I
MOSQUITOES AND THEIR HABITS.
DIFFICULTIES OF A MALARIOLOGIST'S WORK.
DR. JACKSON'S, LECTURE TO
mid:
MEDICAL SOCIETY,
fortunately unknown in Hong Kong, It in carried by Asdox Acgypti,
Filariasis. Complete development of the larval Filaria bandrolti has been observed in two spebian of mosquitoes found in Hong Kong amely Culex fatigans and Acdes regui,
The ProgesÍ..
Sir Patrick Manson as Amoy in 1878 discovered that the mosquito served as intermediary boat. I Dr. A.B. Jackson, the Govern obtains the microfilaria from the ment Malariologist, in the course
blood of its burhda viotian; thess of the latter part of his lecture are sucked into the midgut of the before the University Medicalosquito along with the blood, Society (the opening half of which their sheaths are discarded and was reported in our issue of Friday) they and their way into the thoracio mascles, remain there for a certain The distinction between the period, indergo certain changes Anophelini and Culicini is very and finally find their way into the important and in some instanèna probosuis of the mosquito. When On this mosquito feads, the filaria find requires careful attention. mental wings wundly indicate athair way to the skin and finally Anopheline, plain wings Culicine.rench the lymphatics and glands a. Hong Kong, however, we find where they attain maturity and give Anopheles aken with plain wings rise to generations of morufflaria. and Culex mimetiens with spotted wings. In the British Isles Theo haldin antedata has got clumps of dark meals the wings. pholes bifurcate has got plain wings. In the resting position Anophelines take up an attitude in which proboscis thorax and abdo. men form a straight line, Culicines hunch baked position, but in India. A. eulciaries rest ko oulicine and I have known males of Culex fasigans at rest on a mos quito curtain is he pointed out to me as examples of Anophelides on acenant of their resting attitude.
ob
HONG KONG DAILY PRESS, MONDAY MARCH 29, 1992.
HAPPY VALLEY
MURDER.
NO ONE DETAINED OR ARRESTED.
POLICE STATEMENT
EASTER IN HONG KONG.
LARGE "CONGREGATIONS IN ALL CHURCHES.
·MORNING SERVICE AT ST. JOHN'S CATHEDRAL
LAST NIGHT."
Inquiries by the Daily Pren at the Charge Room of the Central Polico Station last night regarding the murder of Mr. Georgs. Fung at The very beautiful weather an Happy Valley on Thursday nightoyed during the Enater holidays laat, elicited the reply that although a large number of people were questioned by the Polies no one was detained or arrested in connec tion with the murder,
The Police, naturally, are spar- ing no efforts in tracking down the naingain and his associatos, if any assoudates, there be, It is under- stood that there are already some, indications as to the identity of the murderer, but so far as own be gleaned offioindly, there has been wo mal-Arrest at all.
The Alaria of dogs has C. fat vans as intermediate host. The microfilaria develop not in Angthoracic muscles but in the
higian tube of the insect,
Malaria.
the
In the blout of an infected per- son two forms of parasites are to be met with (1) the oxual forma which if present in sufficient num- bers give rise to pyrexia of various types and (3) the sexual forms which when numerous enough and containing male and female para- sites in equal proportions can infect
Anophelins imbiding the blood of such a host.
4.
are
In the female Anopheline the palps are usually the same length
When the blood containing sexual as the proboscia but a Borneo. species possesses palps which are forms of the parasites is "taken into only 2/3 the length of the proboscis the ndgut and stomach of the The palpa of the male Anopheline Anopheline, it conditions ars as long as the, proboscis and favourable certain, changes occur. are clubbed at the ends, but the Thy male parasites or microgameto. palps of the male Theobaldia an peyte throws off whip like processen huluix are spathidhte, and, tha són. kaowa a microgametes or what fasion is made worse by collections were formerly called Angells. Thi of dark series out the wing. The female parasite, or macrogamoto- acid test to be applied in whether erte by extrusion of the polar the scutellum is simple or tri-lobed. bodies become a macrogamete and The demonstration of the scutellum is fertilized by one of the micro is best effected by selecting a mos- gametes. The product of the union quito in which the three lobes are is knowu na na zygote and is at first picked out as three tiny white do rounded, it then becomes aval, The larvae of such a mosquito islastly vermicular in shape, pointed phous here and can be found at one end, broad at the ether end "a collections of water in tins, which contains the pigment.
