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ENZIE
BURTON TRENT
THE HONGKONG DAILY PRESS, WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER
DR. MACKENZIE'S INVALID STOUT
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CANAL.
TEN YEARS OF THE PANAMA Lesseps'a oporations in Panama is too ra cent and too tragic to dwell upon; cir cumstances quite beyond his control were responsible for the Lamentable failure of tue enterprise.
INTEROCEANIC TRAFFIC.
FIGURES.
NICARAGUA NEXT.
[Br. 1. MURPHY, FORMER SECRETARY ISTHMIAN CANAL, COMMISSION-]
August 10th. Next Friday will mark the tenth anniversary of the opening of the Panama Canal and the close of a decade of successful operation.
For the third time, the American Con- gress took up the canal project, and on June 9th, 1903, authorised Presidena Roosevelt to negotiate for the purchase of the French rights and property in Panama. The proposition was accepted by the French company and the purchase completed; and the United States, in consideration of the transfer of 190,000 acres of land, gave the Republic of Panama ten million dollars, and these acres now coastitate the Canal one.
THE " IEREMOVABLE BARRIER." . The first great problem to be solved was theirremovable tatrier” of the Early on the morning of August 15th, Spaniards, Culebra Mountain.
Á pas 1914, the American steamship dncon, with age nine miles long had to be cut many distinguished guests on board. sail-through it-190 feet deep, 300 feet wide ...$31.00ed from sea to sea without a hitch, com-at bottom, and one-third of a mile at top pleting the passage in nine hours andfigures which convey but a faint idea ..$20.50 forty minutes In succeeding days other of its magnitude, and no idea whatever ships followed in unexpected number of the heart-breaking obstacles that had the first foreign vessel being the Daldarch, to be overcome. In on August end. The Daldorch was to 260,000,000 cubic yards of rock and earth round figures, bave sailed around Cape Horn from had to be torn from the mountain be Tacoma to Liverpool with a cargo of fore
the talk was finished. Nearly wheat, but the breaking out of the World twenty million pounds of high explo War made it necessary for her to gosives, largely dynamite, were employed through the Canal so as to get the wheat in the work of blasting. The digging to its destination as quickly as possible.of the Suez Canal, which made de By changing her route she saved forty Lesseps famous, was child's play com- days of sea voyage Warships of various pared with the work in Panama, the nations followed, the first being the Peru eighty miles of level sandy soil at Suez vian destroyer, Teniente Rodriques, representing none of the terrific problems turning to home waters from the Amazon. that had to be solved by American
From the opening day to December 31st, engineers, in Panama. 1914, 350 ships had passed safely through, Another knotty problem WILA the the Canal, and in the year following the Chagres River, which at times became number had increased to 1,151, carrying a raging torrent rushing madly to the a million and three-quarter tons of sea, leaving death and destruction in eargo. Down to the close of 1923 no fewer its wake. To harness that wild stream than 22,576 abips, with nearly ninety-five required the creation of a great reser million tons of cargo, were carried from voir, into which its turbulent waters sea to sea without a single mishap. could be diverted A dam over a hun The records of the Casal Commission dred feet high, a mile and a half long, for the nine fiscal years ending June and balf a mile broad, had to be built 30th, 1923, show, as was to be expected, across Chagres Valley, Into Lake Gatun, that American vessels tilising the canal as it is called, the Chagres River, even outnumbered all others. The total tran-in its worst tantrums, hardly makes a aits in those years were 19,802, of which ripple on the surface. American vessels numbered, 7,855, carry-
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SANITARY PROBLEMS.
ing 35,083,489 tons of cargo. In thess figures are included coasters trading be- The French had expended in their ope- tween ports in the Däited States, iprations about three hundred millions of which commerce foreign vessels ara not permitted to engage.
Great Britain came next in number of transit, 6,687 ships all told, with 20,495,241 tons of cargo-followed in order of importance by Norway, Japan, Chili, Denmark, Holland, Peru, France, Sweden, Spain, Italy, and Germany.
The year 1923 was prosperous for the canal beyond precedent or expectation, and it is reasonably certain that in a few more years the entire cost of construction can be covered from tolls that are neither excessive nor burdensome.
