Page
STEEL FOR WORKING
ALLOYS
For Hot And Cold Pressing
By A. C. Row, for "Eastern Engineering and Commerce"
employed.
Nothing has shown, perhaps, ao advance as the Lo striking development of special steels for working alloys and non-ferrous materials, for example, brass. in. gold, älver, copper, and the like. Where previously, ordinary car bon tool steels were
the most the present a day, sces complex aloy stee's in čegular use for hot and cold pressing. d.e-sinking, and sim lar opera- tions. Steels for work of the chaf- acter have to be extremely hard, capable of standing up to the heavy plastures in use,, and als; able to keep the r tfth and size duithe and after heat-treatment and in operation.
Carbon stées have been rėm paced primarily because of cer-
inherent disadvantages they possess. As soon as a hardened carbon steel die sinking tool ex- ceeds. say, in in diameter. there is a tendency for it to split 16gthwise through the middle. "of biliptically. This is because cooling in water from about 800 dig. C necessary to produce a the hard enough surface has contemporaneous effect of leav- Ing a soft core, which is bigger in proportion as the tool itself in- creases in dameter. The har- dened portion of the tool, in such a case as that of a 3 in. dia. fool, would be 1tle any. than India No amount of special treatment, such as hardening the dles in a jet of water to produce
hardness greater
penetration, could make the hardened, layer greater than, say.‡ fr, in ti'ékness. Nor wit an increase in carbon con- tent make any difference. since this, while possibly increasing the hardness of the upper layer; will- not affect the core which will re-
of main scft, being composed
material transitional "structure and pearllte, In ordinary tools this core softness would be un- important. but when the neavy pressures required in dic-sinkinig and pressing come no play, the core gives, and the thot splits. Thus it is necessary to introduce a'loys into the steel to give it the requisite qualities. Four types of -day being used for steel are
the non-ferrous alloys. The first is a chrome steel, which can be hardened in elther water or oil, and whore composition ls approximately (varying slightly according to the chrome. maker) 1.80 per cent. 050 manganese, 0.25 skicon, and 1.5 carbón, This is specia'y usi ful for dies for pressing out the smaller metal parts such
cold working
25
amental plaques, coins. me- dallions, where the impresion is not of very great depth. This steel has no soft core, and w. therefore, offer adequate regis- tance to pressure, the whole body of the tool being uniform in this respect.
SPECIALLY FOR TOOLS
י
The second steel is likewise chrome steel, but cannot be har- dened in water, oil or the a- blast being employed. Its com- position is approximately 13 per cedt, chronde, 1 per cent, tungsten, 6.3 per text. mengadest, 0.25 silicon, and 2 per cent, carbon. This steel is specialy des gried for tots which med to have a Dolished very smooth. highly working surface, such as punches, or top tools, wherever the meld lias to be pressed with very great force into the die. These top tools have to retain their polish a considerable period, in order to produce perfect finish in the pro- duct. Furthermore, they must at give in any way during the operation. Only chrome stee's are suitable for this work.
Steel No. 3 is a nickel chrome steel, capable of being hardened in either air or o It contains approximately 1.5 chrome, 4 per cent. nickel, 0.5 manganese, 0.25
for working meta's of hard char- acter, as spiltting of the tool result.
The fourth steel is also a nickel chrome steel, suitable for air-or water-hardening. It contains 3.25 per cent. nickel, 0.5 carome, 1 per cent. vanad.um. 0.5 manganese, and 0.3 carbon. This is suitable for the small pressings, but will allow of a little decper stamping
A
than the first steel. It is tough, great desideratum In deep- stamping. while Bossessing ade- quite hardni esa.
PROBLEMS ARISES different set of problems
the
A arises when cne comes to brin- sider the hot-working of alloy steels. Here, not only are heavý pressures encountered. but effect of the high temperatures Involved has to be allowed for, and the inevitable alterations in size due to changes in the pro- duct, or work m tigated as far as possible, Plentiful colling of the tools with water, to prevent
HONG KONG DAILY
ASS
SATURDAY, JANUARY 18, 1936.
