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MAIL NEWS FROM CHINA
"RAILWAY EXHIBITION
Nanking June 26.
A total of 11 railways will par- ticipate in the forthcoming 4th National Railway Products Ex- hibition to be held in Tsingtao. on July 10. according to reports received by the Ministry of Raf- WAYS.
The Chinese Chamber of Com- merce in Singapore, in a dis- patch to the Ministry of Indus- try, also signified its intention to send delegates to visi: the Ex- hibition.-
Kug Min.
PUBLIC WORKS LOAN
Hankow, June 27.
A loan of $200,000 for the con- struction of the Szechuan-Hupeh Highway project has been secur- ed by the Hupeh Provincial Government from Hankow bank- ing circles a formal agreement was signed yesterday."-
The Provincial Government has also appointed Mr. Wang Chiang as Director of the Provincial Highway Bureau, which is to be inaugurated here on July 1.- Kuo Min.
RAILWAY INSPECTION
11
Tsinan, June 27. After inspecting the Klaocnow-“ Tsinan Rakway, Brig-General F D. Hammond: British railway ex- pert specially engaged by the Ministry of Rallways. arrived here yesterday from Tsingtao. It is understood that he will con- duct an Inspection of the Chang- tien-Poshar. Light Railway, an eastern Shantung, which is to be purchased from. the Private owners by the Government- Kun Min.
NEW RAILWAY SCHEME
Nanking, June 24. Diversion of the Yushan-Nan-
HONG KONG DAILY PRESS, SATURDAY, JULY 6, 1935.
ENGINEERING AND BUILDING
chang-Pingslang section of the SEA TRANSPORT
to
Cheriang - Klangal - Rallway form part of the Nanking-Huran Radway, scheme is suggested by General Chiang Kai-shek, Presi- dent of Military Affairs Commis- slon, in a despatch to the Minis- try of Railways,
Instead of going to Pingsiang as planned, the message states, the line should run via Nanchang to Wantsat, northeast of Ping- siang. whence it should, continue: direct to Changsha, provincial capita of Hunan, and he made part of the Nanking-Hunan Rab- way project.
་
General Chlang also proposes the constructing of a Hunan- Szechuan Rallway from Chang- sha to Chungking south-eastern Szechuan, via Yiyang. Changte and Shenchow✨ (Yuan@ng) 扣 Hunan and Yuyang and Yuyang In Szechuan.---- Kuo Min.
SURVEYS COMPLETED
Nanking. June 24. Surveys on the projected rail- way inking up Penpu, station of the Tientsin-Pukow Railway, and Chengyang. in Dorthwestern Anhwel, have been completed under the direction of the Minis- try of Railways.`
It is understood that construc- tion work will be started on the section between Pengpo and Loho. station of the Loho-Hotel section of the Hwalnian Railway. The total cost is estimated at $500,000- Kuo Min.
"NEW LOCOMOTIVES
Nanking, June 24."
The Peiping-Hankow Raj'way Administration, in a memoran-
HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION dum to the Ministry of Railways.
"Kunming (Yunnanfu), June 24.
In order to speed up construc- tion work, the Central Authort- ties will make a grant of $150,- 000 towards the completion the Yunan-Kwelchow Inter- Pro- vincial Highway.
A telegram has been received by the Yunnan Provincial' Gov- ernment from General Chlang Kai-shek, President of the ME- tary Affairs Commission and concurrently member of the Standing Cpmmittee of the National Erotiomic Council stat- ing that beginning with July, the will be remitted by the sum National Economic Counci three instalments.— Kuo Min.
