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[36
Soviet Russia lives ünder a dual con- stitution, one part of which is the formal Constitution of the Union of Socalist Soviet Republics, we are told, and the other the Constitution of the Communist party. The formal Constitution is one of administration, according to a Rus "Come round here!" he cried again. sian correspondent of the Manchester↑ "I'm going to sing, and you are going Without further pre- Guardian, while the party Constitution to sing with me.' provides an organized body of opinion.amble he broke into the swing of "John which is able to use"-the-formal: Con- Peel," and the crowd followed him. stitution as a means of putting its ideasThe scene was the churchyard of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, Trafalgar-square, into practice. This correspondent, Athür Ranaome, who is an authority on Russian and the singer was Mr. Gibson Young. affairs, goes on to say that the essential organising director of the Community Fact_of_the_Soriet Constitution is that Singers Association,, whose object is to it insures the towns a dominant voice make people express themselves in song in government, while leaving the peasants even at their work. comparatively free to run their own affairs in their own way, and he adds:" The sound of a crowd singing in the In a district congress, the smallest open, lured puzzled passers-by through in which representation of towns and the gates of the churchyard, at first to has been since the 16th century, a Magnet attracting villages is united, the rural district watch the crowd, then to swell the chorus. Soviets have one delegate for every
Black-coated men stood up on the tops of
Gives a natural colour to pale checks
Both in less pota".
"All Chemists" and "Storen
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THREE CHOIRS.......
Jaba
Where Portuguese,
Portuguese, English and Dutch in turn Struggled for Mastery,
thousand of the population, the town passing omnibuses to start, and travelled from Europe all who sought Trade, Adventure or Gain. Soviets have one delegate for every onwards singing under their breath. Mr.
Young, warming to his work, took off his coat and raised his hands to beat the time of John Brown's Body." Then he
divided the gathering into three choirs. To-day it is rapidly becoming known as one of the Gems of the and, having started them singing Three Pacific-The Pearl of the Orient-and attracts Tourists and Visitors Blind Mice" as a part song, slipped
away before they realised that they were from all parts of the world. singing without him.
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"I am very pleased with to-day's work,"he said to a representative of the Daily Express who had observed his en. terprise.We shall be here every Thursday at lunch-time, and I hope to persuade famous musicians to conduct. Mr. Percy Pitt, the musical director of the British Broadcasting Company, has already consented.
two hundred electors. This proportion is preserved throughout, but, as higher congresses consist of delegates elected by lower congresses, the effect is that the town vote is gradually strengthened as it nears the top in the All-Union Con- gress of Sovieta. Bearing this in mind it is easy to understand how it is' that al- though the proportion of Communists in the village Soviets is extremely small, it grows steadily larger in the superior con- gresses, until it is dominant in the con- resses that rule large parts of the Union, and in the Union Congress itself. "The domination of the Communists in the legislative organa would be an unstable affair if they were liable to in- ternal schism on points of policy, if now We are ready to sing anywhere. I one section and now another succeeded should like to go to St. Paul's Church- in catching the support of the non-party yard, or to some City church, to cheer members of congresses. It is stable beup the clerks. In Melbourne and Bris cause the party makes unanimity the bane I had crowds of 2,000 singing, not chief object of all its internal discussions only these simple songs, but songs to the and is able to count on the unecaditional music of Schumann and Wagner. support of all its members for any de cision officially adopted by it. From "We want to make people sing at their time to time it passes resolutions cover-work, too. At a factory in York half an ing every field of its activity; these re- hour is set apart every afternoon for the solutions are taken as definite directives employees to sing while they are working. by the great bulk of its members, and A few minutes of hearty singing in the through them influence a very much middle of the day cheers up men and greater-number-of-persons-who, while women wonderfully...... supporting the Communists, do not pay subscriptions to the party or subreit themselves to the strict discipline which is binding upon party members," j
STRENGTH OF COMMENIST INFLUENCE.
