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PYGMYLYTE
Portable Generating Plant
The need for an inexpensive portable lighting set 01 proved reliablity has long been mani
In order to meet the ex- fest. acting requirements of a plant of this type, the Pygmylyte" has been developed. During the past two years these sets have "been despatched all over the
world. A "Pygmylyta"
accom-
panied the Houston-Everest, ex- in the tropli rely for their light. electric fans and small power. purposes upon the "Pygmylyte."
A feature of the "Pygmylyte" set is the feat that it weighs com- plete only about 56 lbs, and can therefore be carried in one hand quite easily. A carrying handle
formed in the main casting, and this is so placed that it is on the centre of balance.
Not only is the "Pygmylyte" "set low in first cost but it is. Extremely economical to run. The fuel tank is embodied in the bedplate and 'has a capacity of
gallon of petrol and lubricating- oll mixed, which is sufficient for four hours run. The running cost is less than 15 cents per
hour on full load.
It is realised that, these sets will be required by many people who are quite unfamiliar with the operation of a petrol engine. For this reason a two cycle type of power aft is employed as this has only three moving' parts in the engine. There are no valves to cause trouble, nor is there any complication in regard" to lubrication requirements, for the petrol system is used." This means that it merely necessary to add a measured quantity „of- "lubricatingoll to the petrol, after which the question of engine can be forgotten.
common with the engine, the generator is produced by a British firm of world wide repute. Up to a dozen 12 watt lamps, or the equivalent, can be lighted at one time, but in this connection it should be pointed out that as this number of lights are seldom" required at one time, houses o: yachts having three times this number of points can be lighted quite successfully. Another factor is the size of the battery fitted.
A small fan consumes approxi- mately the current required by two lamps.
The Pygmylyte" is so simplę. that it requires no special install- ation and need not even be bolt- ed down, although, bolt holes ore provided in the base-plate.
These little sers are ideal for small up-country bungalows. and for Chinese houses In Interior. villages where there is no electric supply. They have
THE ORIGIN OF
BRONZE
At a recent meeting of "the Newcomen Society held at the Westminister Cafe, Holborn, on March 21, a short paper on "The Origin of Bronze," was read by Dr. C. H. Desch, F.RS.
The object of this paper was rather to state a problem chan to offer a solution. The tradition- al classification of prehistoric times, into Stone...Bronze and Iron- Ages had proved to be insuficient,
A
and many archeologists had suggested that the Bronze Age had been preceded by a Copper Age. The introduction of bronze was thus regarded G.S ...at first accidental, tin. being added to copper in varying pro- portions until experience showed.. that w mixture of approximately 90 per cent. copper and 10 per cent. tin was the most useful. A case for this view could be made out. by comparing analyses of early implements from ASIR, Egypt and Europe. and his paper, continued Di. Desch, was based on analyses made by himself for a Committee of the British Ass sociation appointed to investigate the source of the copper employ. ed by the Sumerians. In addition to specimens sent to the Commit- tee from various Mesopotamian sites. objects for comparison have been obtained from many other regions of early civilisation, whilst at the same time analyses made clsewhere have been collected. striking point is that true bronzes are found at a very early date. together with copper, whilst the presence of small quantities of certain "key" elements, such as nickel and arsenic, enables one to trace the origin of the copper" by comparison with the analyses of copper, ores "from which these Impurities "are certainly derived. So many of the early Mesopotam- ian objects examined contained small quantities of nickel that a search was made for copper cres containing that metal. The search led to the discovery of an ore, accompanied by slag, in the state of Oman, with an appre clable porportion of nickel, and this may have been the source" from which the Sumerian cities drew
their other objects unearthed Had been found to contain arsenic. Inquiry. was also being, made into the source of the tin. How the fact was discovered that copper could be both hardened and rendered more fluid for casting by the ad- dition of tin, remains unsolved. and is in fact the greatest my- stery in the study of early met- allurgy:
copper. Recently
also been found ideal for yachts and moter launches, for running lights and fans for matsheds, and för re-charging batteries.
