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HONG KONG DAILY PRESS, WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 4,- 1931.
HISTORICAL REVIEW OF CENSUS
DEVELOPMENT.
NUMBERING THE PEOPLE IN BABYLONIA, CHINA, EGYPT, PALESTINE, ROME AND GREECE.
UNFORTUNATE EFFECT OF A BIBLICAL PRECEDENT.
The word Census," without other qualification, is now almast! solely used to denote the enumeration of the people, periodically undertaken in moat civilised. countries of the world.
The Latin term "census" originally menot an enumeration of! the people by the Roman Censors. The Censors, besides being concerned with the official registration of the Roman citizens # (census), were also in charge of public morals (regime morum); they made arrangements for the valuation of property, the collec- tion of the public revenue and the execution of public works. The Roman Census had, therefore, special regard to fiscal matters and to the question of the rights and obligations of citizenship ;. the statistic and economic aspect of the enumeration of the people which is more prominent now was almost ignored.
SOME EXAMPLES FROM ANTIQUITY.
Babylonia..
number was probably, however, in- An enumeration of the people complete as it is stated in 1. Chronicles XXVII: 24 that niter
would appear to have taken place
SHANGHAI COURTS TO BE MOVED.
BRITAIN'S TRAFFIC.
SYSTEM.
SITE SUGGESTED IN WESTERN- DISTRICT.
(Continued from Page 1)
Tramways,
The presidents of the Second
Our considered view in that Branch of the Kiangsu High Court tramways, if not an obsolete form (Dr. Hsu Wei Tsun) and the Bhang of transport, are at all events in hai Special District Court (Mr. n state of obsolescence and cause Yang Shao Yung) are contemplat- much unneccssary congestion and ing the removal of the two courts considerable unnecessary danger to from the present busy location to the public.
quieter place and the suggestion has been made that the two judicial
We recommend, therefore, (a) that no additional tramways should
¡
being constructed in New York, which, served by other avonuca from the West and North, would remove from the ordinary road level all the traffe.serving the great terminus stationé,
LAMMERTS AUCTIONS
PUBLIC AUCTION.
Instructions.
Further steps would include one grönt terminus for the "Southern Railway south of the Thames, and,HE Undersigned have received a double-deck bridge at Charing Cross, the upper road of which would join the overhead road from West to East.
TO SELL. BT
PUBLIC AUCTION
Major, Crawford advocates the modernisation of our cities by bold strokes of town planning involving not only streets but buildings. His WEDNESDAY, FEB. 4, plan would provide for all the unl future. His view is that the streets culable traffic requirements of the should be made to fit the traffic and not the traffic to fit the artects.
Trackless trolleys are put for USED CARS
ward as the best substitute for trams..
institutions should be removed to new quarters in the western dis be constructed, and (b) that, though no definite time limit can trict.
be laid down, they should gradual- The two courts at the presently disappear and give pince to other time occupy the buildings which forms of transport." formerly housod the old Inter- national Mixed Court in North Cho- kiang Road, together with a now concrete structure which was erect ed the year before; last for the Special District Court Tho build inga formerly occupied by the Mixed Court are more than 30 years old and they are in a dangerous state. They were built at a time when
Road Taxation,
Points made under this heading
Arg:-
Motorista are paying neither too
little nor too much in taxation, but
too much of the taxation is being diverted from the construction of roads, with the result that the rate-
in Babylonia at a very early date, numbering for nine months and North Chekiang Road was a comparers are paying too much.
certainly prior to B.C. 3900. Our knowledge of this is derived from a series of some 30,000 tablets (now mainly in the British Muscum), dated about B.C. 2500 to 2300,
which describe an elaborate system of fiscal or revenue, control by which the wealth of the country could be estimated minutely. Care ful statistics not only of persons, but also of live stock, asses and oxen were drawn up and butter, honey, milk, wool, and oven veget- ables were inventoried, The aur veya appear to have been made at intervals of about 6 or 7-years.
Egypt.
