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shore station, and not subjected to hos, tile air attack. In most cases the bombs were dropped from a comparatively low altitude, and the ships were 'only' either; VISCOUNT CURZON AND ADMIRAL damaged or sunk after repented hits
MARK KERR,
IMPORTANT DEBATE, There was a crowded attendance at the Royal United Service Institution recently to bear the debate between Admiral Mark Kerr and Capt. Viscount Curzon, M.P., on the battleship controversy. It was interest. ing, not only for the careful presentment of the arguments of the two protagonists, but also for the judicial way in which Lord Ampthill, the chairman, summed up the points and gave his judgment in favour of Viscous Curzon. The decision was not challenged by the audience.
Admiral Mark Kerr framed his pro position in the following words—
"In order to preserve the command
of the sea it is necessary to adapt our warships and aircraft to modern re quirements, since the present type of battleships no longer performs that function, the reorganization of the naval bases thus becoming requisite. It was a maxim of strategy, he said, that it was only to one side's advantage fight a general engagement at sea, as it was only to one side'sandvantage to
"I do not wish to contest the fact." he went on, that aircraft are "aided menaces to the capital ship, but it is mential, before we agree with Admiral, Mark-Kerr, that we should exactly under stand the menace to which the enpital ship is subjreted.
SUBMARINE A DECLINING MENACE, Neither Admiral Mark Kerr nor Admiral Sir Percy Scott sem to be in any way ecneeius of the tremendous ad ance in mati-submarine warfare which has taken place since the fatter portion of 1918, I think it would not be considered a wild conjecture to assert that the sub- marine is a declining menace to all,ur-" face craft, and in the case et battleships. the submarine may soon become com-
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in wethods of protection and acoustic detection is maintained.
Both Admiral Mark Kerr Admiral Percy Scott, however, wem to MANILA envisage an alternative type of battle. ship. Admiral Kerr has defined it as being a battleship capable of carrying aeroplanes, by which, I suppose, be meats
*
AIPHONG
a spicies of aircraft-carries, whereas Sir BORNNO Perey Scott has refused to define it.
if a battleship is obsolete la cause it ig vulnerable, the argumene would
get out trumps at bridge. In the old should think it was obvious that days, before the coming of the pests of the en if one side did not want to fight general engagement it was usual for the
also apply to the aircraft-carrier. I TIENTSIN battle feet on the other side to chase.it; should have thought that an aircraft. into port and so blockade it, and thus carrier was undoubtedly mare liable to BANGKOK nullify its effectiveness while preserving destruction by a torpedo or bamb than its own cruisers from molestation. This battleship.
Iwas no longer possible stuce the coming All capital ships are now fitted to of the flotillas of the underwater, the carry aeroplanes and yet they do not surface and the sky. This was the most seem to satisfy the requirements of important point, because it did away Admiral Kerr. It is obvious that the admiral Bryst. ecrtemplate with the proper fusetion of the battle gallant ship to hold the ring, so that her cruisers something in the nature of an aircraft- could work in safety.
carrier, but I assume he has tres forgotten that the number and tourage of our air- craft-carriers are strictly limited in the Washington Conference, aud it is cer 1-What type of ship should the tainly the intention of the Admiralty present-day battleship be, so that it to build airerafe tonnage up to the could hold the ring ander modern con-maximum limited in the Washington ditions
PROBLE UNDER TWO BRADS The problem before them came under two principal heads:-
2-How wore we to command sea com- munications between the Empire and other ports of the world in the face of present-day circumstances?
During the war the speaker had the unique opportunity of observing the effect of the flotillas of the air on the flotillas of the underwater, first with the as British Adriatic Squadron, then Deputy Chief of the Air Staff, and after wards he commanded the South-West Air Forces Area.. By all the returns received, it was shown that never was a vessel sunk that was escorted by heavier-than-air craft, and be believed there was only one case of sinking when the ship was escort ed by a light-than-air vessel,
Conference. The number of aircraft. carriers allowed us is quite insufficient to provide an adequate aerial defence for the trade routes of the Empire and at the same time to mert. the needs of the Fleet.
