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'ROMANCE OF WIRELESS
INVENTION BRINGS LEARNING AND
PLEASURE TO MILLIONS
LAST NIGHT'S LECTURE AT ST.
ANDREW'S
Major Harris, R.O. Signals, gave a very interesting lecture at St. Andrew's Club, Kowloon, laat night, hia: subject" being - the "Romance of Wireless."
Major Harris said in part:—
When the history of our time is written there is little doubt that the discovery and development of wireless will be considered as our greatest achievement.
Not only has this invention brought learning and pleasure to countless millions-it has been the means of saving thousands of lives at Sea and in the Air.
The great valus of Radio to mankind was first realized by the World in 1909 when the s.a. Republic was sunk in the Atlantic and over 200 lives were saved due to wireless appeals. Also, it will be remembered, by some, that in 1912 the great Atlantic liner Titanic struck an iceberg and became a total wreck but owing to wireless some 500 of the 1,500 on board were picked up.
INDUSTRY GROWN TO ENORMOUS PROPORTIONS
wall.
Since these days the wireless in-hours of listening heard the trans dustry has grown to enormous promitting station at Poldhu in Corn- portions. It is estimated that in England along there are 18,000 ships Gtted with wireless and that some 20,000,000 people can listen to broadcasting. And from a commer eial point of view the annual busi ness value of the radio industry is estimated to between 20-50 million pounds sterling,
overenme
From then on this company of pioneers gradually prospered but not without untold difhoalties and set backs, But Marconi's enthu- Binsm and faith in his discoverios Sub- every obstacle. sidiary wireless companies were started in every country in the I propose to commence with what world and eventually the wireless may be described as the germ "telegraph act was pased in England of the discovery. Sixty-eight years which forced every ship carrying ago the English Scientist J. Clerk more than 40 passengers und crow Maxwell whilst expounding his to carry wireless. electro-magnetic theory of light predicted the existence in free air of waves other than light-waves. This was a pure theoretical deduc tion and is an instance of discovery by theory as against discovery by accident.
German's Discovery.
waves,
Scientists Interested. Scientista and Engineers in every part of the world were attracted by this new mode of signalling and almost every month new patents were filed and new discoveries made. These patents and dis coveries formed the basis of wire. less as we know it to-day.”
nearest approach to perpetual mo- tion, The great importance, how- over, "of this invention was to en- able a valve to be used ins à trans- mitter.
It is clear that if this macliine is. coupled to an aerial it will sond. out a continuous noise into the air, and if the, continuous noise is broken up by a Morse Key intal ligible signala-will-be-transmitted-- All big stations now use this type of transmitter. The size of the valve depending on the power, The typo wo uso for communication from Hong Kong to England are a big uta footballs and will take. 1 kw. of power. But even those aro toys to soma that are in use. There is
is one at Daventry in England of 500 k.w. which is supposed to be the largest single power unit in the world.
As many of you who have wiro- less, receivers know you can make your own sob oscillate which in effect turns it into a small trans- mitter. You have no doubt also anffered from similar oscillation from neighbouring säta.
The Microphone.
The next milestone was to replace the Moran Key with a microphono exactly the same piece of apparatus as you talk into when using the ordinary telephono,
The wave is said to be modulated to your voice and of course all you have to do to send out music is to put in band in front of the micro- phone in place of the voice,
Telephony was developed during the War principally for the use of pilots in aeroplanes. After the war broadcasting naturally followed from this.
Schoolboy's Achievement, The next great advance was the discovery of short-wave and beam The advance was transmission. largely due to a Mill Hill schoolboy in England. Wireless had always attracted a large number of ama- teurs but about 1994 the, air was gotting so congested that the British Post Office were forced to limit, the number of wavelengths allotted to amateurs but at the same time they wore told that there was no objec- tion to amateur stations on wares below 70 metros. Wavelengths of this order have never been exploit- ed. In fact they were thought by the agineers to be of little use,
His theory, however, was lost aight of for twenty years when sud-
Development of Wireless Valve, donly a German scientist Hertz an- nounced to the world that he was The War was responsible," as it ablo to demonstrate practically the was for many other great advances existence of these
Hein technical knowledge, for the rused a spark of electricity to first big, step forward in radio ad- jump across a small air gap and vancement. That was the develop was able to pick up a minute por-ment of the wireless valve, tion of this spark on a receiver-Up to the time of the invention across the room! He had in effect of the valve, wireless receiving apsmall transmitting set-the achieve- transmitted the first wireless mes-
age. This spark of electricity had caused a wave in the air and along with that wayo had been carried a portion of electricity.