HONG KONG DAILY PRESS, SATURDAY, MAY 19, 1934.
ENGINEERING AND BUILDING
LARGE REFRIGERATING
PLANT
Owned By Hall Company
י,
What is among the largest aril- ́ Hcial e-making plants in the world "owned and operated, by Messrs. The Hull Ice Company. Iinifted, its present annual out- put of over 220,000 tons being mainly supplied to the trawlers based on the Port of Hull. It is obviously important to maintain a plant of this magnitude at the highest possible efficiency and for this reason. It will be of « Interest to describe the changes recently made with this object in vlew. In 1932, the plant includ- ed horizontal ammonia compres- sors fitted with light-weight ring plate valves and driven by belts with the Lenix tension gear from electric motors. this being then regarded as the best means of obtaining the maximum effic- lency with the minimum floor
space. Recently, however, to im- prove economy and increase out- put, the horizontal compressors have been replaced by high-speed vertical single-acting machines directly coupled to electric motors .30 as to avoid the losses involed
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belt drives and piston-rod glands, and at the same time to secure the advantage of the higher thermal efficiency of the enclosed single-acting compres-
sor.
Tenders were invited from a number of manufacturers of re- frigerating machinery, the re- quirements specified being high- speed ammonia compressoTS working on the dry-compression principle with flooded evaporating" systems. After careful consider- ation the tender of Messrs. The Liverpool Refrigeration Company," Limited, Colonial House. Water- street, Liverpool, 2, was accepted, this firm putting forward their sleeve-valve compressors operat- Ing on the double-suction super- charging principle features which will be referred with other
later: The change
involved the dismantling and conversion five large ice factories in slightly over three months with- out interfering with the normal output, and the new equipment was required to increase the total capacity of five out of the eight existing Ice factories from the original output of 396 tons to 695 tons a day of 24 hours. One of the remaining factories was
to
of
For Constructural Work of Every
Description
Use Green Island Cement
TWO REFLEX TYPE ROTARY KILNS HAVING AN OVER ALL LENGTH OF 254 FELT. THESE KILNS ARE USED MANUFACTÇRË GREEN ISLAND CEMENT.
Issued by the
TO
GREEN ISLAND CEMENT CO., LTD.
2ND FLOOR
EXCHANGE BUILDING
dismantled and the other two unaltered, but the total output of the whole plant has been raised to over 1,000 tons a day.
The five compressor - units, are all of the same size, each com- prising a Polar sleeve-valve quad- ruple monobloc designed to oper- ate with two different suetion pressures. The sleeve valve post- tively controls the inlet of the gas so that at the end of each suction stroke the gas at the 10- wer pressure is cut off and the sleeve ports open to the second" suction line in which the gas is at a higher pressure. Thus the higher-pressure gas is admitted to the cylinder already full of low- pressure gas, there being no pos- ability of short circuit through valve slip. The first, suction of low-pressure gas is supplied from the brine coolers in the various ice tanks and the higher pressure gas is received from a primary evaporating system in which liq- uld ammonia is sub-cooled and the water for the ice cans is pre-cooled
} The heat interchangers and condensers are located, together with the water-circulating pumps. In a room adjoining that contain- ing the compressors. The heat Interchangers serve both as oll separators and as heaters for the warm water required for releas- ing the ice from the moulds. The Las is first delivered from the compressors to the interchangers where the oil, being cooled, is readily separated and falls into a collector welded to the under- side of the interchangers, The thawing water makes a complete circuit, being pumped through the five-pass heaters to the thaw- ing tanks, from which the cooled water returns to a central tank and is pumped back to the hea- ters..
