction originated in this area. Elizabeth of the golder curls has grown into a little girl who must be trained for serious affairs of her life.
The early training of all children is immensely important, but more so when the child may one day be a Queen.
There was, at one time, an idea that the Princess would go away to
steam
AFTER EXPERIMENTS After experiments with locomotives between 1873 and 1886, electric traction was first intro- duced in 1895, in the form of a three-wheeled tractor, which ran on the towpath, and by 1899 as many as 120 of these units were in
BUILDING
MERCANTILE MARINE
New Views Opined
The difficulties which have beset British shipping during recent years admit of no argument, but there has been a tendency to re- gard it as merely one industry. among many which have suffered financial stringency as the result of world-wide trade depression, and to assume that no more was needed to set it again on its feet than a resumption of regular trading, suf- Delent to absorb the remaining laid-up tonnage and to enable the owners to pay reasonable dividends. On the basis of post-war tonnage statistics alone, such a conclusion is perhaps natural. while not dis- playing any very profound insight; but a blatorical survey of the pro-
British gress of the
mercantile marine during the last century that is, approximately over the period covered by mechanical pro- pulsion of ships-shows the present situation in a different perspective. and goes far to justify the views expressed by Mr. E. H. Watts, chairman of Messrs. The Britain Steam Ship Company, when he ad- dressed the Institute of Transport.;. on March 9, on the subject of "whe Decline of the British Mercantile Marine and its Repercussion on our Commercial and National Security,
NAVIGATING LAWS
against which they had to start. de novo" to build up their trade. Moreover, Britain no longer enjoy- ed the controlling advantage forra- erly afforded by possession of the of oversens Corling majority stations, owing to the increasing competition of oil as fuel.
The position to-day was even less satisfactory, Mr. Watts continued, because the war had taught the other maritime nations the value of a strong mercantile marine as a second line of defence. Japan, Italy, France, Germany and United States now frankly regarded their merchant ships in this light, and were prepared to maintain them for military reason, quite indepen- dently of commercial considera- tions. It was a practical policy, for the maintenance of cruisers was dead loss, while merchant ships. however uneconomic, could at least earn some of their upkeep by com- mercial operations, and could be designed for rapid conversion into urmed merchant cruisers should the need arise.
The present reduced tonnage of Service- the British Merchant nearer 25 per cent, of the world total than the 38 per cent. of 1914– did not tell the whole story; num- bers, as well as total. tonnage. should be taken into consideration in assessing the national security afforded by our ships. The admis-
the Queen Mary might disguise the fact that 15 large cargo vessels had been removed; while the average size of cargo vessels was greater by perhaps 1,500 deadweight tons than in pre-war days.
The repeal of the Navigation Laws in 1849, thus permitting the carriage of British cargoes in foster to the register of a liner like cign vessels which had no interest in the freight save as carriers, would undoubtedly have reacted to the disadvantage of the British mercantile marine of that day had not a lucrative new trade develop ed, due to the discovery of gold in Australia and the United States. The Crimean War, five years later. besides making considerable de- mands upon available shipping cut- for military purposes, by ting of Russian grain sup-
school, but after due considerationservice between Bethune and Bas-plies, this was finally decided agatost.
Her early training was in the hands of Nurse Knight, one of the
sin "Rond, a distance of 50 miles. Owing to damage caused to the towpath, tractors running on rails
were introduced on this section be- tween 1904 and 1907. The greater part of this installation was ces-
on which Europe was
largely dependent, forced the de- velopment of long-distance grain transport from North America and the Argentine, and" induced the building of many more ships than could find employment when the termination of hostilities rendered
both in Industry and for domestic work. As regards non-most famous Nannies in Europe electrical applications, it could be row she has a governess. efficiently employed for gaske.s: The education of a "royal" covers washers and packings. for pistons a vast amount of subjects; there troyed during the war and recons- and eups in o'l sush pumps, for are so many problems with which tructed between 1919 and 1925. By the Russian grain once more avat-colonial
she must be intimate, she must be 1927, the section between Fontinet- able. "This slump was
Other suggested uses for Duprene
coatings
it could
be
So many princesses have had to
tes and Janville, a distance of 170 miles, had been converted; over 400 electric tractors being used, while on other sections mechanical trac-
tinders on transmission belts. and for the covering of conveyor adept at languages, she must aa-
both of which grease be ting. in and of are able to be presentderstand etiquette, she must be a
scholat are as a lining for hose to convey sacrifice their childhood to the tion, either in the form of tractors oll. grease and paint, while in the importances of their education.