THE DUDDELL MEDAL
in
The Council of the Physical Society has awarded the twelfth Duddeli Medal to Dr. W. Ewart Williams, who is distinguished for his work in optical design, chiefly in the region of interfero- metry, Dr. William's principal in- vention is the reflection echelon spectroscope. The basic idea or such an instrument was describ- ed by Michelson.” nearly, » forty years ago and many of its ad- vantages over the transmission instrument were readily obvious, Its practical construction, how ever, seemed impossible, until dis- covery by Williams that two optically plane surfaces of quartz or fused slica could be placed in permanent "cptical contact" with- aut exerting the
mechanical force needed with glass surfaces
A number of fused silica plates of exactly equal thickness could, In fact. be built up in the reces- Bary echelon formation without introducing any distortion, which would ruin the optical perfor- mance of the instrument. By adding two small mirrors, to the echelen and mounting it in an evacuated, chamber, "Dr. Willams has also adapted the instrument, which was originally meant for fine structure work only, to the uccurate measurement of the wavelength of spectral inea. He has further devised a method of standardising the metre in terms of wayengths by means of the reflection echelon. and has ap- piled the principle of the reflec- tion grating to directional serial, systems for shortwave wireless
reports that the Administration
is placing an order in Europe for 20 locomotives at a cost of $8,- 100,000,- Kuo Min.
+1
And Its Importance
sea
Although there is international unanimity on few points of major policy, all nations agree in recog- nising the essential importance of adequate and well-found transport. The more acute na- tionalism may demand that goods purchased from overseas shall be carried in the ships of the buying country or, in retallation for some difference of opinion, Indulge in needless "dag discrimination;" but no nation wants to abandon Its foreign seaborne trade, how- "äver small, or is even inclined to jeopardise it by insisting that ex- ported merchandise also must travel in its own ships or not at all.
X
All nations want to sell goods; most of them would like to buy more than they do at present; yet shipping all over the world "is in a parlous state. To render itself Independent, to avoid sending money abroad, or to keep its peo- ple employed; one. country after another has deliberately impeded the transfer of commodities by means of tariffs and quotās in exactly the same arbitrary man- ner as some countries had pre- lously checked the free migration of human beings; without appear- ing to realise that the restricted flow of goods must affect cargo tonnage just as restricted im- -migration has, already affected the deets formerly engaged in that trade. Thus successiva national governments, having assisted in knocking down the shipping in- dustry with one hand, have been driven to help it up again by dis- tributing financial aid with the other, and even Great Britain. after clinging to the old system as long as possible, has been com- pelled to take similar action.
NATURE OF HELP
In considering the nature and scope of the help now available for British shipping it is necessary to keep in mind the dual interests of the shipowners and the ship- builders. While trade is good and there is a demand for tonnage, both interests- are served by a steady activity in building; but
BROADCASTING STATION when there is an excess of ton-
Nanking. June 27.
Plans are being made by the Central Radio Broadcasting Stat- ion to erect a branch station of 200 watts in the Capital. It is learnt. The function of the station will be to broadcast local items, so that the Central Station
devote itself may
to news of nation-wide interest.---.
Kuo Min.
GIANT DISC
For Telescope Mirror
While no engineer will under- estimate the magnitude of the task still to be undertaken of grinding. figuring, and mounting the mirror for the 200-in. tele- scope which is to be erected on Mount Palomar, in Southern Call- fornia, for the California Institute of Technology at Pasadena, it will be readily admitted that the pro- duction of the glass disc for this mirror, which is now slowly cool- ing. is an achievement of the greatest technical interest and Importance..
successful By its completion and safe delivery to- wards the end of this year those
• concerned in the work will have earned the congratulations of all who are able to appreciate the difficulties involved and are in- terested in the progress of as- tronomy and astrophysics likely to result from the use of the tele- scope of which the mirror. will form the most essential part.
Over two years were occupied in preparatory work, the first 300- in. disc 'having been cast in March, 1934. Before this discs of successively increasing diameter. were made, the first, of 30 in, dia- meter, being followed by others of 50 in, and 120 in, diameter, The 120-in. disc. It may be noted, was delivered in Pasadena on April 20 last and is being ground and figured for use in testing the T- ond 200-in, mirror,
WEIGHS 20. TONS
A disc of the usual proportions employed for telescope mirrors has a thickness of one-sixth the diameter, and a solid disc 200 in diameter of these proportions 'would have a weight of over 40 tons. To reduce this it was de- cided to form the back with a ser¬, les of straight and "circular ribs which, It was found, would give sufficient rigidity with a thick- ness of 25 in,, instead of over 33 in., and also halve the weight. The disc as cast therefore weigh- ed 20 tons.
