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CHRISTIANITY IN CHINA AND JAPAN.
THE IRRITANT OF MISSIONARY WORK.
BY DR. HERBERT ALLAN GILES (Professor of Chinese, Gniversity of Cambridge.)
[FROM THE "SUNDAY TIMES"]
Your faith is not my faith, but truth is a jewel that has many facets."
19TH, 1923.
Mr. Studd, the famous cricketer-mission- ary, has declared that £50 per annum is -The Maharaja of Patiala. asamcient salary for a bachelor, and the Throughout the present crisis in China, China Inland Mission led the way. Catho no write up to the present date, hali priests and bishops have always been reatured to allude to one of the two chief paid on a beggarly sealo. impediments, and in my opinion, the most troublesome, in the way of peace and the renewal of friendly relations with the British nation. It is not, indeed, alto gether a matter of surprise that this point, to put it frankly, has been barked. The two impediments are, of course, one political and the other religious. The obstacle raised in the former case is the privilege known as extra-territoriality, which means living in a foreign country without being subject to its judical y
tem.
A JESUIT TACTICS. kins, Wylie, and women like Lydin Fay Men like Legge, Eital, Chalmers, Ed- and Adele Fielde, all of whom I know intimately, were rare in my day, whereas at any rate the Jesuit Fathers, many of whom I also knew intimately, were what they always have been, scholars of the highest culture, as witness their valuable scientide and literary achievements at Sicawei. A great blot on the Catholie reputation was the building of a lofty cathedral in the middle of Peking, where nil houses were ground-floor dwellings, in the gardens of which Chinese wives and dangaters would sit in hot weather, clad in the scantiest of what the journalist | calls “attire.”-
For instance, British subjects living in China are tried by British judges; whereas, living in France, they would be tried by French judges. It is now gener ally admitted in this country that extra territoriality has got to go; but the mer cantile community in China, representing nage trade interests, as well as the miswas that they used their influence unfair- Another grievance against the Catholics sionary communities and others, regardly to help their converts in cases bofore with dread the possibility of appearing as the magistrates or guild committees. civil or criminal defendants in a Chinese From this scandal Protestant missionaries court of law.
was
were generally free, though I knew of one glaring instance in which a rev. pastor illicit processes, and left for home, made a small fortune by this and other Another serious instance, in which the honour of Protestant missionaries upheld, with a corresponding decrease in the volume of their converts, came under my own notice at a port where I was stationed, and was published by me at the time, without a single note of pro- test. language.
It is contained in a nutshell of Christians failed to persuade their pastors Fourteen Protestant Chinese to interfere on their behalf in a land case before the local authorities; and after fading themselves up against a persist. eat refusal, these fourteen converts trans- ferred their allegiance of faith to the Roman Catholic church.
THE CHINESE COURTS. Ill-informed writers on Chinese affairs have said that there is no civil code, and no civil equrts in China which could ad- minister a civil code even if there were one. How, then, do China's four hundred millions, containing, as we well know, millions of eager and enterprising mer- chaats, get along Are there no business bitches, no differences which require the intervention of a third person! On the whole, it is certain that the Chinese sys tem for there is one-leads to much less litigation than we see in the celamas of our own daily newspapers Every Chi- ness merchant is enrolled under a guild representing his particular line of business, Disputes are referred to the guilds, and the decision of the committee in each case One direction in which Protestant mis- is final.
Such decisions are widely re-sionaries went mere hopelessly astray cognised as fair; and this must be so, for than the Catholics was in openly vilifying there is one slight which the Chinese will personages, documents, and beliefs, all not take lying down, and that is injusties of the most sacred character in the eyes Besides which, the guilda themselves are of the Chinese; but of this later. not beyond the reach of the high Govern ment officials.
THE TIENTSIN, MASSACRE.
