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HONG KONG DAILY PRESS, SATURDAY, MARCH 14, 1931.
ENGINEERING AND BUILDING
THE PRODUCTION STEAM GENERATION
OF POWER.
A REVIEW OF RECENT EXPERIMENTS.
By Professor C. A. MIDDLETON. SMITH, M.Sc., MI.Mech.E. (of the University of Hong Kong).}"
EFFICIENCY.
CHINESE RAILWAY
DEVELOPMENT.
་ ་་་”་
A NEW FURNACE EQUIP. CONTRACTS FOR ENGLAND.
"MENT FOR INDUSTRY.
TFROM" A LONDON CORRESPONDENT.]
The change for the better in China has awakened interest in the Chinees railways, which were built
For the operation of internally largely by Britial opital. It is fired cylindrical boilers, such as the unfortunate therefore that the long and "Scotch "diawn out civil war has retarded Publication of the annual reports, These reports, prepared at Peiping in English and Chinese, presented
The Editor of the Daily Press bas informed me of his intention" Lancashire " to produce an engineering, supple. ment and has invited me to write -for-the something of. interest' ärst issue.
made 10
"
marine type, the main objection to mechanical stoking is the wear and tear and cost of upkeep of the
for 11 years in succession a full and moving bars and accessory equip It is now more than thirty years ment, as distinct from the coal curate statistical statement of the position of the railways The re-! ngo that my first contribution was feed gear which is not exposed to pori for 1023 is the latest to hand, an engineering journal. the heat. In, this connection, con- and reports for 127, 1928 and 1929 have still to see the light. Nover- Since my student-workshop days siderable interest attaches to a newtheless, it is worth while, in view the steam turbine, the Diesel en design of boiler furnace consisting of the speed-up to be given to rail- gine, the motor bicycle, the cinema of the "Turbine forced draught was development in China by Blus allocation of part of the British and Inter, the talkies), wireless grate, a well-known British inven share of the Boxer Indemnity to tion, with the addition of sprinkler this purpose, to study the railway and the aeroplane have appeared."
So rapid has been the progress' stoker gear for the mechanical, feed situation on the basis of the in- formation we have. For 1023 the made during recent years that it ing of the cond, the first installation operating revenue of the Stato-own- is impossible to survey what has being now in operátion or a "Lan, ed railways, which comprise le lines, happened in this century. A brief cashire" boiler at the Collyburst cungising of 7,200 kilometree of main line and about 300 kilometres discussion of some recent sugges-Finishing Co., Collyhurst, Manches of branch lines, amounted to $124,000,000. Operating expenses tions about power production may best convey a general idea of the
absorbed $70,000,000. Although muri ef the transport was for Govern improvemcrits that may be expect.
ment, the figures, provide some guidance to the earning powers of
operating ratio was 504 per cent. the railways at that time, Tho After deducting all expenses and interest charges the final profit per kilometre of line throughout the system was, on the average, 82,000, but on several lines it ranged from $0,000 to 83,000, certain of the tinies working at a loss on account of dis- turbed conditions. It would thore. fore seen probable that in normal eirconstances this average could be largely incroneed.
ed.
The Bearch for Power,
The age of mass production has produced a second re-organisation of industry as "great as that which occurred when the products of machinery began to replace handi- All over the world craft work efforts are being made to reduce the cast of power production. This is being accomplished by organien- tion and new insertions.
A most interesting subject is that concerned with the possibility of finding new sources of power in the plact of coal and oil. These suurees of heat have stored up the energy obtained from the sun can we find other sources of energy? Steam and Tropical Beas.
There is strenuous compétition between steam and oil for power production purposes. The improve ment in boilers and the use of exhaust turbines have helped steam in the fight for survival.
Probably the most interesting event in connection, with the utilisa tion of the forers, of nature for the use and convenience of inen, last year, was the report, pblished by a. French engineer on tests made on a power plant in Cuba, He showed that it is possible to utilise the aurinee water of the tropic seas as a source of steain and the deep sea water hs n condenser. In that manner be generated power to the urder of 22 kilowatts.
He used a huge pipe o lectin diameter and over mile and a quarter long. The surface water of the sea was nt. Bf degrees F. and water drawn from the depths was al 53 degrees F...
Although there were immense practical difficulties to be overcome the results were encouraging, and arrangements are to he made to jastul a bigger plant,
The Energy of Atoms.
Only a few weeks ago Sir Junes Jenns,
the wireless.
told hundreds of thousands of listeners Amazing stories of recent dis- coveries concerning the universe. He spoke of stars like the sun with a temperature twice that of molten iron; and of other stura flaming at inconceivable heat,
These terrifice stellar furnaces have temperatures of 70,000 degrees Fahrenheit. From one square inch of their surface, enough power is rmitted to keep a huge liner, such us the Mauretania, continuously at full speed.
Ler.
The grate is also fitted at the hack with a combined extension bridge and cleaning-out grate, and in this case is running with mesha nical forced draught fan and trunk ing, taking only bout a H.P., in. stead of steam jots, either system being equally suitable for giving a high temperature in the furnace and complete combustion with ale sence of smoke.
1 is claimed that this combina tion of foreed, draught furnace and
The equipment of the railways, sprinkling stoker gear, with hand cleaning out of the ash and clinker, consisting in 1925 of 1,100 locotno. embodies most of the advantagestives, 17,000, goods wagons, and
passenger of mechanical and hand firing, 1,600
cars, carried while at the same title eliminating 40,000,000 pesengers and 25,000,000 the chief disadvantages mentioned, tons of freight. Under the agree that is severe wear and tear, cost Dent renohed, between the British and Chinese Governments regarding of maintenance, and breakdowns.
