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MODERN VIEW OF THE BIBLE.
SOME POPULAR ERRORS:
CORRECTED."
THE FIVE LAW BOOKS.
It may be allowed that the five Books, making up the Law were agreed upon and their form fixed and their authority as Law established about the period of the Restoration from the Captivity, say 410 B.O. This was an important beginning and formed a precedent upon which later centuries modelled their action, About two hundred years later, the next portion af Sacred Scriptures-entitled "The Pro- phets was finally settled beyond dis- pute and made nuthoritative as a part of the oracles of God. The third set of books was far more difficult to determine
some of them being only recently writ tea-but the number admitted was prob ably fixed between 100 and 150 years before the birth of Christ.
THE TRUTH
[BE THE ALV, J. HORACE JOSTON, MINISTER OF UNION CHURCH, KOWLOON.] Er. Nor-In many religious controvers sica discussion often ranges around the question of the inspiration of the Old Testament. The allegorical pictures found in Genesis and other Books present difficulties which the Overcome. average layman, cannot From our issue of April 34th it will "have been noticed that Dr. Gore, formerly Bishop of Oxford, has been
Another question asked of me was the delivering a series of addressen on
very pointed one "Am I a Modernist!" this subject in St. Paul's Cathedral. To which I reply I and more fundamental There can be "Let us proclaim," he declared than the "Fundamentalist." that constantly, as emphatically and nothing more fundamental than the Truth as publicly as possible the abandon-itself and every earnest mind desires to ment by the Church of an untenabile get deep down to the rock-bed of Truth. position the position that the early if one age supposed that it had gut down chapters of Genesis record literal to a solid foundation and the next ge ** discovers that there is much Ermer history.
ground below, I am all for reconstruction In a recent sermon at the Union Church, Kowloon, the Rev. J. Horace on the surce ground. I am not going to
be guilty
of inviting men to occupy a Johnston dealt with the same subject position which is unsound and in which from a different angle. His address they are insecure-a tottering structure was packed with interesting informa of belief which has been undermined by tion regarding the origin of the currents of thought which are daily grow. Bible. The gist of it is given below:ing in volume and power. First let us clear the ground "of some exploded ideas and deplorable fallacies be remarked.
4
What are these dames-" Fundament- list and Moderniet " They are war- cries, slogans, invented for no other pur The very word "Bible" eashrines a pose than to excite prejudice and appeal popular error. It is in fact, a very into the blindest and most unworthy pas- atractive example to show how much of sions of men, They are not invented by Pur present misunderstandings are due to the Peacemakers, who are the sons of medieval ignorance. The Greek word God, but by lovers of strife, the enemies "Biblia "
is a neuter, plural and was of God. Why put labels on men and correctly used in early days to denote the despatch them to their doom! Let us,
miscellaneous #books collection of
whatever our opinions, be all seekers after which had come to hold a sacred place truth and ready humbly to search and ser in the esteem of the Church But when if the things which are told us are true. the word was transliterated into the Latin
THE HIGHER CRITICISM. tongue, the form appeared to be a feminine singular, and in mediaval times"
The question was also put to me: "Are was treated, even by scholars, as such,
you going to preach the Higher Criti In this way a false notion of the sacred cism "Give a dog a bad name and collection as being a single work of hang him! is an old proverb and full of uniform inspiration and authority, not truth. This is another catchword used only found entrance into the mind of the simply for the sake of denunciation. Church but was firmly rooted and estabdo not wish to hurt anyone's feelings but. lished there through this Latinising proit I were to ask what is the meaning of cess, and the substitution of a singular the expression "higher criticism," for a plural word to designate the assem bled Scriptures,
In the days of Christ such an error could not so easily be made with respect to the Scriptures then held in honour. In every synagogue there was a book press, held more sacred than all the Baered building. Caually it occupied a recess screened by a curtain. Always, during worship, it was adorned with a specics of canopy. This press contained the precious manuscripts rolled up care fully and wrapped in beautiful cloths, deemed more sacred than the press, be- cause in closer contact with the sacred rolls..