. There are a number of hollow rings from "each of which" six straight ribs radiate to the ad-
system of triangles and circles; in its mounting the mirror will be supported at the centres of the circles
nage, as at, present, the inter- ests of the two parties are at var- iance. The British Shipping (Asjacent rings forming together a sistance) Bill really contains the matter of two Bills; one to help' the tramp owners to compete with the world depression and parti- cularly with the competition of. subsidised foreign shipping, and the other to sustain the ship building industry by accelerating the normal rate or replacement of existing tonnage.
The Bill, however. relates to- tramp shipping only so far as the subsidy is concerned, and does not
TO REORGANISE apply to cargo liners; whereas the
"INDUSTRY
Omission of Plans
“ነ
In a statement of policy, which was adopted by the League of In- dustry at its National Executive Committee Meeting attention was caled to the omission from al plans for reorganising industry of any proposals for dealing with "the labour, which might be ren- dered workless by the consequent charges. Unless this factor 1 taken into account, it is pointed out with some justice, it is use. less to expect co-operation from the workers" leaders. On the contray, it is probable that the seeds of disension, if not af. In- dustrial and social collapse, might be sown. For these rea sons the League has decided to
support. Do projects which do not take Labours' representatives into consultation. Moreover, reason- able freedom for industry from State control and administration is demanded and the creation of a national industrial link with Parliament is proposed,
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT The purpose of this link would be to evolve and carry out plans for industrial development and the absorption of the unemploy ed in an atmosphere which had been cleansed from party politics, This point of view is emphasised because it is felt that the In- terests of both employers and employed are the same and thất while reasonable remuneration of itsi should be provided for.
..
replacement provisions apply to both tramps and to cargo liners engaged in the transport of ze- neral merchandise. Tankers, ships carrying more than twelve pas- sengers, refrigerated tonnage. and coastwise and short-sea tra- ders are outside the "scrap and build" scheme.
TRAMP AND CARGO The present position is that. while both tramp and cargo liner are exposed to the competition of foreign subsidised tonnage. only the tramp is to receive assistance to combat it, although there is some hope that this omission may be repaired if it can be shown the" absence of similar support tocar- go liners is actively detrimental. In
addition, however, there ap pears to be a danger that the "scrap and build" policy, unless subjected to some control, may fead to the construction of iner tonnage which otherwise would- not be built, and which can only succeed by, taking "trade from the vessels on "existing routes, many! of them under the same flag. In this respect, it is suggested that
the lessons of the Trade Facilities
A boro-silicate glass was used, having a coefficient of expansion, approximately one-fourth of that of ordinary window glass,"and was melted in a tank furnace, the raw materials being charged at one end of the tank and the molten glass withdrawn from the other. The furnaces in the form of a rectangular pool covered by a high arched roof of refractory brick and heated by gas. After heating up the furnace for about ten days, the raw materials were charged at the rate of 200 lb. every half hour for 15 days, a to- tal of about 40 tons of raw ma- terials being charged in this way.
After charging" had "been com pleted, a further period of HÜX. deys was allowed for "fining."-1.e." freeing the molten glass from gas bubbles. The glass was then ready for pouring, the temperature of the furnace at this
time being about 1,580 deg. C.
