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observations if they have been
FAMOUS SCIENTISTS that the whole universe may be ex-SIR OLIVER LODGE. AND THE UNIVERSE.panding, while recant astronomical LIFE AND MIND LEFT OUT OF
(Continued from Page
There is, I think, every reason to hope that within a short line we shall know the truth about this puzzle and Whatever the solution may be there seems to be a cona derable chance that it may provide 46 with a clue, perhaps even with
key, to the structure of the vérne as a whole..
rightly interpreted, indicate that it netually in expanding, and at no rapid a rate, that it becomes more. trantitory and ephemeral structure compared with what we recently thought
ACCOUNT.
Bir Oliver Lodge, summing up the discussion, and that Sir James Jeans theory did not account for
"This reduces the whole life of
"Horo we are, life and mind,? the univers, he said, "to a mat ter of haidreds of thousands of mil. he said, "Physics doos not account. song of years at most-and, in for that. All the arguments to-day cidentally, in so doing brings al- have been on the nasumption that most complete chaos into the already the universe is simply a chemical chaotic problem of stellar evolution.
and physical process.
Until, quite recently," he said, the scientist, like the ordinary man, accopted the fundamental in.. gredients of our experiance-space, limo, matter, and energy-more or less at their face value. The most obvious and superficial interpreta- tion suggested by everyday expori once was assumed to correspond fairly plowly to ultimate reality.
""Another "interprctation of the
Physicists observations nearly but not quite tell us that we are living on the identical with the foregoing is that ash heap of a world which is just the universe retains its size while the remains of what has been a cun- we nad all material bodios shrink uniformly. The final and here is a universe in which all matter has shrunk to nothing
INFINITE TIME,
Bagration, and is now settled down to sobriety and stupidity; and that that ash has given rise to life as a kind of disense afflicting matter in its old nga
"We must remember, however, that the data are purely physical
The Bishop of Birmingham (Dr. | data."" Barnes) said that periodically, but rarely, at intervals of thousands of millions of years, collisions between suba in the various univoraca hnd taken place and planetary systems had been born.
Sir Oliver said that a physical theory which ignored some of the elements of the problem was incom ploto and therefore liable to brenk- down when confronted with the facts.
n if it is
The theory of relatively has shown that wo, ware utterly wrong about space and time, and we are beginning to suspect, that wo are still just about as far wrong about matter and energy, The concept of an expanding universe may prove after all to be a false scent, and the truth may
lie in some other direction.
The star-system which host known to a is, of course, our own;
So the earth camo into existenci
"When a thing EVAN wo call it the galactic system bo- cause it is bounded by the Milky some two or four thousand million alive," he said, "physios leser in- Way We get the best picture years ago," he said. "Ours is possitarest in it and hands it over to which modern science can give uably one of the youngest planetary another section, for it is incompet of this system if we think of it 38itive forms of life appeared at able to spontaneity and free will. systems. On the cooling earth pri-ent to deal with motions attribut being shaped like a cart-wheel, with the sun perhaps a third or lulf-way least a thousand million years ago; Wherever life boa entered in, the along anh of the spokes and rotate and gradually by a slow evolution predictions of physicists and astra. ing like a cart wheel,
more highly developed living or-nomers and mathematicians are
Finally about a spoilt We still do not know the air sanisms arose. of the wheel with any approach to million years ago, sub-men emerged "I have looked sometimes at the Accuracy, but its diameter is pro- from a group of anthropoid aper ripples coming over the sand on a bably of the order of two hundred "It is fairly certain that our space sea boach and leaving a deposit of Offoam. I have thought whether a thousand light-years, Still leas dois finite, though unbounded. we know how many stars there are course, we cannot escape from the mathematician given sufficient date in the whole wheel. It is almost difficulties caused by infinite time if could predict every ripple and every certainly graater than a hundred wo accept the opinion entertained line of foam Yor, he could theore thousand million, and may quite by some philosophers that time is tically provided there were no bonts nor any fish. The splash of a fish. well be two, three, four or even five not real. times this number.
the ripples of a boat, would put his calculations out
The band of light we call the Milky Way is formed by the com- frined light of all the stars at great distances from the sun, including those which form the rim of the wheel. The wheel in held together by the gravitational attractions of the different stars of which, it is composed.
"As a
consequence," he said, "the outermost stars mays, mostly slowly and take the mob time to perform a complete revolution, just as in the solar system the outermost planets move most slowly and take longest to describe their orbits round the sun. The sun probably moves round the hub at about 20 miles per second, and takes some thing over 200 million years to perform a complete. revolution.
Apples as Models.
"It is when we come to the form asion of planetary systems," said Dr. Barnes, "that I feel especially
A New Century. uneasy. The current theory is that the earth and its associated planets "Given even a spark of free will arose from the encounter of our sun there are no data that can be sup with a wanderer which came so near plied. It may be said that our sense as to disrupt some few thousand of free will is an illusion. Well, million years ago. If the theory be, that is a philosophical question that true, planetary systems must be can be raised. But it cannot he rare, and therefore conciousness as settled in this section. wo knów and possess it is rare.