bottles and amongst the hushes is
vermicule is also known as the the guiden the larvae should beookinete.,,. hatched out and the resulting mok- anitors killed and pinned through the side. In the Anopheline the deultellam is simple and his no
Tolar
Biting Peats...
The
It penetrates the epithelial layer of the stomach and comes to rest in the muscular cuat. It increases in size, becomes spherical acquires A cyst wall and is known as an oocyst. The nucleus of the oogst sort of spinge work containing pro- divides, the protoplasm forms a toplasmic masses, around which ra formed a vast number of minute, slender, spinde shaped mucoated In dealing with a mosquito nuis-bodies which finally All the oocyst. ance it is essential to And what mosquitoes are causing the trouble, what places the larvae frequent and lastly how these places are to be dealt with.
From the Public Health point of view mosquitoes can be considered () as biting pests (2) as cur riers, of diseases.
It is not aufizient to collect sun- dry mosquito larvae in the neigh- bourhood: there are; I believe, aomething like 2,000 species in the world, none of the larvae found may have anything to do with the trouble-thus insidered recom- mendations may result in no abinte. ment whatever of the nuisance.. spite of the expenditure of large, sums of money on what are often known as comprehensive schemes..
When mature the oocyst ruptures and these sporozoites are discharg. find their way ed into the body cavity, and some into the salivary plands. The removal of the midgut from the body of the mosquito is not a difficult procedure but the removal of the salivary glands is far from easy..
Naw Treatment,
The Sargent bruthers have intro- duced a new method of demonstrat ing sporozoites in infected mosqui LOEN. The insect deprived of wings and legs is placed on its side upon a clean slide and the head cut off. The thorax is gently pressed upon with a headle and a drop of fluid forced out on the slide where it is mixed with a minute drop of saline and examined. This method is stat
Spotting the Criminals. Mang samples of the mosquitoes complained of should be obtained Lity can be caught by means of various appliances. These should,ed to prosent no difficulties and to if possible, be identified and if you are familiar with the corresponding larvae the nuisance can be abated when you had their breeding plwoos. If you have not got this knowledge, at pole disposal make collections of larvae from various SOUTELA Hatch them out and compare care- fully the resulting mosquitoes with the ces caught in the act of biting
be reliable. After Ross' epoch mak ing discovery it was thought that all Ancpholines were equally guilty of causing malaria, but "the work of Christophers, Stephens, James and others in the Dutch East Indies has shown that some species are of great importance, others of very little in the transmission of the disease. To be of any value dissections should
and this will give you fair iden be carried out all the year round of the Anophelines caught in houses
as to whether you are on the right
track or not. In this connection it and arrangements made for obtain
is well to remember that certaining.such
kinds of larvae which have already House Fraquenters and Others. been mentioned have a habit of
attaching themselves to the foots
Bome Anophelings are said never
Since January 0 of this year morning catches in a certain rural aren have resulted as follows:- Tatal catch--116.
of plants and cannot be obtained to enter human habitations, but one by dipping, hemos this knowledge is should ascertain if theau will bite in their native haunts or if they fav essential in investigating and dont our domestic animals. Of the Ano- ing with a nuisance caused by these pholes which frequent human dwell- mosquitoes which are most fero-ings, some leave immediately or spon cious biters. Qiling the ponds or affer they have had their meal of swamps is of no avail in this case, blood and do not figure in morning as the larvas do not come to the catches, whereas others appear to be Furface, a larvicide is indicated, or drainage or filling or oiling after unwilling to leave in a hurry. weeding. Common biting pests are C. fatigans which breed in colloe. tions of water in tins, jana, pots, Aedes albopictus (Stegomyia scutil - laris) in similar collections of water, Armigeres obturbana which favoura water contaminated by sewage.
