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THE DISUNION OF CHINA.
TEN POLITICAL DIVISIONS IN THE COUNTRY AND
CONFUSION GREATER CONFOUNDED.
WHERE MILITARISTS' MONEY GOES.
[BY GEORGE F. SOKOLSKY.]
China has been in political confusion since the founding of the Republic because of the common error among almost all fag- tions in Chinese affairs that unification can only be accomplished by military force. Millions of wealth, which might have gone iato making China a powerful, modern nation have been wasted on a huge coolie army which has achieved nothing in 10 years büt a greater disorganization, a wider separation, a destruction of property and ices to China. of the respect of the nations of the world.
No distinction can be made between the northern and the southern "armies: they have been equally" destructive, exil and, anti-nationalistic in their accomplishments.
1. The more or less indepen- dent Mohammedan states in the Northwest
J. The Soviet Republic of
Mongolia
The Kuomintang, in the early stages of its political activity. favoured provincial autonomy and the ideal of a Federated states of China. Even as recently as 1919
This is the ruaximum division of and 1990, Dr. Sun in conversations China that has yet been achieved. with me did not yet" oppose this Most Chinese find fatuous argu
But during cats theory altogether.
to explain way these 1920,, he began to tell me with in- divisions because they assume creasing fervour that this idea was that it reflects upon them Macr harmful to China because it meant foreigners, who are perhaps un a partition of China, because it friendly to Chinese nationalism. night give such foreign Powers as regard them as indientions that desired to follow a predatory pro Ching must break up into amall gramme, opportunities for the states and must suffer up into partition
of China. Subsequently small states and must suffer foreign he cast aside the idea of provincial domination. It may perhaps be autonomy, although he allowed for permitted to me to believe that the local differentiations by advocating present tendency to disintegrate village autonomy, which is politi-into increasingly smaller units. enlly meaningless. The fact that the most hopeful indication politi opposing factions in the North cally and historically of a prospec favoured provincial autonomy un- doubtedly influenced Dr. Sun to oppose it, but he was to a greater extent affected by his increasing opposition to Great Britain and Japan and his insistence upon the theory that their policy was fixed to take from China certain terri- tolles. Finally, when Comrade Barodin and the Communists en- tered Euomintang...councils, the unification of China under the Ruomintang, by any means, at any sacrifice, became the fixed policy of
the Party.
tive healthy and strong China, but that will have to be explained in fuller detail in subsequent articles,
"An Unbearable Bureau, 2-Each one of these units has an enormous army, which has to be clothed. equipped and fed and which is placing upon "the country a burden under which she cannot stand. There are no exact figures. of the size of China's army at ta: present time. Roughly the numer- ons groups are probably feeding 3,000,000 men. The number is like ly to be higher than flower. In dia cassing" milingyta with Chinese generals one constantly lis tens to talk of hundreds of thou- sands, under each command. And the numbers are increasing. For instance,. General Tang Seng Chi is reported to have increased his command from one division to four armies.
The Desire For Unlication.. « Similarly, in the North, every group, when in control of Peking insisted upon the doctrine of unification by forec. Yuan Shih Kai foisted upon China the neo feudalism, which is 'so, evident to day, in the hope of unifying the The only limitation which the country through his armies and military man-places upon himself eventually becoming emperor of the is the number of rifles he can ole united land. Tann Chi-Jui, the tain Possession of an arsenal or Anfu Club, Wa, Pei Fu, the Chihli a seaport for the import of arms, Party, Feng Yu Hsiang, the Chris means increased rifles and, there- tian Party, Chang Tso. Lin, the fore, increased armies. This ten. Fongtien Party, every great and deney to increase is everywhere ap petty militarist, once he participarent and is everywhere sapping pated in the control of Peking, op- the strength of the territory which posed provincial autonomy and has to pay for the upkeep of the sisted upon centralization and troops. In 1921, there was talk of unification by force.
demobilization and the utilization
The Need For Money.