To philosophise from a restricted
"We are then apparently forced point of view is interesting enough to conclude that the universe was but it is not conclusive. It does not created with the primary object not fully account for the state of the of producing beings in whom mind world today, nor can it be depend- should lead to spiritual excellence ed upon to formulate its course to-
What we do know with certain-morrow.
ty is that, throughout the universe" "The British Association is now the raw material of which it is beginning a new century," he said, made is fairly uniform. The mat and we have turned our attention ter in distant stars is the same as from matter to the spacs between that which axists' in our own sun. particles. We are attending much. "We know how increasing the We must then assume that there are more to space than we were. We speed of rotation of n body results planetary systems in distant island have not got very far yet? If we 173 flattening of its shape," said nobale, and that on some of them begin to attend to space properly Sir James, "The sun rotating only conditions resemble thore which ex- we shall find it is not only but once every 20 days is an almost per ist on our earth. So life, as we lumps of matter that we find, but
it, must b fect sphere. The earth, rotating know
distributed we find life and mind; you will find more rapidly, but still very slowly, throughout the universe, but, if the intelligence, you will find mind. is slightly Huttened, so that we collision theory of planetary origins throughout space. usually describe it as orange in correct, the distribution is aston shaped, Jupiter rotates more rapidly—once avery, ten hours and is much Hatter in shape."
ishingly sparse.
Belief in God.
"And so after a time we shall ar rive at the further conclusion that. life and mind are more important We than the material universe.
THE NEW PRESIDENT.
KEEPER OF GREATEST SE-
CRET OF THE WAR
He explained that the faintest I should not be surprised," he shall gradually lend on to a fur- ther view of the universe which the stars of these other systems which said, "if new facts were forthcom- Bishop of Birmingham stands for." could be observed photographicallying to give some other explanation in the 100-inch telescope "prova to of the existence of planetary sys- |be at the amazing distance of 140,- | tema, “I suspect that such systems
000,000 light-yeara.??
are much more numerous than is "We can construct a model," heat present believed. said, "by taking apples and spac
"To-day ethical, theism, reste on ing them at about ten" yards apart the conviction that we can only: antil we have filled a sphere a mile explain the universe by assuming. in diameter. This will use about that it is due to creative thought 300 tons of apples. This sphere is and will associated with purpose bridge, President of the Section of Sir J. Alfred Ewing, of Cam- the part of space we can see in the and plan. Such purpose appears Engineering, was elected President 100-inch telescope. Each apple is a most clearly on earth in the pro- of the Association for next year nebula containing matter enoughgressive development of mind which for the creation of several thousand has ended in the recognition of Edinburgh University until his re- Sir Alfred, who was Principal of million stars like our sun; each moral values by humanity; and the tirement in 1920 for health reasons, atom in each apple has a diameter religious outlook of many of us is 760mm Zu equal to, or lightly larger than, determined by our belief that God that of the earth's ́orbit."
has thus created man for His Ber "Our earth," he added, is one
vico. of a system of nine planets which, together with millions of smaller "But," he said, "If consciousness "On the day the war began," he bodies, asteroids, comet, and mete should bo proved to be but a rare said, was asked to undertake the pra, circle round the sun; our sun accident of a vast, otherwise aim- task of dealing with the enemy; is one of a system of millions of less, universe, such belief in God cipher; and that was the beginning stars which circle about one an would be encumbered by a now per- of what grow to be an important or either; this star-system is one of plexity. The belief would not disganisation for collecting and deci- millions of star-systems and here, appear since we should still have phering enemy messages Numerous so far as we know, the sequence to explain why man has been creat-listening stations were set up, and enda abruptly.
ed with the conviction that he must as many as 2,000 intercepted mea thebe loyal to goodness and truth. sages were often received and dealt
"Wo need more facts, and, that with in the course of 24 houra we may obtain them, we need new "The branch of the Admiralty the grant universe itself. precision. Failing the invention of Room Forty to avoid any descrip instruments of greater power and where this was done was called
LIFE ON OTHER PLANETS.
"These star-systems are biggest objects known to solence; there is nothing beyond them except
BISHOP OF BIRMINGHAM AND WIRELESS MESSAGES.
Four years ago he throw light on what he described as probably the best kept secret of the wareh
a super telescope, there remains the tion which might betray the secret. possibility of wireless communien or excito curiosity. tion.
PRINCESS MARY HIGH SCHOOL
OPENING BY HER ROYAL” HIGHNESS.
"I have no doubt," said Dr. Bar- nos, that there are many other in- habited worlds, and that on some of Sir James Jeans was also one of them being exist who are immeasur the principal speakers at the carnbly beyond our mental level. We lior.
should be rash to deny that they can in meeting there that strong ao radiation to ponstrating as to mass of theoretical possibilities, the convey messages to the earth. Prob ono certain fact was that if the ably such messages now come, atoms of our earth were undergoing When they are first made in- Annihilation their rate of destruc- telligible a new era in the history
Princess Mary Countess of Hare tion must be excoodingly slow. of humanity will begin. At the be word, opened at Halifax a new, The Atoms of the earth may beginning of the are the opposition high sheep for girls built at a treated as permanent," he said between those who welcome the new cost of £10,000, "Whatever happens to sun and knowledge and those who deem it. She announced that the school stars the sold earth will endure. dangerously subversive will doubt would be known as the Princess
"If we cannot have complete an lere lead to a world war
Mary High School, nihilation of matter, we must con- clude that the universe of stars is still quite young
"But the survivors, when they ex Alderman Slater, chairman of tricate themselves from the conse the Halifax Education Commit- quences of the peace treaty, will tec, presented Princess Mary with This stoms far more possible begin what we inay correctly term a set of novels by Anthony Trol han it did even a year or two strenuous correspondents course lope, and before leaving she asked ago," he said "It derives support should, like to be living, then. Was that the girls should be given o from recent developments of the might get true understanding of holiday in commemoration of the theory of relativity These suggest the evolution of the universe opening,
A SWEET THOUGHT
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