Engineering AND
RESEARCH WORK ENCOURAGED
£10,000 By Sir J. Siddeley
Tae Regint House ci Cambridge Univerity has accepted iri, con, gregation tha gift of £10,000 offered by Sir John Siddeley to promote aeronautical rescach in the University. No spec fic con- ditions are attached to the offer, but Sir John Siddeley has sug- geated that the best course, may be to allow a con: derable pro- portion of the tum to accumulate to form a capital endowment and to use the remainder for imme- diate purposes.
Aeronautical research at the University is directed by Profes- sor B. Melvili Jones. who is well- known as a courageous investiga- tor of aeronautien problems. one he is unhampered by precon- who takes a ceived ideas and long view of the future possibili tles of aviation. Recently he has devoted inuch time to stream- Hning And the reduction of head resistance. He has d rected at tention to the Importance at the
stage of present
aeronautical
test-tance A
the "boundary layer." which is that extremely thin section of air immediately adjacent to the surface of a body. That part of the boundary layer which is in direct" contact with the surface. is st; Its outer part moves at the speed of the sur rounding ar. Generally. within the boundary layer itself all 13 turbulence caused by the high, speed gradient. Professor Jones assumes that it may be possible to eliminate turbulence almost entirely and to arrange for the layers of air within the boundary 'ayer to slide smoothly one over the
softening to use, is usually car development of reduction of head red out durig operations, and the dander that this set up dné cracks and sb leg to break- downs must be guarded against For this work as will readily Bë appreciated, carbon 100% steels are practically useless. What is required is a steel which will have a minimum expansen under heat, and a critical coxing speed extending over a wide tempera- ture range. In these operations It is the alternate heatings and cool ngs, followed by expansion and contraction, rather than the pressures exerted, that lead to fanart in the steel. Therefore, the longer a steel can maintain fts most suitable structura! for- mation without changing it as a result of heat. the better and langer will It operate efficiently.
Here, also, four modern steels have been developed. The first is a nickel chrome steel, of case- hardening quality, containing ap- proximately 3.5 per cent. nickel,"
carbon. It 6.75 chrome, 0.15 mainly used for those tools ém- ployed at temperatures of not too high" a degree.
other. If this smooth "aminar" w can take the place of the custmary turbulence, head resistance due to friction in the boundary layer may be reduced by seven-eights and "speeds may be doubled without employment of more engine power.
Sir John Siddeley's gift "should hep enormous in furthering this fascinating research, which carries the promise of great future benefits.
BUILDING
"THE STORY OF TELFORD"
Tribute To A Great Engineer
Of all the memorials which can be raised to the memory of a great man, the most lasting and valuable Essuredly is a good ac cburit or his urè and aétiorts, and hls fuence. Statutes, buits, la- biels, Holdments and bulldiens all have their appropriate place in
dead, but it is through the magic our modes of commemorating the of the written word that the minds of succeeding generations are enriched, their emotions attr- red and their resolves strengthen- ed. The experience of Emerson, that he could not hear, of person- al vigour or great power of endur- ance without fresh resolution, is a common one, and so, to-day, after the lapse of many centuries, we still treasure the pages of Pl tarch, which form the mcat last- ing memorials to the foremost men of ancient Greece and Rome. Even a poor blography of a great min is better than none. but when a life is written with skill
ricwledge and understanding remains a never-talling source of interest and inspiration. In bio graphy, our language is dinkular. ly rich, and though there may be
well-written comparatively few
of the
lives of engineers, our bookshel- Yes would be vastly poorer had we not the blographies Stephensons, the Branals, Watt. Trevithick, Locke. Napler, Fowler. Ericsson, Fulton, Siemens, Yar- row, and Parsons. the autoblo- graphies of Nasmyth, Fairbairn, Rennie, Tangye, and Beskamer, and the scores of short blo graphical skeletics to be found in technical journals and the trans- detions of societies
ENGINEERING BIOGRAPHY
To no one in the engineering world more indebted for his conf-
DU To engineering tributions
to Dr. than graphy Smiles, who during the twelve
Sámuel
The second steel, for hot-work- ing non-ferrous alloys is also nickel chrome steel with a com- WEAVERS' ADAPTABILITY years he held the office of secre-
position of approximately 15 chrome, 4 per cent. n'ckel, kod 04 carbon. T's for tempera- tures roughly corresponding to
the at which the art teel is zuitable, but where the wikas pressures are very high. These steels are not adapted, however. to the production of high outputs on small products, as the tem- pératures and pressures combined will be higher than this steel can Wikistähd
μ
HIGH SPEED STEEL
chrome
The third steel is a tungsten steel, with 9.2 per cent. tungsten, 3.75 per cent. chrome. and 0.25 per cent, Carbon (appro- ximately). It is somewhat simar ti character to a high-ipeed steel; but it will stand up to high tem- Beratures and pressures, largely owing to the thng:teh in its com- position, and enave high output figures to be cbtained on com- paratively ama preasfigs. It is highly resistant to cooling cracks, is constant" in temper.. and changes volume to a less degree -
than the other steels.