or tugs. was utilised. In 1932 the printing industry
She has not yet found her lessons employment of electric traction employed in the manufacture of alarming, and never rives one the was rapidly developed, the mileage
for printing rolls and
Impression of being a child learn-operated by this means being now 680 and connecting the northern blankets, so that their resistance in the tremendous task of queen-
system to Strasbourg and Bâle. to ink would be increased.
traction The use of mechanical also increased, especially on bran- ches where the trac was not heavy enough to justify the em- ployment of electric traction By the end of 1935. the total length of waterway equipped for mechanica! traction was 1,060 miles. $80" of which were electrined and 1,287
shlp
This is probably because those in'
THE RETURN OF charge of her have been so far-
SNUFF
Up By 300 Per Cent.
London, April 23.
seeing.
Many of her lessons are learn: standing, so that she may become accustomed to standing for long stretches of time without tiring.
however, by the outbreak of civil war in the United States, followed by Germany's wars with Denmark and France. By this time iron and steel ships had definitely supersed ed wooden ships, and Britain, en- joying ample supplies of both money and the necessary
established a shipping materials supremacy never approached be- tore or since, amounting at the outbreak of the Boer War to 52 per cent. of the world's tonnage.
raw
minimum
and
thus
commen-
be
TWO POLICIES OPEN. Two policies were open to Britain to combat the dangers of the pre-
One sent position.
was the ar- rangement of international cartels for shipping. This would certainly lead to arguments as to the basis or stabilisation-whether the Bri- tish, would agree to present ratios of national marines stabilise their competitors' gains..or whether they would insist on an Increased share, more
and surate with geographical
considerations. In the relieved, former case, international ration- alisation might be possible; but an increased British mercantile marine involving a reduction of foreign shipping was not likely to achieved by voluntary agreement. The "big stick" might be applied, as Mr. Runciman suggested in the House of Commons; it had already proved its efficacy in the British freight shipowners' schemes.
Secondly, it might be necessary to revert to the principle of the old Navigation Acts-that only the two THE EARLY ADVANCES
parties to a commercial transaction During the carly years of the had the right to carry any cargoes twentieth century foreign ship-resulting from it. He thought that building made considerable advan- the position of world commerce to- ces, however, and by 1914 the Bri- day made the present the psycho- tish percentage of world tonnage logical moment to put such a po
lley into practice. Great Britain was the world's buyer, without whom the, whole fabric of interna- tional trading would topple. The British Empire alone was increas- ing its contribution to world trade as other countries sought to be and "self-supporting. The more larger. part of British trade, out- side the Empire, was with countries which were not maritime nations Our strungest shipowning competi tors had tonnage far in excess of that necessary to carry their own purchases; it was England, so de- merchant shipping. pendent on which had less. The possibilty of
She makes appearances in public tractors, 1.105 of which were elec- had fallen to 38. Thereafter, for
naturally and without becoming self-conscious.
The remarkable memory for faces which is noticeable in royal folk Is the result of inition in the very early years.
In a speech to the Society for the Study of Inebriety yesterday a
Princess Elizabeth already has it London doctor quoted figures show-strongly developed in her. ing that in recent years anu- She stands out in vivid contrast taking had gone up by 300 per to that other Elizabeth who spent cent. "To-day in the shop of some such tedious hours over lesson famous tobacco merchants and books.
snummen it was stated with au- That Princess was only a year
trical, were in use...