The ammonia condensers, of which there are 1,5 are of the multi-pass shell and tube type. The shells were welded by the water-gas process and the tube plazes and all tubes were elect- rically welded into the shell; the tubes are hot galvanised internal- ly only. The condensers are sup- ported, in five sets of three on a structure built up of rolled-steel Joist sections, and in a pit close to them are five sets of electrical- ly-driven water-circulating pumps, each delivering 54,000 gallons per hour. The pumps, which of gunmetal, are of "the tral-suction type so that the cas- ing can be opened and the rotor examined. and withdrawn, if necessary, without disturbing the pipe connections, &c.
are
cen-
From the condensers the Úpulat ammonia passes to the primary evaporators, where it is sub-cool- ed to a temperature of from 20- deg. -F. to 25 deg. 7,
These primary evaporators also provide the supply of sub-cooled liquid to the pre-coclers, in which water, afterwards used to fill the ice moulds; is first ccoled to a temperature of 33 deg. F. The cooled water is delivered at the rate of 70 tons per hour to a cen- tral distributing tank located on the roof of one of the factory buildings, and from this tank it flows by gravity to the filling
stations of the ice tanks.
The plant is now in operation. and, as already mentioned, the output of the five factories has boen ...Increased from 396 tons to 895 tons of low- temperature ice per twenty- four hours. Moreover, we under- stand there has been a reduction, of 12 unlia per ton in the energy consumption. For the past two months the output of the whole has been 4,000 tons a week, and the average energy consumption during this period has been 25 units per ton.
Retort Courteous
She had Just refused, his in- vitation to ride in his car.
I have driven that car for seven years, and bad a wreck," he defended warmly
*You mean," said she, "that you have driven that wreck for seven years and never had a car
The shopkeeper was engaging a new errand boy f
shall want yon in the shop as well.
In fact, you will half inside and half out.
w
!!
H
DEVELOPMENTS
IN CHINA
What Is Being Done
Nanking, May 10.-To increase the efficiency of the train ser- vice along the Nanking-Shang- hal Railway, the Ministry of Ralways" 'has decided to can- struct 12 new stations
on the line. The stations will be used "solely for the regulation of
trains!
With regard to the construc- tion of a branch line" of the Nanking-Shanghai
Railway
across the San Min Road in Chapel, Shanghai, to Hik up with the Civic Centre in Klang- wan, the Ministry has Instructed the Railway Administration to postpone the project, in view of the operation of an omnibus service between Chapel and Klangwan. In case the Municipal Govern- ment of Greater Shanghai deems it necessary to build the line, the order states, the Municipality should be approached for the re- quired funds.
The Railway Administration has also been instructed to nego- tiate with the Greater Shanghai. Municipal Government concer- "ning the institution of an additonal
train service on the section "bə-- tween Paoshan and Min Roads, on the Shanghai-Woosing Rail- way-Kuo Min.
THE LUNG-HAI RAILWAY, Nanking. May 1-Construction "work on two new railway stations along the Lung-Hai Line began to-day. One is to be aituated at Huayin in the Tungawan-Sian Section. in north-eastern Shepsi, and the other at Chaotun, on the projected branch line connecting Talerchwang and Chaochwang, in northern Klangsu.-Kuo Min.
Chinkiang, May 1-The work of reconditioning the bridges and road-beds along the Nanking- Hangchow Highway will soon be started. Mr. Halao Tzu-tsai has been appointed Chief Engineer in charge. A sum of over $110,- 000 will be needed for the re- pairs, which will take our months to complete-Kuo Min.
NEW HIGHWAYS Canton, May 8-All inter-pro- vincial highways connecting the southern province of Kwangtung with Klangsi and Fukien must be completed within one month... An order to this effect has been issued by General Chen Chi-tang. Commander-in-Chief 01 the Southern Route Bandit-suppres- sion Forces.--Kuo Min.
SURVEY COMPLETED Canton, May 1-Survey work on the projected Samshul-Hon- sien Railway linking up Kwang- tung, wth southern Kwangsi has been completed."