Diseases Caused by. Mosquitoes. Dinesses enused, by mosquitoes apart from septic complications arising from their bites, which in England for example sometimes leads to yery serious results, are in the human race Dongue, Yellow Fever, Filariasis, Malaria in dogs Filariasis (heart worm) and in birds and monfreys infections with plas- modia,
A. minimus 11 malen..05 females, A. hyrcanus
A joyporiensis A. maculatus
7
€ 1
These wore caught between the hours of 9 a.m. and 11 am. In this locality as in other rural aren of the Island larvae of A. maculatus aro about ten times as numerosa. aj A minimus,
in
the
An empty tool shed in the area yielded nothing, this was searched to ascertain if the Anophelines were only seeking shelter in homses after having fed on animals or Dengue is onrried by Aedes birds. Haring found out which of
species Aegypti and has been experiment the
localit? ally transmitted by Aedes Albopic are dangerous carriers of malaria CAROntial that their the Philippines Aedes it is
studied bo- Aegypti and Albopictus fed on habity should bo CRABS of Dengue in Sumatra have fore embarking on a plan of cem- been sent to Amsterdam and allowpaign for the purposes of proven- ed to feed on people at the Troton, capecially as rogards their pical Institute there; in practically breeding places-if drainage or oil- every case Dengue was produced in ing schemes ara contemplated:
Aodes Aegypt susceptible people,
tus
does not appear to be very common in Hong Kong as compared with 1.
Swampe and Jungle, etc. In some countries swamps and
(Continuat on next Column)
Malaria are closely associated but it is not so in others where the danger- ous brooding places are in scopagos Bad edges of small stroma In Bombay, Bentley found that the carrier A. stephensi bred in wells in the yards behind the houses hence the remedy was obvious Epidemiolo- gien ovidenes is sometimes useful In the Federated Malay States it was found that clearing ravines of virgin jungle usually led to serious outbreaks of malaria if a susceptibla population wore housed near by this was due to the a fact that when the jungle was cleared A. maculatus which in that country was a notori- ous carrier of malaria bred in the seopages and running water exposed to the sunlight. ̧
OBITUARY.
"WELL-KNOWN LOCAL BROKER PASSES AWAY.
MR. OMAR KITCHELL.
among his colleagues in Ice House Street as well as to a large clica- tole of both foreign and Chiness frienda,
The death occurred on Sunday morning at his residence in Leigh- ton Hill Road of Mr. O. Kitchell, In well-known local share broker.
The late Mr. Kitchell had been. enabled' unusually large numbers of ailing for some time and was suffer. people to enjoy the usual holidaying from acute heart trouble. Rọ- amenities, and in addition, the cently however, his condition show- congregations at all religious sarged much improvement and high vices were exceptionally large...... hopes were held out for his speedy. St. John's Cathedral was profuse recovery, but he died rather unex ly decorated with greenery, lilies pectedly yesterday morning. and other white flowers and jeater.
At one time a partner of the firm. day's services were well attended of Messry, Razack and Kitchell, the throughout. At the morning service deceased was one of the original at 11 am. every seat was taken members of the Hong Kong. Stare The service was conducted by the Brokers". Association and had Dean (the Very Revd. A. Swann) served on several occasiong on its assisted by the Rev. E. V. Koogcommittee. He was very popular who was the preacher. The choir led the singing of the Easter hynne and other music in a manner that reflected the greatest credit On their own keenness and on the training by the organist Mr. Mason, The Dean announced that to everyone's regret the Bishop of Victonia (Dr. C. R. Duppay) was unable to attend, and to preach a had been arranged, as he was suffering from influenza The Bishop had asked him to express his regret at not being with them and to express to the congregation the wish that they would enjoy every happiness of Easter time. In countries where malaria exists, In the Bishop's absence, said the localities are sometimes met with Dean, the Rev. H. V. Koop, who was leaving the Colony in ten day's which are free from the disease," al though it is rife in neighbouring time, would be the preacher, this places. A knowledge of the Apophe-being the last time that he would line larvae found in these parts will
address them as Sunday morning often furnish useful information.