CANAL'S PASSAGE The canals allowed the passage of a standard barge 125 ft. long and 1q. ft. 8 in beam, and were 6 ft. 6 in. deep between Janville and Liile and 5 ft. 11 in deep elsewhere. so that loads of 315 tons and 285 tons, respectively, could be carried. The lacks were 135 ft. long and 20 ft. wide. The system might be, divided into three sections, accord- ing to the tragic handled. In the
four years, the factors normally controlling the construction and operation of mercantile flects throughout the world were com- pletely superseded. The whole ton- nage of the Allies was pressed into service for war purposes, but prov- ed Insufficient to meet the growing demand and increased losses; and neutral tonnage was drawn upon to Buch an extent that the neutral nations were forced to build fresh Beets for their own purposes in or- der to maintain their own neces- eary freight services." Thus, said maritime nationalism of countries with seaboards; and with the ces- aation of hostilities, British ship owners seeking to resume normal once bee supreme, found them trading on routes where they had selves confronted by "vested in terests of four years' standing, sub sidles, trade reservations, low run- ning costs, and well-filled pockets,"
thority that during the past three older than this when she wrote to years the figure had grown much Queen Catherine Parr what nearer 1,000 per sent. Three years | probably the most unchildlike letter first, such as the section between Mr. Watts, was born the economic
а ден. ago this firm introduced somewhat streamlined snuttbox of Russian birch. So heavy have been the sales that deliveries to cus- tomers can no longer be guaran- teed within
a period of several *months.
ever penned:-
Douai and the Seine, a maximum Inimical fortune, envious of all of 150 barges might pass a day with an annual average of from 50 to good and for ever revolving hu- man affairs, has deprived me for 100 a day. On the medium trae a whole year of your most illus-section, which included the rest of trious presence, and, not thus the electrified systems in the north and east, and a few systems in the content, has yet again robbed me of the same good; which thing east with mechanical traction, the daily average was from 7 to 40 would be intolerable to me, did barges, while in the light traffic I not hope to enjoy it very Much has been learnt of educa: tion since those days. When we compare the Princess Elizabeth of new Harheid House and the Princess
The new snuff-takers,' it was said to-day, may be grouped into two classes-those of the old, family customera who have lapsed in their snuff orders for a generation or so and have now returned to it and the younger men and women. The result has been that
soon.
brands and hiends have had to be Elizabeth of 146, Piccadilly, there is evolved. though it is largely left all the difference in the world. to the old and the very young t support those pedigree blends. which have come down unchanged.
In their recipes from the eighteen issued a pamphlet on how to take th century. This famous old firm snuff, and, realising that the de- has now as many as seventeen cline of snuff-taking in Victorian blends of snuff for sale, including days was largely caused by the those with such high-sounding introduction of the white linen names as "Macuba," "Lavande," handkerchief, have enterprisingly "Black Rappee," "Old Paris," and began to sell to snuff-takers a "Masulipatam, all of which are special Irish linen handkerchief of generations old. They have now a deep brown colour.
The trade agreements retaliation did not appear a serions obstacie. which had benefited coal, iron and steel, and other industries were, in
policy: and we were still waiting principle, similar to a navigational for effective, retaliation by outside parties because of these commercial arrangements with the people with whoin we did our business:
and now dealt with between ·20 per cent, and 30 per cent. of the traffic.
The employment of mechanical
sections, where only from one to even barres passed dally, traction was entirely non-electric. On the ELECTRICAL WATERWAYS heavy traffic sections the capacity
On the electrified waterways in of the locks was an essential fea- ture. Rapid movement was obtain the north, horse traction had dis- led by the use of double locks, by appeared and until 1827 the pro- traction had necessitated a good operating the gates and sluices portion of motor barges was very deal of work being done in im- electrically, and by arranging the small. This proportion had in- proving locks and tow-paths.. In- approaches so that the time of creased to from 15 per cent, to 20 etfcient methods of underground manoeuvring at each end was re- per cent by 1930, at which figure traction had also been eliminated On thu it had since been maintained. In and the water surface in the tum- duced to a minimum. medium traffic sections, the locks the east, horse traction still dealt nels increased so as to reduce the were single, but satisfactory results with from 25 per cent, to 30 per braking effect of the water., Bends had been obtained by operating the cent, of the traffic as recently as had been straightened out, garages almost.com- built, and finally ports had been gates and sluices electrically, On 1931, but had now the light trafic sections, the locks pletely disappeared. Motor barges established at St. Quentin, Bethane weres single and were worked by had also lost some of their Import and Lille, among other places, to band.
ance during the last three years facilitate loading and unloading-
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