:
The line. which will cover a distance of 521 kilometres, is to start from Samshut, north-west
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Canton, traversing' through
DUST REMOVAL FROM COAL
breakage, as it falls over the louvres, and the contact between the coal and the air may not be intimate enough to prove wholly effective. A high average free- moisture content in the dust, or the occasional passage of molst coal, cause the louvres to become choked and also results in the air becoming overloaded' with moisture. The degree of success of a plant may be gauged by the extent to which these troubles are met without recourse to cost- ly equipment. The Lessing 433- tem of coal cleaning employs afr
The economic advantages ac- eruing from the use of clean coal in carbonisation and other pro- cesses employing it are so frmly established that the use of one. or other of the many methods" already available of removing dust and dirt is coming to be regarded as essential. The pre- sence of dust upon the coal par- ticles reduces the efficiency, of the separation of coal from dirt In the dry-cleaning processes, for it prevents the free move- ment or sizes less than 1, while in wet cleaning methods, though the effect is not so mar-elutriation, the raw coal beingTMTM
ked. It causes a thickening of the wash water and the forma tion of slurries which, even after dewatering on special screens, may contain much water. De- dusting was common on the Continent before cleaning met- hods were devised. The reason was mainly that the coals there have a high dust content and its nature is such as to produce very undestrable results. In British coals. the presence
of dust rarely exceeds 10 per cent... as compared with 15 per cent. on 2 Li, sizes and 25 per cent, on through -L. "sizes for French, Belgian and German coals. Fur- ther, the dust on British coals has a high moisture content and is therefore unsuitable for treat- ment by the appliances designed on the Continent for service with the dry dust there common,
The Institution of Mining En- gineers has recently issued, in one of their series of Merno- randa dealing with the develop ment, of coal utilisation, a leaflet on "The Dedusting of Coal." In this, the processes of working are described, with particular re- ference to the various systems of coal cleaning in use. Perhaps the simplest process is that in. which currents of air are passed through
jets. to impinge upon the coal as it is passed over a series of louvres, the air being taken to a cyclone where the dust is settled out before being returned to the air circuit. "With ..this method a great disadvant- age is the ability of the coal to
have been drawn up jointly by the Kwangtung and Kwange Provincial Governments and wil shortly be submitted to the Min- istry of Railway for perusal. Kuo Min.
allowed to fall in. a rising cur- rent of air The rectangular duct, into which the coal is ad- mitted nearly half-way down for the process, is set almost vertical. In practtice. a single duct is us- val, but a combination of two' would make possible the selective -removal of different degrees of coarseness. In the Birtley dedus- ting plant, », the raw coal 1st passed down an inclined duct to ก counter-weighted valve, through which the dedusted coal is discharged automatically. The dust is carried upwards by the air and taken through a vertical duct into which the coal is frst discharged, The air supply is two-fold: part enters under suction with the coal and the rest is passed in below the feed plate. The velocity of the air is reduced by expansion for the " separation of the coarser "par- ticles as it is deflected by baffles, before passing on to a cyclone, surmounted by Alter bags, for for the removal of the finer"dust In the All-Bec method, air elut riation in a vertical shaft is com- bined with the use of louvres, which form a stepped plate. in clined at an angle of 45 Most of the air used is fed in such a way as to break the fall of the coal, and as it is carried away in a vertical duct, the coar- ser particles fall back again" on to the mass Cyclone separation is used for the fine material.
deg...
In the Simon-Carves plant the air enters through a vibrating screen, and in the" Hunter sys- tem the equipment consists of a series of rollers and grids in- clined at 60 deg., the air being forced through under pressure. It is commonly found that the dust can be satisfactorily used in pulverised-coal systems for boller fring-Engineering.
METAL WINDOWS
MANUFACTURER:
MADE IN HONGKONG
FROM
IMPORTED BRITISH
MATERIAL
95% BRITISH.
the districts of Szewhul Kwang- THE TAI YING STEEL WINDOW MFG, CO,
ning and Huatse in Kwangtung
to
Kohslen; southern Kwangsi. The total cost of contruction is estimated at $20 millions.
The detailed engineering plans
Shanks
CO LTD
#BARRHEAD-SCOTLAND
TELEPHONE: 01482.
ÜPFICK:— 80/85, OHUN YONG STREET, FACTORY-NORTH-POINT, BONG KONG
SANITARY WARE
MODERN SANTARY
EARTHENWARE
APPLIANCES IN
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THE JARDINE ENGINEERING CORPORATION
14,PEDDER ST. TRONG T
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