service. On one estate in the Federated Ma- lay States there was a large Tamil population who are particularly aus- ceptible to malaria and, the health The Rev. H. V. Koop took his record of this Estate was exception-text from 1. Peter III. V.18. "Christ ally good. The spleen rate amongst also bach once suffered for sine, the the children, some 140 in number" just for the unjust, that he might was negligible A larval survey bring us to God." yielded only A. Hyrcanus and A. barbirostis neither of which were considered of any importance as vue tors of malaria. No anti-malarial work was done in spite of a great swamp being in close proximity which furnished the Anophelines barbirostis and hyrcanus.
on the son.
Anopheline larvae existed in quan- Sities even within a few yards of the cooly lines. The prevailing type was A. mparatius, the others were barbirostis and hyrcanus. On one of theso estates for oxample the spleen rate in 1092 was 0 for 2 children. In 1993 the spleen rate was 0 for 47 children. In 1924 the spleen rate was 0 for 30 children,
The Sermon.
The following is a summary, of the address, not following the art words of the preacher:
He leaves a widow, and several children to moura la loss and to them the sympathy of his large circle of friends are no doubt ex- tended,
19
The funeral took place yesterday alternoon, the remains being inter. red in the Muslim Cemetery. Many friends attended at the graveside, including representatives of the Sharabrokers Association. There was a profusion of floral tributes.
Wreaths,
Wreaths were sent by the follow. ing
Members of the Hong Kong Stock
Exchango, Hong Kong Share brokers Association, Messrs, Car Toll Brom, Mr. J. Bagram, Mr. 8 Howard, Messrs. AP. and & C. Greaves, Mr. P. Cameron, Messrs. Zimmern Bros., Messre, A. A, Alves add. M. M. Alves, Messrs. F. X. da Siva & Co. Mr. and Mrs. W. E. Hollands, Messrs. J. F. Groso & Co., Dr. Irwin W. Kow, Mr. G. This is Christ's triumph day, U. da Roza, Mr. Parkson Chan, when His warfare was accomplished Messrs.. G .A. Harriman & Co. and and He returned victorious. Alabad, Mr. and Mrs. Seu Kon Chi, Mr. Lo Yuk Tong, Mr. Shi Yue that we sang, and saw and did wee in, celebration of that triumph and Man, Mr. Chan To Hang, Mr. Yus "In another part of the Federated that victory. "I am going to ask Shu Wah, Mr. Chau Tung Sang, Malay States I was particularly what is that victory victori Mr. Leung Yeung Ka, Mr. Loung atruck with the good health of Tamilous general was one, who knew his Sing Ka, Mr. Eng Yee Tek, Mr coolics and the low spleen rate an, and achieved his objective, like Li Po Chuen, Mr. Pam Wai Sun amongst the children on the estate. Julius Caesar, who came, and saw Mr. Soo Pei Chen, Mr. Andrew Tae, The country was fat being situated and conquered, and those who Mr. and Mrs. G. A. Harriman, Mr. only a few miles from the hills and cheered he rejoiced in the victory. Weill, Mr. Soo Pei Shou, Mr. hill foots where A. maculatus was he had gained. It was not a reat Yeung You, Mr. Liang Hau Yuen, Mr Sai Shin Chuen, Mr. Lo Kin found in abundance, and bordering victory if the objective were not Fai, Mr. Loui Tan Men Hing, Mr. gained, if the position were no Mak Kwok Fatt, Mr. Y. M. Loo, securely Held, or if the whole thing Dr. Chau Wai Cheung, Mr. Olga wore a face saving affair.