Well this boy built a set tuned. to about 50 metres and arranged to call a friend in New Zealand. The first few nights nothing happened but on the fifth night his calls were answered from New Zealand. This made the engineer sit up and take notice, in fact the following week Marconi went off in his yacht the Electrs to investigate this strange that this boy had only used a very happening because it was known
ment was contrary to all the las's of wireless.
paratus wae particularly insensitive, It was rather like throwing a bucket of water at a piece of string. The bucket of water representing the
Marconi was even more successful and a theory was at once put for This demonstration was looked transmitter and the string the ward that this low powered wave upon by tho, scientific world as crial, only a fraction of the output must lin some manner be conserved power hit the aerial, and with in-and possibly reflected from some sensitive receivers only a minute medium in the upper atmosphere proportion of the wave that had his backwards and forwards to the the aerial was audible in the re-earth. criver. This accounted largely for the lack of distance obtainable.
very interesting experiment but Atrange to say it did not occur to anyone, at that time, that this phenomena was of any particular value outside the laboratory. This was about 1888,
wires. Ho as
Here I am afraid I shall have to bother you with an account of how a valve functions. This clever
Marconi Goes to England. In 1895 there came to England invention is due to a number of young Italian named Marconi who workers. Edison had noticed a demonstrated to British officials a slight deposit on the side of electric system of communicating without lamps. This deposit did hot in-
a youth had been
crease as one would expect if par working at his home on Bologna otides of the glowing filament were the Hertzian theory and had been flying aff. He came to the conclu successful with his apparatus in transmitting intelligible signals over thrown off, but that they were nega sion that particles were at first a distanes of 100 yards or so, and tively charged and following the he was convinced that with high elementary theory of electricity that powered apparatus and high aerials like charges repell each other, the ho could communicate over almost inside of the bulb was quickly filled any distance.
He had foreseen with negative particles and prevent- what the scientists had not seening any more from leaving the fila the use of this phenomenon as ment The filament then went on means of communication from ship burning merrily for years, until it to shore and shore. to ship. His became worn out. This became. reason for coming to England was longwe as the Edison effect but some becauso at that time England was years after Professor Fleming, an the richest and greatest märitime power in the world and he thought early worker with Marconi, took ad- he would get a better hearing. The vantage of this phenomena, fact that he is still the -head of the British Marconi Co. is proof that he did them well My with a connection to it from the
It so happened that when he arrived in England two Englishmen had also been at work on the same idea, Sir Oliver Lodge and the late Admiral Sir Henry Jackson, and it is probably due to the latter's in fluence that Marconi was so well received. In fact I have heard Marconi himself say that Admiral Jackson had contributed as much to the science as he himself,
First Message Across English
Channel.
He made a lamp but sealed a second piece of metal into the bulb.
outside. He led this connection to the positive tamainal of a battery and the result that he caused continuous stream of those nee tive particles to fly from the glow- ing filament to the metal plate con-
ected to the positive battery.
Three Electro
Valve,
Just prior to the War, however, an American named De Forest in troduced into the Fleming Valve a third electrode which he called the grid, and this arrangement is tho Marconi pursued his ideas in Eng-threo electrode valve as we know it land and by dint of hard work and This apparatus worked not only as
to day datang d enthusiasm sɗodeeded "in 1897, în transmitting mesanges across the detector of wireless waves but it English Channel. In that year the also functioned as an amplifier. first Wireless Telegraph Co in the It is eloar from this that if we re- world was formed in London under move the detecting instrument and the chairmanship of Cel. Jameson put in its place a transformer wo Davis with Mr. Marconi. as the can add to this a further valve. technical advisor. This Company which will again amplify the signals
"fitted, a, number, of British bazilə-
ships with wireless. But it was not internal electrical noises become until in 1901 when Marconi succeed.
Inuder
the signals. The limit for bru "Alrouits" is'aboht three ed in transmitting a message acróns the Atlantic that wireless, was look. valves. This then was the second ed upon as a serious commercial
milestone,MR1 proposition:
Atlantic Succ888,
This, Atlantic success must have been a tremendous thrill for the young inventor,He and two opera
Modigestion of Girenita
The next step forward was the modification of the valve circuit sa- as to make the valve oscillate con tinuously.
This bevelopment was largely due Newfoundland and tied to an Englishman named Bound and after many apart from other things is the
That, as a matter of fact, is what had happened. It was discovered that waves below 70 metres after (Cantinued on Page 12.)
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