In Egypt the construction of the pyramids demanded a' considerable body of statistics. These are be lieved to have been compiled about 3050 B.C. About 2200 B.C. and again 1400 B.C. map of the country and statistical data were compiled. An elaborate registration system was in force and for census purposes the country was divided into ad ministrative units,
twenty days Joab "finished not, because there fell wrath for it against Israel." According to the book of Chronicles the number of men of Isreal and Judah "that drew sword" was set down as 1,570,000.
It has been stated that the
-biblical account of the Divine wrath, which resulted from the action of David in carrying out this census of the people of Israel, had the effect of delaying the adoption of the census by Christian Europe
for many years,
Road Fund "Raids." Other marks by the Commission
paratively quiet spot but, during the recent years, this district has grown by leaps and bounds and it.is now one of the busiest sections to the are:-
north of the Soochow Creek.
No proceeds of motor taxation (including petrol tax) should be diverted from the Road Fund to the detriment of the roads.
+
The proceeds of the petrol tax do not go into the Road Fund. at
Present Buildings to be sold. In view of this, the two, officials consider, that the location is unsuit able for any law court, so they con-present ferred on the advisability of moving the two institutions to a quieter place, preferably in the westera district. Their plan, it is under stood, is to sell the present build-
"Raids" on the Road Fund present ne redeeming feature" and are "bad finance.
J
[In two years, 1997 and 1928, £10,000,000 was taken from the fund for general revenue purposes.]
Rate of duty on vehicles exceed." ing four tons unladen should be in- creased; duty on vehicles between of another lot of land and the erec-nine and ten tons might be as high tion of new buildings,
In B.C. 538 a census was takenings for aprpoximately $700,000 and of the Children of the Captivity" to use the proceeds for the purchase
· (Ezra II. 1-81, and Nchemie VII. 6-6) with a record of their servants, their horses, mules, camels and asseя.
Other occasions are also mention ed in the Bible when from time, to time the Hebrew people or singlo tribes were enumerated.
Greece
A visit was recently paid to the western district and land was found, approximately eight mow in area, near Ferry and Gordon Road which the officials thought might be suit- able as a site for the new courts. However, the price asked for was In ancient Greece the various too high so endeavours were made classes of citizenship, their leges, obligations, property and
privi
to find another piece of land taxes demanded the institution' of } :: Meanwhile, the matter is reociv statistical enquiries of a systematic character. In Solon's census: (B.C. ing careful attention and, as soon In China also there appear to 504) the people were divided into as land is found, the matter will
China
as £120 a year. No motor vehicle to exceed ten tons anladen.
Road haulers should be placed under special £1 per vehicle licens- ing system, controlled by Area Traffic Commissioners.
Useful Janals.
Certain canals still possess con- siderable value as a means of tran- sport and, properly rationalised and developed, can be made to render useful service.
A number of small ports have been allowed to fall into a state of decay. The best kind of authority to own docks and harbours is a
RUDOLF, WOLFI & KBW, Luc. || have been very early enumeratione four classes according to the returns be referred to the Kiangsu Provin-publie trust.
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IT'S A SEASONABLE TIME
of the people.
of their property estimated in whent; this system appears to have cial Government and the Judicial remained in force until the time of Yuan for approval.-North-China Herodotus. (see Book II. c. 117), Daily News.
i.c., about 480, B.Q. A census taken in Athens in 309 B.C. distinguish- ed the different classes in the popu half that number of aliens and lation, there being 21,000 citizens, nineteen or twenty times that num.
Rome.
Middle and Dark Agos.