In North and South, the so-call-of soldiers for industrial and agri- ed independenta, as long as they cultural purposes. To-day, the remained independent of any "cen armies are three-fold larger but tral control, utilized the very vital there is no suggestion of, de- force of provincial, autonomy in mobilization. Every general is in their own intereste. Thus, Lu the market. for more rifles and
Hsiang supported Yung
the every treasurer is seeking more Chekiang provincial autonomy money to pay for them. movement; Chen Chiung Ming, the Canton for the. Cantonese move- mens; both Tan Yen Kai and Chao Heng Ti, different in all else, sup- ported the Human movement; Yen Shi Shan for 10 years maintained the autonomy of Shanti; and when- ever he did not dominate Peking, Chang Teo Tin envisaged Man churia as a separate entity.
3. The necessity for funds has forced commanders of troops to re- linquish areas which have been taxed beyond their ability to pay. for new areas held by other com
This means perpetual manders.
The Kiangsu-Chekianz warfare." war of 1994-5 arose over the Shang. hai revenues, some of which are Expressions Of Feudalism,
illegitimate, like the opium ri- These provincial autonomy, move venue. The Tang Seng Chi-Cha menta, however, were insincere; Heng Ti war of 1928, which started of the Kuomintang northern expedi they were mere expressions feudalism in its worst forms and tion, was over control of the
pro
the fact that they were sponsored vince of Hunan. There have been militarists who numerous Vars over the chang
movements.
This insistence upon unification by force has netted certain results which can now be accurately sum- marized:
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EXCHANGE RATES.
[BRITISH WIRELESS SERVICE.]
Paris
Vienna Helsingfors Lisbon Bucharest
Buenos Aires
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Rugar, November 1st.
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Brussels Amsterdam Berlia Copenhagen
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21.08)
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New York. Geneva Milan Stockholm Oslo Prague
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18.09" 18.46) 1041 28.51 305 5.29/32 1/5.10/10 2/0 Silver spot & forward 201
HONG KONG STOCK EXCHANGE.
CLOSING QUOTATIONS
NOTIMBER AND, 1997..
B.K. Bank...$1,150-buy., 1,140 vol.
Da.. London...£120f zom. Chartered Bank... Mercantile Bank, A.
Do.,
P.&O. Bank
East Asia Bask
J.
Canton Insurance
nom.
BOID..
0...213f nom.
...£10 nom.
$3585 sel
China Underwriters. ......87.20 vol.
Tla. 143 nom. China Ins..116 North
...$192 boy. Union Insurance Tangteze Insurance ...... $484 bay. Chine Fire Insurance....$215 nom
Hong Kong Fire in 8590 buy. 45bay. Donglases. 5+ Steamboats... $21 1 H.K. Tags ...........31.90 201 Indo-Chinas (Free)....... 30 nom. Do. (Def)......$49 num. Shell Transporta.......90/- nom. Star Ferries m 504 nom. Waterboats.... .17 nom. Chins Bugam Maisbon Hugara Hingueta
$13 nom. ..$30 val.
DOLL
Hom
EXCHANGE.
CLOSING QUOTATIONS.
November 2nd, 1927.
OF LONDON.m!
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Bank Bills, at 4 months",
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Telegraphic Transfor
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Fr
124
LOT.
Bovarien, Bank's Baying rate $9.03 GOLD LEAF, 100 Bing, per tiel... BAN SILVER, per ez
$5 nom.
Ceniente (combined)......37 wel.
19/3 tom.
$118 mum.
$35 Bai.
.....
Tle, 4.50 buy.
Cauton Ices
Ths. 89 bur,
51%
% prom buy,
A Do.
int
com.
uny.
Tis
117
bay.
281
buy.
..62/6 so often by the very epple, led to opium and salt revenues. Yuanun1 All the Chihli Party generals from Kailan Mining Ad.. were hated by the 4. general less of confidence in the and Szechuan Have warred for the Tao Kun down are financially in Langkats (combined).... Tie, 16.50 rom
Tis, 8.40 bay, (single)..... Marshal Chi Haigh (I use the term. Szechuan salt revenue. The delta difficulties.