An example of the way in whlen Lancashire workers can adopt themselves to the demands ut changing industrical conditions is provided by the experiences of a arm, which three years ago took „over premises in Darwen for the weaving of fine silk dress fabrics for use in ine world's fashion centres.
who had
Weavers
previously worked in cotton weaving sheds on coarse cotton dhooties were
placed under the tuition of spe- clat instructors from Switzerland, and they quickly mastered the techilique of silk weaving.
Representatives of the firm 11- pected about sixty works in the Loudon tea and elsewhere before deciding to settle in Lancashire.
SINGAPORE NAVAL BAŠE
New Dock A Triumph For British Engineers
Finally, there is a fourth stee,
The test of the great dry dock also a chrome tungsten steel, ir at Beietar, better known as the witch the tungsten content is
Singapore Naval Base, into which higher. a is the carbon und 69,750,000 galions of water were chrome content, the approx mate pumped in September from the analys's being 10 per cent. tung: Straits of Johore, has been suc etén 4 per cent chifome, and 0.7 cessful. carbon. This is for hot die-sink- ing tools for the product'oo' small pressings under conditions of high temperature and high output, but it restate heat di even greater degree than the previous steel. which it re- silicon, 0.45 vanadium, and 5 temibles in composition and scope. carbon, The use of this steel. Furthermore, it, is specially adap- jfimarily confined to those operated for the production or a um n- ons involving the production of lum die castings, brist d'e-cast-
ings, and die-castings general comparatively large pressings, such
to
The dock withstood the terride pressure of water on the sides and door, and proved that it could take the most powerful ships in the British Navy. The gate at the dock remains yet to be com-
Pleted and placed in position.
The test of the dock took nearly a formight. Two 12-in. pipes were used, giving a capacity of 8,000 gallons & minute. Observations were taken after every lift of 4 ft. ein, by the aid of four posts, more than 60 ft. high fixed along the door of the dock,
The dock is 130 ft. wide by 1,000 ft. long. It is broader than, but
this work the non-ferrons as spoons, forks, a-trays, bowls, Ip and the like. Pressures up to materials are encountered 'n the 2,800 tons can be withstood by fluid condition, which throws: considerable strain on the steel steels of this type. Structure is uniform and surface is glass-tools, which have to withstand hard. Heat-treatment is by no contraction and expansion over mears dimcult, which makes for long stretches of time. Shape not quite a long in, the braving economy in preparing the tools, tat he mintathed, and crack waste due to faulty or unskilled avoided. This, ster meet these trenfant bed nimised. These cants to a freater degree steels are however, not cutable than any other.
dock at Bödthampion. Built on treacherous round, the kreat new dock is regarded de a triumph for British engineers, ve
tary to the South Eastern Rali- series of way published that "Lives of the Engineers" which Gladstone said could not be tou widely brought inte públic notice. "The Times called Smiles's "Lives" "an Engineers' Panthéon," and su, in spite of much criticism, they remain today. But biography,
Re history, owitz to the ac- cumulation of new material t for some her reason, has some- Liffites to de te-Written. and m his Lock, "The Story of Telford," Just published,
Sir Alexander
Gibe, in a masterly riariner, has reviewed the career of Tellofa m the light of modern conditions, Just about a year ago, the cen- tenary of the death of Telford was
A FEW MINUTES TO BUILD
A Spander And A Bicycle
Bicycles which can be taken to pieces, new parts substituted and rebuilt in a few minutes with the ald of only a spanner are now be ing put on the market by a Bir- mingham Arm.