GAS BURNERS
BRITISH ART IN INDUSTRY
Prince Opens Show
THE SCIENTIFIC HABIT
Many of the actions that are regularly performed by human beings have become so familiar by usage as to be almost, if not quite, mechanical. For instance, to convey food from the plate to the mouth' requires the assistance. of a great deal of mechanism and. the exercise of a certain skill, as may easily be demonstrated by watching a baby use a spoon for the arst time. But practice soon improves matters; and though there is no well-marked, stage in the infant's life when the actions His Royal Highness the Prince
of feeding himself cease to be a or Wales, recently opened a Win-"
* great adventure and become auto- ter Exhibition at the
Royal
matic, it is possible to distinguish Academy devoted to British Art between the periods when these in Industry. At the time of the actions are evidently preceded Inception of this exhibition, some by conscious thought, and when two years ago, it was felt that they are performed, as the saying something should be come to is, without thinking.' - Indeed, so counteract the prevalling impres- largely is man a creature of hu- 'ston that our manufacturers were bit that many actions which-át
forced to go to the Continent for
first he only "performs with difi- progressive designs, owing to lack
culty, and even regards as impos- of talent in this country. Aby
sible of accomplishment, are in a movement which will help to
very short time effected, as it develop enterprise in this coun- were, by instinct, ~ try and to substitute native talent for the imported variety. must appeal to readers "of En- gineering. just as the policy "af of developing our own ideas in the engineering industry, instead. of relying mainly on the acquisi- tion of rights and Ecences.has their approval. That there may be something to be said for both policies is admitted, but from the and point, of national economy developing our own ideas, in Independence only one view of these matters is possible.
DISPLAY IN ART
To our great regret, industry, while it touches everybody in our country, has, in
this instance,
F
RESEARCH WORK
It is this well-known and uni- versally experienced process of transition from the voluntary to the involuntary which emboldens deductions us.co make certain from the human and very ele- mentary example given above and to apply them" in the field of scientific and industrial research. The way in which research has been encouraged in Britain since the war and how far, as a result, it has progressed are matters well known to readers. It may: however,
be pointed out that while it has conferred proved-be- netits on certain industries, de- velopment has been more than s little hampered by the reluctance of those who might have profited from its work to provide the ne- cessary' funds. · Research, in fact, still awaits the time when the faith that industry has in its work shall be less conscious and more automatic. Indeed a real forward movement will not take" place until research 'becomes an vindustrial habit. When that time comes funds will immediately be- come available on a scale gerier- uns enough not only to ensure fin- ancial stability, but to build up Intellectual capital and to make it possible both for long term in-
been narrowed down to such an extent that the exhibition is con- cerned wholly with the domestic aspect. While it is intended to be a display of art applied to the. products of the factory, as oppos- ed, to the craftsman's workshop, the exhibits are malty factory- made articles of the variety one has been up to associate with The arts and crafts exhibitions. appeal to engineers, as such, is therefore largely indirect, His direct concern will probably be confined to such matters as the. use of new materials, the successvestigations and the more im- or otherwise of the attempts at "mediate industrial problems to be
methods pew
of illumination, dealt with in the best possible and perhaps new. form of such "way. appliances as cookers and re- frigerators, of which there ате not very many. Indirectly, the engineer will be interested from the fact that his machinery is required to produce the goods, while, as at ordinary being, he may also be expected to join his fellows among the public, in ap- proving or criticising what is to be seen. Possibly the organising committee felt that some definite mit had to be set to the scheme indeed. If the field had been thrown open. it would, in these days, have been boundless. but as it is, the all-embracing title is hardly consonant with so. re- stricted an interpretation.
li
DISPLAY OF PRODUCTS
As stated the exhibition is in- tended to display the possibilities or manulactured products. Bound up with this is the question; of
"
the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research for the year endes September 30, 1934. They may be briefly summarised "as follows:---The · Government. agreed to a substantial in- creage in the grant in aid of research, provided industry show- ed in practical fashion that it was convinced that the applica- tion or science to its manifold processes was not only desirable, but necessary. Acting on this strong hint, the Department.con- vened » a.......... conference, "with, the leaders of 20 different industries, the object being to find some way of increasing the scale of opera- tons of the various Associations. As a result, block grants will “de offered to these bodies for a period at five years, and these, with the support from in- dustry од which they will be conditional, will at least provide the nucleus of a satisfactory or- ganisation. At the same time," As- sociations are, to be encouraged to give more fully effective service by an additional grant based on income raised in excess of a spe- cined figure up to a pre-
In scribed Emit.
these two ways it
hoped to do something towards securing both increased financial stability and greater opportunity for carrying out effective research.