S'hat, Exploratione ...Tia, 8 sel. hated by the people." inaccurate of Canton, richest of all southern Yuan, who once commanded
Th. 5.30.nom. ly perhaps, but the intention is areas, has been an object of avarice treasury of $14,000,000, is practics! Shanghai Loans
Wu Pei Fu Raubs.....
..$03 buy, rather to describe the opposition for Kuangsi. Yunnas and Hunan ly without funds.
Tronoh Mines to militariam which is always ezis militarists, each of whom hoped to never had anything himself. Taa? Csal. Caspiana
•1/9 som. tent and which evidenced itself sweep down upon a rich city and Kun's fortune was dissipated whiB.K. & K. Wharls rest when the people of Kiangsa to obtain its revenues. Similarly, he was a prisoner of the traitor. opposed Marshal Sun Chuan Fang Peking, the very capital of the Feng Yu Hsiang.
Feng himself. W. Docks... who gave them the best civil ad- country, has been an pojective, aut has played so small a part, in the Hongkews
New Bngineering..... ministration this province has ever because of its pretty palaces and present situation because he lacks
Shanghai Docks witnessed).
the high prestige accruing to the funds. Chen Chiung Ming in Can-H.K. Gort Loan
ton is filibustering on the Kuang- possessor, but because there was re
frontier. tung-Fukien
withe i H.K. &8. Helela venue in the place.
funds.
•Lands... HK. Easy Come, Easy Go.
Such men as Chang Teo Lin, Shanghai Lands ....
Kong Realtys Surprising as it may appear to Tang Song Chi, Chang Tsung Hong the uninitiated, all the revenue, Chang and Yen Shih Shan have HK. Territorial ...... which a general acquires, soon be money, but that is because they Humphreys Estater...$12
hold revenue produeing territory. Prince's Buildings.......120 kuy. comes dissipated. The armies con-
Rural Lands minemansia nom. sume everything. Take the mi
A few defeats and their hoards are lions of the Nishihara loana! consumed in the costly efforts to Ewo Cottons
†TL, 240 bay,
7,50 wel 7 have recently investigated the
eave what remains of their pro-
This horrible, military Orientals .........
Tla, 2.20 buy. "perty affairs of the men who handled that money, as far as one can look, into machine consumes its creators. Shanghai Cations (all)...Tis: 55 zom Do: (now)... TL 9 дош another's purse, to satisfy myself They become mere feeders to its
Ms. 6 bay. that the generalization that little avoricious appetite. Militarism China Buses or nothing remains to the indiv then produces neither private nor BK. Tramvayı 320 sel. & ta. dual is correct. I found that Littie
(new).... 37 mol of wealth, a destroyer of wealth..
18/9 hom Hat died in debt; the other And public wealth. It is a dissipator Peak Trams (oid) ..... leaders are either without funds or
It is the chief explanation for the Singapore Tractions..
$1 hom are living on the bounty of some gen- mcreasing poverty of the Chinese Taxa ural, who utilizes them as advisors countryside.North China Daily Amusemente......$191.nom.
(Continued on Best Column.) (Continued on next Column.)
1.After 18 years of fighting to achieve unification, China is to day divided politically as fal- lows:-
A. The Peking Government B. The Nanking Government C. The Wuhan Government D. The Shansi Provincial
Government
E. The Feng Yu. Hsiang inde
pendent areas
F. The semi-independent Can- tou Government in closer. alliance with Naaking than any other group G. The
independent feudal areas of Szechuan H. Yunnan (details not clear)
Newa.
Do.
bay,, 12.40 sal.
„$14 vol..'-
26.
(ok) $6.60) nom. (now)...1'sel China Lights (comb.)......$12 nom.
Do.
(old)....39 pomi.
Vo. (now).....
China Providents
wou
$135.
$16:10 nom.
Constractionsdreamter def Dairy Farms... Der & Wings H.K. Electrica Macao Electrics
Воров H.K.
Do (DOW)
$32 buy, 524 sel.
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B5 nom.
15 wel
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Mackintosh................$22 01.
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Hinseres
Watsons (old)
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