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the Committee, it is pointed out, is held to have infringed discipline if he presses his views outside the Committee without ita permission. That permission is given before a congress, and it is understood that in the event of those views being rejected by the congress, the dissenter
The magnificent vessels of the Java-China-Japan Line sail will whole-heartedly support, whatever direct to Batavia, or to Sourabaya via Macassar, and give the other views are accepted, and wo are traveller the added charm of a sea voyage through Calm and told:
Because it is realized now that what the Communist party decide to-day, the representative institutions will decree to-morrow, Mr. Ransome relates, there is much greater public interest in the con- gresses of the Communist party than in "The result is a highly centralized-in-Tropic Seas under Ideal Conditions." the congresses of Sovieth. The Com- munist congresses are still held behind strument for coming to decisions which closed doors, be tells us, but their debates and carried out by its executive organs.
are reflected in the Congress of Soviets. are reported at great length. A congress But the instrument is used also in the of the Communist party, it appears, is attended by delegates from the local reverse way, to obtain an understanding branches who, as a rule, have been dis-support of its decisions by the party and cussing the more important questions eventually by large numbers outside the party. Every phase in the Government's which will come before it. Parenthetical activities is debated from top to bottom East Indies from ly, Mr. Ransque advises us that a pre of the party, No important event or liminary conference without the author change of policy comes about without a rity of a congress usually opens the dis- series of conferences at which the line of cussions which proceed throughout the the Central Committee, that controls the country, and be continues:
Government, is explained and discussed. The congress is met by the Central The rank and file of the party are thus Committee of the party and bears reports kept in close touch with what is going which represent the views of the Central on over their heads, while the feeling of Committee. In case of serious divergence | the rank and file is reflected back to of opinion within the Committee the con- the Committee. The process is carried gress may bear 2. minority as well as a majority report. It takes these reports as the starting-points of its debates. At the end of the debates it passes resolu- tions which represent compromises made with the object of finding formulae that will be supported by voter as nearly un- animous as possible. These resolutions are considered as directives binding upon the party as a whole and on the Central Committee, which the congress 'then pro- cccds to elect.
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farther through the part played by the rank and file in the non-party organiza tions (trade unions," Soviets, etc.)," until- behind a decision of the Central Com- mittee is ranged the whole strength of the party and that of a considerable pro- portion of the non-party workers.”
Although the party has latterly grown to be a body of over a million actual subscribers, Mr. Ransome points out, mere profession of adherence to its gen- "The election of the Central Commission to it, and he goes on to say
eral programme is not enough to gain ad- mittee is only the starting-point for the renewal of the party machine. At the the party was struggling and liable to "It was easy enough in 1917, when last congress the Central Committee elected 63 members and 43 deputica (the worst moments of the Civil War, for it peraccution. It was easy during the number of the Central Committee is get was felt that a man's desire to join when ting steadily larger). The Central Con- the possession of a party ticket. merely trol Commission elected at the same time included. 163 members, and the Central insured that he would be shot cat of hand Revisional Committee included 'seven.
if captured by the other side (I know When these bodies have been elected plenty of White officers who were captur there is held what is called a Plenum, ed by the Reds and are working in consisting of the Central Committee, the munist who survived being captured by Russia-to-day, but not one single Com- Central Revisional Committee, and the members of the Praesidium of the Central the Whites)" was almost a sufficient Control Commission (who have in the guaranty of genuine convictions. Now meantime been elected). This Plenum that the party is ruling Russia and that membership of it opens the way elects the Political Bureau of nine mem- bers with five deputies, the Secretariat to a career-it-is-extremely careful in members. It is on of the Central 'Committee (at present admitting new Stalia), and an Organizing Bureau of extraordinarily self-conscious party. For eleven members with five deputies Itexample, it recognized that the new con- further appoints the editors of the party ditions that are accompanying Russia's newspapers and the representatives of the anomic recovery would be likely im party in the Third International, ferceptibly to bring about a change in By accumulated prestige, fear of the party attitude, and that in this way schism, control of publication, and con- the party might lose sight of its purpose, trol of promotion in the party, Mr. Ran whereupon it consciously decided that the some further advises us, the
way to insure against this was to see that the workmen in the party should CENTRAL "COMMITTEE IS IN A be able to counteract the influence of the intelligentsia, who, it was felt, were most. likely to be affected by the new condi-
STRONG POSITION
in the party to obtain support for its to There was accordingly a purge of views, the Political Bureau is in a very the party that greatly reduced the per- strong position, while the General Secrecentage of intelligentsia, and when the tary has an overwhelmingly strong posi- doors were reopened they were opened tion in both. A dissenting member of under a notice more or less strictly ob-
(Continued on next column. served of Workmen only '."
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