The t mate realisation of these two de- sirable ends must, however, de- pend. even more than it has done. in the past, on the assistance of the industries which are likely to benefit by the work of the various research associations. Engineering.
is
FAMOUS GONDOLA FOR LONDON
(Special Air Mail Service)
London, June 14.
·Professor Piccard, who has made history by his ascents into the stratosphere, was present at South Kensington Museum, London, yes- terday when the gondola in which he and M. Max Cosyns reached a height of 101 miles in
1932 was presented to the museum. M Cosyns was also there.
The gondola was banded over to the museum by M. Jean Willems, director of the Fonds National de in Recherche Scientifique, in the presence of the Belgian Ambas- sador...
Colonel EE. B. Mackintosh, Dir- ector of the Science Museum, sald that Professor Piccard's name would be inscribed on the roll of those great ploneers of all coun- tries who, by their daring and enthusiasm, gave stimulus to new research and discovery, .
That something had been done In these directions and that an atmosphere favourable to the continued support of research by industry had at last been created was clear from the annual/re- port of the Department of Salen- tific and Industrial Research for the year 1932-33. Nevertheless. emphasis had, in the same re- port, to be laid on the fact that the majority of research associa there operating on a scale. to the occasion and spend their totally adequate for the effec-1 honeymoons in the stratosphere or five service of the industries re-their summer holidays in the ozone. presented, and that, while the brake had been taken off, the ma- chine was as yet stationary.
GOVERNMENT HELP ! The steps that have since been taken to accelerate that move- ment are recounted in the recent- ly published Annual Report of
COLONEL'S PROPHECY "It is almost, safe to prophesy," sald Colonel Mackintosh amid laughter, "that" in due course aur children's children will rise
sphere."
Professor Piccard. who speaks English with a broken accent, said, "I am very glad that this wonder- land of mine (pointing to the gon- dola) finds a permanent home amid: such great and glorious sur roundings."
production at a cost which w THE TAIKOD DOCKYARD & ENGINEERING
command a market. With some exceptions (which are under the circumstances cut of place), the exhibits are intended to be with- In reach of large numbers of people of moderate means, the object being to wipe for ever off the slate the words "cheap and nasty." How far the exhibition; will go towards this it is difcuft to say. It is hoped that visitors will be infiuenced so that they will demand of retallers goods up to the standards in style to be seen at Burlington House, Evidently leaven of this kind will
A large number of gas burners round the cylindrical sides "cap- able of maintaining a tempera- ture higher than the melting point of the glass. It was su spended from the steel framework very slowly. There wil no work of the building, and was ra'sed by the screw when completed the mould
gear previously mentioned "so 25. to make a reasonably fight. joint. at the periphery.
After thoroughly heating the Act have been insufficiently stud--mould and cover the pouring led.
the organisation should be such that a good life" 15 ensured to both brain and manual workers. The components of such a good te include sound technical training, adequate wages and leisure, prospects of promotion" stability and security of ment progressively shorte
operation was proceeded with. Three ladies, each capable of holding about 160 lb of glass, were employed, the ladles being provided with long handles carry- ing balance weights and being- suspended from trolley on an overhead tun-wa
After
Water
hours
adequate compensation i
the tank position
nsion
and rotatin
accident or deatiz and
at the end of a useful Hie in industry
nining
into
doubt be a large proportion af converted to some of the new visitors who will come away un-
styles and not prepared to shut- their eyes and swallow, without question, all the ideas presented to them. Permeation of the new Vieas would probably be acceler rated if explanatory notes had been given in the catalogue, or ontas pleces of the peculiar artistic merits, which at least me of the exhibits are suppo ed to exemplify and to be deser ving of notice.
contents
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