PLURALITY OF COMPOSITIONS. The number of Rolls would probably vary a little, but, so far as I can ascer tain, the orthodox practice was to have the Torah--the Law-the first five books in our Bible-icscribed on one long rolk This was the oldest collection of books and the most holy, and the handling of it was Accompanied by evidences of the highest The next collection was not so old and came second in order of esteem It was called "The Prophets'" and was subdivided into "The Former Prophets " Joshuab, Judges, Samuel, Kings and The Latter Prophets" Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and The Twelve. This collection may have consisted of many rolls.
reverence.
After the Law and the Prophets came a third collection of very miscellaneons writings-so decidedly raiscellaneous 1 at no name could be found to cover them all. Thus they were sometimes alluded to £5 the rest of the books," "and were subdivided into three groups (a) the Poetical books-Psalms, Proverbs, Job; (b) the little bundle now called the Five **Rolls" (Megilloth) Song of Songs, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes. Esther; (c) and three more, namely, Daniel, Ezra- Nehemiah, Chronicles.
This last assortment of Writings" was admitted to the sacred chest but the various portions were doubtless held in various esteem, as certainly deserved to bo the case. As for the Book of Esther, a man need not even stand up to read it in the Synagogue.
My first warning, then, is against the nedieval error of treating the Scriptures as a single composition and not as plurality of compositions:
au
חין
I
doubt whether one in ten-one in fifty-- could tell me what its meaning is, as used by Bible Students. More than a century ngo eminent Bible Scholar, named Eichhorn used the term in connection with Bible-Study. In the preface to one My greatest of his works he says:
bestow on a hitherto trouble I had unworked field-on the investigation of the inner nature of the Old Testament with the help of the Higher Critician (not
Το
new uzme to any humanisth" It was a name used by Classical Scholars to de- note,, one branch of their science. master the Greek and Roman Clinica it was felt that scholarship should use every resource MSS. were collated and com- pared, the different readings were judged with minutest care and every effort was made to secure a text as near to the original as possible. But that was not all. There were more important questions. Were the books attributed to an author really his work and what was the occa sion that produced them and which were his earlier and which his later writings and how do the author's views stand and the circumstances of his day. related to the views of his contemporaries
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THE OLD AND THE NEW. In the second place let me dispose of another most misleading notion which was promulgated in the dark Middle Ages and perpetuated from century to century. In my young days I remeraber being so con- stantly told that between the Old Testa mont and the New Testament there was period of about four hundred years without a word of Revelation, that it took me a long time and much effort to eradicate the falsehood. It used to be taught that the canon of the Old Testa- ment was closed by Ezra. In the 13th century this legend first began to
but when it was authoritatively propound, ed by a certain learned Jew, Elisa Lévito, in the 16th century, it was sccepted without question by Christian Divines and transmitted without investigation from ágo to age as z-sure tradition.
When at last the tradition was examine Fit was found to have no historical basis whatever. It is generally admitted that ET rendered considerable service in
restoring the law to reverence and obedi ence and as a ready scribe in the Law of Moses." may have. had something to do with the final redaction of the Penta- teuch, but as to completing the canon of. Old Testament-Beriptures that is a story which is "apocryphal in the most
"In effect the tradition. derogatory sense. seems to be based on nothing more trust- worthy than an extract from 4th Ezra (2nd Eadras) the value of which as his- torical evidence may be ignored.
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These two branches of Classical Study, were distinguished as (1) The Textual Oriticism and (2) The Literary Criticism or aa, respectively, the lower and the Higher criticism,
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It W&B natural and inevitable and greatly to be desired that an earnest and reverent study of the authorship, date, When the great Religious Classic of circumstances of the Bible writings should is. the Higher Christendom was studiously examined, it be initiated. This was found that there were many matters Criticism.” of textual criticism in which the experi- ence of scholars in other fields was an invaluable guide. The discovery of MSS. and ancient Versions is helping us to get
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