Christ had planned His action and what Wong. Mr. ufui Yick Muo, Mr. Ng Poo Tui, M, Wong "Cheul Kum He suffered had rung in our cars the last week, and now. He had Dr. S. T. Wong, Mr. Chung Was returned in triumph. But what Hing, Mr. Leung Cheung Kee, Messrs. Loong San Chun Kee, was the triumph? Was it that He Mr. Kwok Hin Wang, Miss G. might appear in visible form to Hie disciples and show them that death Smith, Mrs. Ce Sam Tai, Mrs. Yau, Mr. Shin Wah, Mrs. Fong, Mrs. Ead no power to hold Him ? It was
Wong Knim Puk, Mrs. Hp Shi, and the disciple's joy that Ho Tad over-
Mrs. Wong Yue Tai and others. come death, but His own triumph was that He had brought them to God. He had won this objective, and these services were not merely in memory of His tayal of soul, but re-enactments This was our triumphant, holy day, our goapel and hope in this world and the next. Christ suffered and passed through death not that churches might be full of lies and resound. ing with praise. "He was not to be fonied by flowers and praise and big congregations. He died that He might bring us to God. That is the measure of His triumph. He held out, He kept faith, and overcame the world, but what is that worth to Him His real ob. jcetive be not gained. "You know what is in your hearts to day. He comes to us from the Resurrection in the garden and think he would any "';
"I am grind to see you to-day."
The inferencs being that A. separatus which did not occur in the hill country was of no great import- ance as a carrier.
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firas would give a better time than that. Christ sought to dig men out of that net and lead them to peace de love, to the selfless joy which He has and meant us to have. Those who loved this place could never, barely, rest content until Christ had triumphed and until He could say that He could rejoice in it
THE GOOD FRIDAY SERVICE,
The three hours' service on Good Friday was conducted by the Rev. Carpenter ausisted by the Dean and the Rev. H. V. Hoop. The Cathe dral was full, a large proportion of those present being young people and there were many members of She Chinese Christian community.
Five addresses wore given on the manner in which the ordinary vita of ordinary people, rather than | deliberate evil conduct caused the Crucifixion, and were still causing was, 'distress, insecurity and inam
The preacher in misery to-day. fine addresses of exceptional power "Yes it is my Great Day. You and penetration analysed the effects have come to celebrate My victory.of prejudice, carelessness, jealousy, But do you see the victory. Do fear and greed.
How many would have to say To tell the truth.. It is a long time since I was last herD}"
"Then why have you coure to day
Because it is the Gront Day."
you know why it was fought,”
Christ suffered that He might bring us to God. That is what He
came to do. But the ordinary sine
of prejudice, envy, carelessness,
fear and greed that caused the Crucifixion, still crucify Hip to-
CATHOLIC EASTER
SERVICES.
Easter services were solemnised
day. They dragged men down, they in all the Roman Catholic churches were dragging the whole world in the Colony. down to ruin" and even now we Roomed to be on the very brink of destruction, being in chains of our own making. Christ came back from the cross to free us from these abuins.
The World's idea of the call to the service of God was still some- thing in the nature of the drill- Sargeant's summons to see the Headmaster in his study
The world's idea of having a good time was playing godt over the week-end, kooping bt, and enjoying oneself with friends.. It did not believe that putting God's, service (Continued at fact of next column.)
At the Cathedral there were Low Masies at 6, 8 and 9.30 am., and at 10.30 a.m. there was solemnised Pontifical High Mass and Papal Blessing by Bishop Valtorta, which was attended by the Catholic Boy Scouts and Girl Guides.
A special service was held at Victorin Gaol at, 7 nmr. by the R.O. "Chaplain,
At the Rosary Church, Kowloon, there were crowded chugregations at all the early morning masses, with thousands of communicants and High Moss was sung at 1.30 am. with special Eastern hymns by the choir.
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