In the Analects (Legge Chap. X.) Confucius is stated to have bowed his head forward over the front rail of his car or chair na a mark of respect to the census-bearer. There is also a reference in the Chau Lai
After the sacking of Rome (A.D. (the laws of the Chau Dynasty) to|ber of, slaves,
410) the practice of census-taking the officer who was in charge of
fell into disuse and at least 321 the entering up of the number of
hundred years elapsed before the the myriad people." All those who
The object and the nature of the censue was adopted by Christian have teeth and upwards (ie., over Roman. Census has already been Europe. As already mentioned it eight months old in the case of referred to at the beginning of this is believed that the biblical account males and seven months in the case article. The information collected of the Divine wrath against David's of females according to the com- was mainly used for the apportion- enumeration of his people discourag mentator) are entered on tables, ment of rights and duties and little, ed census undertaking. There ap with a note of their various regional if any, use appears to have been peared, however, in the Middle distinctions and with annual entries made of it for those sociological Ages various compilations, more of of deaths. Every third year there and other purposes for which statis- the nature of cosmographies, deal- was a special enumeration nud the tical knowledge is now deamed soing in a descriptive manner with number of the myriad people was valuable. The Roman Census was,
different states or countries. Not reported to the census officer, who however, found to be of such benefit able, examples of these are the
TO GET A WINTER SUIT OR OVERCOAT. sacrifice offered the census roll to designed that it came to be a reKhalifate (A.D. 830); the Domesday
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the Emperor, and placed it in the sacred treasury.
The Hebrews.
in winter on a particular day of for the purposes for which it was Breviary of Charlemagne (A.D. 808), A Mamun's. Description of the gular and recognised Roman institu. Book of William the Conqueror tion conducted at frequent intervals,.D. 1085), the Land Register of generally every fifth year.
There are several censuses recorded (A.D. 1231) and Macchiavellis the Danish King, Waldemer II. The Hebrew Census was or by Livy, the Roman bistorian (born Ritratti della Francia o della Jinarily undertaken with the object | B.C. 69):---
13th century about the time that Allemagna." (A.D., 1515). In the
Marco Polo visited China, it is is completed, the number of stated that a census of Thibet was citizens being 117,310.” (Lávy | taken by Kubla Khan III. 24).
·
of ascertaining the number of adult(i.) B.O. 457 The census com- males available for military service.
menced in the preceding year
The first biblical record of an enumeration of the people is in the Book of Exodus (XXX. 11-18) where it is stated that Moses was direct ed to number' the children of
Israel.. The assigned date of this ia BIC 1401., The first systematic cerisus is that, however, recorded
(ü.) B.C. 103 "Cornelius now
Modern Times.
closed the lustrum, the numIt was not until the 17th century ber of citizens being rated at that any regular or systematic 143,704," (Livy XXXV, 9). consus was taken. The credit of
in Numbers (1. 1-40) ns taken by (iii) 3.0. 188 "The Companions first attempting the compilation of
Moses and Aaron daring the wan- dering of the Israelitics in the wilderness of Binal (about B.C. 1400). The number of adult males was found to be 003,550 exclusive of the Levites whose duties as ministers of the Tabernacle render. ed them exempt on this occasion, though separate consuses of them were subsequently made (Numbers IIT. 14-22; ÍV. 34:40; I. Chronicles XXIII.3).
(iv.)
were directed by the Consors, population statistics in more modern in accordance with a decree of times belong to the Canadian Pro the Senate issued the precedvince of Quobce or La Nouvelle ing year, to be included in France as it was then called, where the general Census of Rome. between the years 1065 and 1794, no Maccus Claudius Mar few than 15 regular censuses were cellus, the Consor, closed the taken: Justrum, 258,308 citizens being
rated." (Livy XXXVIII, 30); In Europe registration of local B.C. 173. “This year the citizenship was commenced in Wurt lestrum was closed... At | temburg in 1822 but systematic ro-" this ́ census 200,015 Roman cords of population were not com- citizens were rated." (Livy menced until the 18th century: In Nearly 500 years appear to have
XLII: 19). A.