The frame, instead of being constructed of tubing, is bullt of channel section steel, like minia ture girders, and is in five, separ- ate parts, held together by steel bolts, and a simple Waterproof bracket.
This girder type of construction, which la similar to that used in the construction of motor-cdr chassis, ensures great strength, lightness and rigidity.
The most important feature, however, is that machines incor- porating this new, type of con- struction can be packed in a case only 20 ins, square the size of the standard wheel, thus effecting a substantial reduction in cost of transport while the ease with which they can be re-assembled wil is anticipated, appeal to the overseas buyer.
It is expected that this new ma
commemorated,
the
principal
event in the commemoration bé- ing the Centenary Exhibition ar- ranged by the Council of the In- atitution of Civil Engineers, of which Telford was the first pré- sident and benefactor. That ex- hibition was mainly due to the enthusiasin of
Sir Alexander,
who, as a descendant of one of Telford's assistants. John Gibờ (1776-1850), and through his owni professional career, has been at tracted to a study of the work of ine great engineef; and now withi WICH his dockets well-stocked fresh.material, and with a know- ledge of technical problems which Smiles did not possens, he has placed the engineering world un- der a new debt by his able at: count of Telford and the Import ant national works for which he was responsible. Sir Alexander disclaims for his book anything more than an attempt to present some sort of picture of the man and the part he played in the foundation of a great profession, but readers will find it more than that, for it contains notes on the hundreds of schemes with which Telford was connected, alde lights on
any of his contemporaries, a full bibliography, and it. more over, shows Telford as the Mae cenas of engineering at a critical period of its history.
FROM 1757 TO 1834
Η
The Life of Telford extended from 1757 to 1834. That three- quarters of a century was as full of great events as even the last zeventy-five years. He was a child when the Beven Years War Was being waged and Clive was estab- labing Great Britain's supremacy in India, a youth when the R- public of the United States came. into being, and a man of thirty- two when the French Revolution. broke out. He witnessed the rise and fall of Napoleoni, read of the battles of Nelson and Wehrigton, and was one of the chief technical Advisers to the Government in the endeavour to restore the fortunes of the country after a score of years of conflict. But altogether frora the international apart struggles and the immense mtel- lectual activity of the time of Tel- ford, the period of his life ! einzín mémorable as that which saw the beginning of that ap- blication of invention, engineer Ing and science to human needs. which gathering, momentum. M cade by 'decade. has changed the
ves of whole peoples, and bas
lea to those complex problems of spelety which tax the minds of the foremost thinkers and legis- lators of to-day.
CANTON HANKOW
RAILWAY
Further progress with the Can- ton-Hanków Railway has increas- ed the prospects of the line being completed towards the end of 1938. The gap between Lochang and Pingshek was recently filled and this enables the running of a through train -service from Cán- ton; direct to the Kuangtung border, which will be linked to Hengehow by a bus line. Accord- ing to Mr. K. F. Pao, Secretary of the administration. construction work between Chuchow and Shin- chow is in full swing. The follow- ing is the dix already accom- plished: Earth work, 89 per cent.. tudnels, 80 per cent.; major brid- és 84 ber cent minor bridges, 83 per cent, track lying, 44 per cent (177 kilométre.
chine will result in a substantial increase in the firm's overseas trade, which has been steadily improving; particularly in Austra Us, New Zealand, South Africa the Dutch East Indies and Malaya. The fame of the Arm is Now Hudson Ltd Ictiibid Street Birmingnám,
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