As for criminal law, the Chinese have I had not been long in China beføre a code (England has none), translated by hatred of Christianity came again to the Staunton early in the last century, and front. The first religious upheavals which pronounced by many capable judges, came to my personal, knowledge occurred especially by Sir Edmund Hornby, to be i isto, when there was a serious astack nothing short of a legal masterpiece, on missionaries at Yangchow on the Yang- Naturally, it is not the code, but the tare, followed by gunboat" policy: f administration thereof, which count and This is not to be compared, however, in it seems clear to some who know the gravity with what was shortly afterwards Chinese people that every effort would be to ipllow, but was sufficiently disastrous made to show the foreigner that justice to the unfortunate missionaries concern- in all reaaes would be forthcoming. Many ed, Next came a minor disturbance in young Cainese have already taken law Formosa, which was then a part of China. courses in foreign countries; unfortunat The Consul in the latter case was all for y, among these there are students who more gunboat" policy, bat happily have never qualified in their own langu- bothing of the kind came aff. age, and this would very much impair
On June 21st, 1870, came the "Tientsin their value in Chinese courts of law or at violence was used, against the Roman Massacre. J It was directed, in so far as the judicial meetings of trade guilds. "FORCED ON UNWILLING MINDS.kindly Orphanage, where it was popularly Catholics, and chiefly on account of their There now remains the second of the believed that the eyes of Chinese children impediments mentioned above. It is
were gouged out for medicinal purposes. covered by the word Christianity, which with two or three of the quiet, courage
I was personaaly acquainted during 18 was finally forced upon the unwilling ous French sisters, and on very friendly minds
of the Chinese people chicfly by terms with several of the Catholic fathers, Clause XIII in the French Treaty of who were ruthlessly murdered by an in- 1868-60, on which other Powers based the furiated mob, their cathedral and the less exacting clauses in their Treaties establishment of the nuns being burnt to though, of course, all Treaty Powers could claim, under the favoured-nation clause, and extra privileges specified in any other Treaty.
the ground. The French Consul was kill ed, as were a Russian and his wife, re cently married, and two especial friends of mine, the Comte de Challemaison and When I first went to Pelding early in his wife. Challemaison sold his life dear. 1867, the Chiness there were still cowedly- but why shoulde have had to sell by the recent capture of the capital and at all? His body was found surround the imposition of "rights" and of heavy ed by dead Chinamen, whose deaths can- financial indemnities. Little children not be laid at his door. would shout out "Devils"! to passing foreigners, but would be promptly dis eiplined by terrified mothers. As soon as I could put together a few sentennes of colloquial Chinese, I did my best to show that I was not altogether & brutal bar barian, but merely a sympathetic foreign er, anxious to learn all I could about the manners and customs, religion, etc., of the people among whom I was to spend the best years of my life.
brutal execution was the work of Chinese The massacre, which, as regards its soldiers, was confined to the Chinese quarter, of Tientsin in which the French Consul, Catholic fathers, nuns, and a few others lived. Having finished their job there. the soldiers were on the way to- wards the general foreign Settlement, which lay at some distance down the river. Happily, a violent storm.. came, on, and the soldiers gave up the attack.
For all this a huge indemnity was exact- and the chief authority in Tientsin, In this way I gathered that the recent Chr ung Hou, a friendly Manchu, was sent invasion by Protestant missionaries Was to France to apologise to the new Repub not only widely resented, but that conic, the chief resalt being, of course, that verts, so-called, were paid to declare missionaries and Christianity were more themselves Christians and to join in the hated than ever. chapel services, These were popularly know, as "Rice Christians," and had it
* RICE CHRISTIANS."..
ed,
ANTI-CHRISTIAN PROPAGANDA.
not been for the clause in the Treaty The ground had for some tinte been well giving them protection, the insuited salted for such a murderous episode, people of China would soon have made which was of a purely religious character. short work of them and of their pastors. In the year 1870 the Rev. Dr. Nevins pub The Catholic Faith had been taught in lished a translation of the most aggres China for centuries before this date, and,ive attack on Christianity which had zo for the matter of that, so had the Pro-far appeared. It was later on translated testant Faith for at least half a century by Mr. LO. Hopkins, LS.O., and as he but the work had been on a much smaller is a very distinguished Chinese scholar, I scale numerically, and geographically to shall confine myself to his renderings, a much "Aktrower; extent. Catholic which in every cane lihave compared with Fathers had been and are still far better the text, subject only to my rendering of equipped in point of education, and urTien by God instead of by Hea bassingly so in their knowledge of the ven. In those early days Mr. Hopkins Chinese language, than Protestant mis had not made his own important discovery, sionaries generally, who were, as I knew that the Chinese character for Tien is an them, very much of the inspired tinker anthropomorphic picture. Death to the class, with a few second-class classical Devils Doctrines, or, as Dr. Nevius had scholars from the Universities. These it. Death-blow to Corrupt Doctrines may have been actusted to some extent different titles seem to have been given to by a desire to convert the "heathen," who different editions was the work of a ligh had believed in God and bad enjoyed a oficial, Tang Chi Shing, who was Pro- moral code similar to the Sermon on the vincial Treasurer of the province of Mount, and also to some extent by Hupek. With it was incorporated the natural desire to share in the loaves and famous anti-Christian pamphlet entitled fishes of this world. I was told that the was obliged to," by a distinguished pay of a marned missionary in those writer of the 17th century, to which carly days was £300 per annum, a house, Fathers Baglio und de Magalhdens replied and 140 extra for every child, Pounds in 100% sterling then went a long way in Chian
(Continued on page 8.)
2
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