CANAL PROJECTS-
William
dollars, but, unhappily, the time had not arrived when such a stupendous enter- prise.could be successfully carried out. Medical science had not then discovered that the deadliest scourge of the tropics, yellow fever, was caused only by mos quitoes of the evil. ategomyia family. These pests had completely vanquished thousands, high officials as well as negro the French, counting their victims by workers. Luckily, Dr. Gorgas, ranking a major in the Ameri- C.
tarian of the Isthmus after his wonder- can Army, had been made chief sani-
ful yellow fever campaign in Havana Dr. Gorgas was fortunate in having the assistance of Major (now Bir) Honald Ross, an Englishman, who had been call- ad into the sanitary service and who had previously discovered that another brand of mosquoto, the anopheles, was the cause of Malaria. Gorgan bad every
It is strange that the bay into which Columbus sailed on his lust voyage to the New World should, over four bun- dred years later, be the Atlantic entrance to the Panama Canal. Shortly after ha had given up his quest for the supposed stagnant pool along the line of "canal, passage to the Indies and returned to every ditch, every breeding place of the Spain, there arrived on the Isthmus & mosquito, covered with a film of kerosene most remarkable man, Vasco Nuucz de to destroy the larvae. Every house, Balboa, with a party of advanturers office, shop, and hotel connected with Balboa, marrying the daughter of an the canal, and in the cities of Panama Indian chief, soon become the dominant and Colon, he had screened by fine wire epirit in the Spanish possessions in Amic- netting to keep out the posts. rica, and in 1513, with a number of fol lowers, he made the toilsome journey Zealand, and Australian ports nearer to The canal has brought Japanese, New from Atlantic to Pacific. On the 25th day New York than to London. Actually of September in that same year he dis-Yokohama is nearer by 892 miles. Sydney covered the Pacific Ocean, which he named
the South Sea, and of which he took by 1,612, Auckland by 3,860, and Welling- formal possession in the name of the ton by 37717 miles. Per contra, the whole Spanish Emperor. Among his followers western coast of the United States has WILS Spanish engineer, Alvaro de been brought thousands of miles closer to Saavedra Ceron, to whom must be given advantage that will doubtless balence London and other European ports-an the distinction of being the first to con- otherwise might have been a loss. If the ceive the idea of an inter-oceanic canal.
sea voyage," even by a Returning to the Atlantic edast with shortening of Balboa. Saavedra made" numerous aur veys, and prepared plans to be transmit-transportation costs and stimulation of ted to the Emperor, Charles V., but whe-trade, how much greater must be the ther these ever reached their destination effect upon commerce when, not only is questionable.
hundreds, but thousands of miles are eliminated
few hundred miles, results in lower
THE NICARAGUA ROUTE,
About 1534 Pascual de Andagoya, In- spector-General of the Indies, probably by command of Charles, caused several surveys to be made for a possible canal,perts differed as to the relative merita Before. the completion of the canal, ex- but in the report to His Majesty Andagoya of Panama and Nicaragua as routes of pronounced the undertaking imposible inter-oceanic communication. because of the fabulous expenses it would tions were carried on with Nicaragua as Negotia- entail. After the Emperor's death his far back as 1884, and in 1880 the con- son and successor, Philip II, considered struction of a canal was actually begun
17TE, 1924
TO-DAY TILL SATURDAY, ht 5.15 & 9.15 p.m.
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the folly of a work which they consider the company's resources were exhausted, Andagoya's plans, but his advisors urged on the Atlantic side. Three years later C. E. WARREN & CO., LTD. F.&O.BANKING CORPORATION ed impious, Almighty Wisdom having and the project was abandoned. place an irremovable barrier between the two ocenus.
"。!!!,
The routes across Nicaragus is about
SANITARY ENGINEERS,
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A 17TH CENTURY ATTEMPT. And so the idea of a water-way baby Lake Nicaragua. This great body of tween the Atlantic and Pacific was drop- water has an area of 3,000 square miles, ped, and, apparently, forgotten for over its surface being 105 feet above sea-level. two centaries. It was revived, however, and it is connected with the Ban Juan- late in the seventeenth century, when River. The Nacaraguan route begins William Paterson, one of the directors near Greytown, thence by canal to Lake of the Bank of England, was given royal Nicaragua, after passing through which authority to establish a colony in Darien it goes through the valleys of Rio del SANITARY INSTALLATIONS.
the construction of a canal between the Medio and the Rio Grande to Brito on oceans being his ultimate object. The the Pacific. It is anfe to predíet that colony was established, but the deadly the next canal to be constructed by the discases of the tropics and the fierce United States" will follow that particular attacks of the Spaniards so reduced his route.-Observer. party that the survivors were forced to return to England. Again, in 1780, the British Government sent out another ex- pedition, this time to Nicaragua, under command of Majon Polson the future Admiral Nelson being one of his officers. Disease and death played such havoc. with the expedition that it also was forced to return..
"DE LESSEPS FAILURE
The loss of Spain's American posses slons having put an end to Spanish activity in America, the United States made two investigations which came to nothing, and it was left for the French to begin the gigantic task On New Year's Day, 1930, the work was started on the Isthmus, under the leadership of Ferdinand de Lesseps. The story of de
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ON SALE,
TONGKONG HANSARD REPOETS turbof ma the. MEETINGS 过 the LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL for Đại Nam 1921.
PRION
Revised by the Members.
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