1719 Frederick William I of Prussia passed before any further number- There are also two Roman cen- began his half-yearly accounts of ing occurred In B.O. 1917, a not suses mentioned in the New Testa population and enumerations of the ablo census was carried out by ment St. Luke II. 1 and Acts V. people took place in Herse Darm. King David, through the unwilling 37.
stadt in 1742, Hero Cassel in 1747, agency of Joab, who was directed
Sweden in 1748, Gotha in 1754 and s-go through all the tribes of
in many other places
Several consuses are also mention
worry out
Terael, from Danta Bearsheband half the best aut in the car to number the people. There untr
two accounts of this Census (II. part of the second century. In the first census was taken in 1790. Samuel, XXIV. 1-17 and I. Chron-A.D. 48 the Emperor Claudus In England and in France the first icles XXI. 1-0) which appears to closed the lustrum, the number of regular consuses were taken in 1801; have been undertaken primarily for citizens enumerated amounting to in Norway in 1818 in Belgium in military purposes. According to the 5,084,079. This number, however, 1831; while. In later yeare, during book of Samuel" the valiant men only included the males between the the 18th century, censuses were in- who drew the sword" of Judah and ages of 17 and 00 (Tacitus XI. 2) stituted in nearly all the remaining
This (Continued on next Column;} important countries of the world. Israel numbered 1,300,000.
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Coastwise shipping ports should be prepared for the part they may have to play in an industrial revival. The Commission is strongly op posed to any suggestion, of pri-CREDIT FONCIER D'EXTREME vately-owned
motorways.
AN OVERHEAD ROAD.
In a memoranduma attached to the report a member of the Commis sion, Major H. E. Crawford, Liberal ex-M.P. for Walthamstow West, proposes as a means of com- bating traffic congestion in London. a route from West to East, pass- ing the main line stations in the northern half of London, with an overhead rond of the type, pow
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COMMENCING at 11 AM.
AT THEIR SALES ROOM,
4, DODDELL STEDET,
4 BUNDLES STEEL BARS 15 PIORA IRON PLATES 15 BLANKETS SADDLE. 10 STIRRUP LEATHERS
130 BANDOLIERS 1,499 Las: EMPTY CASES
65 PAIRS BOOTS 277 COATS KHARKI 151 TROUSERS KHARKI -171 SHORTS KHARKI
and
A QUANTITY OF MISCELLANEOUS GOODS ARD" HOUSEHOLD FURNITURE.
TERMB :—Cash on DELIVERY.
LAMMERT BROS.,
AUCTIONEERS.
PUBLIC AUCTION.
THE Undersigned have received
Instructions
TO SELL BY PUBLIC AUCTION
ON
FRIDAY, FEB. 6, 1931,
COMMENCING. AT 2.30 P.M.
AT THEIR SALES ROOM, 4, DUDDELL STREET,
A VALUABLE®. COLLECTION OF CURIOS
· Comprising mem
Porcelain Vases, Bowls, Plates,' Flower Bowls, Jade Vases, Amber, Crystal and Agate Ornaments, Lacquer Screens, Joss Tables, Black- wood Jons Tables, Opium Stools, Bronze Ware, Embroiderios, Chinees Hand Paintings, etc., atë, nd
TERMS:-CASH ON DELIVERY.
Ox View from THURSDAY,
5th FEBRUARr, 1931,
LAMMERT BROS.,
AUCTIONEERS
PUBLIC AUCTION.
HE Undersigned have received
Instructions:
TO SELL ST
PUBLIC AUCTION
ON
FRIDAY, FEB. 6, 1931,
Commering at 3 O'CLOCK P.M.
AT THE SALES ROOM, UCDDELL STREET,
A FINE SELECTION OF JEWELLERY.
(LIQUIDATION STOCK)
'Comprising
Platinum, Gold and White Gold Watches Plain and set with Diamonds, Ladies' Wrist Watches set with Diamonds, Gold Vanity Care, Mesh Bag, Cigaretto Cans, Diamond Earrings, Platinum Brooch sat with Diamonds, Japanese Culture, Pearls, etc., etc.
Also
ONE FINE DIAMOND RING
10.18 CARETS
ONE DIAMOND, AND
EMERALD PENDANT.
ONE DIAMOND BRACELET.
ONE GENTLEMAN'S FINE
POCKET WATCH **TAVANNES" SET WITH 76 DIAMONDS.
Cars from THIESDAX ÖTH FEBRUARE, 1931,
TERMS:-Cash on DELIVAKY,
LAMMERT BROS..
AUCTIONEERS.