The coal feed gear operates at the Boxer Indemnity, an immense the uniform rate of ten chargea fillip will be given to much-needed in China, sprinkler per minute, but it can be railway construction altered almost instantly so that the Orders will be placed in England individual charge is varied from a by purchasing agency about to he few ounces to 2 lbs, and any solid established in London for £3,000,000 worth of engines, carriages and fuel can be taken from dust up 10 rails, and a further £4,000,000 will pieces sin. cube.
be spent in the same way spread over the next 15 years.. It is calculated that the contracts will give employment to at least 10,000 workers in the British steel and engineering industries.
Hand cleaning out is easily under- taken at fairly long intervals, using the extension piece at the back for taking part of the fire especially sings the design of the furnace tends to keep the ash graunler and prevent the formation of clinker.
The standard furnace, a produc- tion of the Turbine Furnace Co., Ltd., of London, has a grate made up of large longitudinal hollow cnet iron troughs side by side, my five
A representative of the Chinese railway is de arrive in England very soon ng one of the members of the London Purchasing Coranis. tion, which is to be set up in con nection with the placing of orders. The next developments depend on in number, for a standard of 3ft. the third reading of the Chian 9in, wide grate, Also the surface | Indemnity Application. Bill, which of the grate is composed of a large has already gone through Cont number of very small and short midtee in the House of Commons, transverse interlocking slotted fire and is expected to have its third vars or "elements" fixed across reading and to be formally adopted the top of these troughs, giving an by Parliament within the next fort- effective distribution of the air tonight... The Purchasing Commission, the furnace. Thus for a standard which will be set up ay you or 5ft. Gin. x 3ft on, grate each the Bill has passed Parliament; is trough has 15 small transverse bars to consist of “ British business men with air apaces, corresponding of high standing." The name of to 225 small bars and 2,025 spaces. those proposed by the British Gov- Further, these elencats have below [rument will be telegraphed to a sloping projecting portion like Ching for selection by the Chinese the binds of a turbine which divs Government, and the Committee, in the blast current of air in the when finally selected, will be under troughs below, given by a fan or the chairmanship of the Chinese
Minister. It will number two Chi-. stenm jets, diverting the Correct small volume of air corresponding nee and four British. to the particular aperture
Competition in Manchuria.
The mechanical coal feed with hopper for the coal is of standard sprinkler type for, ench hinace tube, with a shovel and powerful spring, which is released automatic ally nt short intervals by means of Others workers in laboratoriesa cam device, jerking or throwing inveil to our wondering eyes the anell amount of the coal into the dynamics of atom. They even cal-fire, while below is a fire door for raiate accurately, its work produc- the cleaning out. Also the air in ing power. The Tides.
The ceaseless quest of the engineer is for economy in power produc tion. While owing to the social changes, caused by mechanization and the war, wages were going up In Britain and Anferies, and the cost of goods to the consumer was increasing the selling pria of electricity was folling.
the case of fon draught is admitted by vertical trunking in front of the boiler from the boiler house floor which contains a deflector plate while the furnace has at the lack a cleaning door underneath.
The possirility in the near futuro of competitive railway building in Manchuria between China and Japan, the former naxisled by American money, has awakened a good deal of interest, Japan, with Ler vast interest in the South Man- churian Railway, is specially cons cerned, so much so that Baron Shidehara gave ground in his speech at the opening of the Diet on Janu- ary 22 for the inference that Japan will oppose pohemes for building railwaya parallel to the South Man- thuria Line, but will assist other Chinese railway schemes, always provided than the South 3fandwria Line's right to exist is respected. It may be, recalled tint when by the Portaiouth Treaty, which ended the Russo-Japanese war, the South Manchurian railway was transfer red to Japan by the opering Russian Government, China under took not to indulge in competitive The general public, 'ne well as the building. At present, however, the At Avonmouth, England, some members of the engineering pro Chinese are finding the Japanes tests have been made recently on a Hydro-Thermal Tidal Powerssion, are interested in the latest monopoly, and its probablo exten- System. The idea is that, with tidal developments of applied science.sion to the construction of new Nothing now seems impossible. The lines, rather irksome." They would energy, there are only certain times sudden development of aviation and consequently like to anticipate such when turbines can be run. The broadcasting reminds us that some construction, or circumvent the plant had a turbine of part of the unexpected invention appears as Japanese monopoly, by having re- | energy of which was used to supply part of our lives alisust en soon de ceurzo do building on their own se electric power the remainder was we hear of it. The problem of count They have even refused aped to generate heat on a brake, wo-day is cheaper production and Sity-fifty basis. The South Man- Of that beat a portion was gained more economical distribution of churian Railway Co., owned by the in an acumulator and used to drive goods. Improved methods of power Japanes operates about 1:100 steam turbine when the water production will reduce costs. The Lilometres of railway, and for turbine could not run.
general public always Beneft: from 1820-30 earned a net revenue of ¿Continued at foot of next column.} improvements in power production. 3.82,000,000.
What Power Has Done.
The supply of power has served We are frequently asked if the ions in space and time.
to increase, greatly, fan's exten- He has energy of the tides can be utilised. been given greater mobility and Many efforts have been made to do greater leisure.
this.
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