"Not to build the two capital. ships in the event of no war within the next 20 years would be to condemn thousands of officers and then in our older ships, parti ally worn out, of inferior design. insuth- cient protection, wenker: armament, and low specd, to go to sea and endeavour to find the enemy, within range of whom they might never get who might be able to destroy them as completely as the three battle-cruisers were destroyed at the Battle of Jutland by a better design of
Our closest neighbour." he continued, Į ships." is already adopting the poller I am ad
VISCOUNT CURZON'S CONCLUSIONS,
vocating by irerasing her flotillas in the The conclusion is that the capital air, the surface and under-water, and ship remains to-day, as it has always by not spending more money on capital heen, the unit on which all other paval ships. At the present moment he has forces depend for support, and which, 1.000 aeroplanes for attack or defence, as when the critical bour of the Flect again the compared with our 75. Last year she built 3,200. against our 200, and her sub- takes place, will become at once
dominating factor. By her construction marire feet has increased enormously.
and design she is able to give and take the hardest blows. She will always re quire auxiliary forces to enable her to develop her power to the utmost, and it may very well be that the capital ship of the future will be a very different craft to what it is to-day."
AEROPLANE CARRIER SUGGESTED..
I believe that the present form of battleship should be an aeroplane carry ing ship, with sore aircraft carrying 21-in. tor jedoes, others with depth charges, bombs, and smoke bombe, and There will be some 5ghting machines, in attendance on her submarines and destroyers. A Gin, gans will becondary, armament of provided for defence against the submarine and the destroyer and the vessel thould be fitted with blisters and well sub-divided.
With regard to Singapore, Viscount Curzon said that to abandon the project was a good as telling our Eastern Empire that we had no means of protecting them. Instead of a Ministry of Defence we should have better co-ordination nud liaison between the existing staff colleges,
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or perhaps a joint war college under the base was not necessary, but there was a Committee of Imperial Defence.
Admiral Kerr, in reply, said they might way to keep it inviolate without big Viscount Curzon pointed out that an get a battleship that was practically un-battleships lying in the harbour. sinkable, but what were they going to do
He never said the Singapore aeroplane carrier could not go to Singa pore unless there was a dock large enough (Continued on next column.)
We can be struck a fatal blow in the heart by anyone within air distance of a before a single sailor. or soldier has seen certain the enemy. There is only amount of money available for national defence, and the older services bave been with it? getting more than their share. Their is bad strategy and policy. It is obvious that the weapon that is most useful for destroying or preserving anmunications should have the greatest consideration when the estimates are being framed."
To do away with the Air Ministry, he Said, would mean that we should lose the next war. He advocated a Minister of Defeuce to co-ordinate Army, Navy, and Air Force,
With regard to the Singapore Deck, Admiral Kerr remarked that we did not build a stable big enough for an elephant if we only had to kennel a terrier...
VISCOUNT CURZON'S REPLY. Viscount Curzon explained that the ditate arose out of the report in The Nural and Military Recurd of the epreches of Sir Percy Scott and Admiral Mark Kerr at the Colonial Institute, followed by a letter controversy in The Morning Post,' ‚ ̈ ̈
Down to the present time the naval staffs of the United States, Japan, and Great Britain, including a strong Naval Board under Lord Beatty, had accepted the battleship as the principal naval unit. Their opinion was reinforced by another naval officer of the great distinc tion. Lord Jellicoe who wrote: "Thera is at present no apparent prospect of the submarine or aircraft defeating the capital ship is the next 17 yea
years *** naval war, continued Lord is the mosť weapon that human ingenuity has devised. Torpedoes, mines, and air bomba are all most powerful weapons, but they are not weapons of precision. As proof that the torpedo was not a match for the big gun at present, he said that at the Battle of Jutland hundreds of torpedoes were launched, making very With few hits and doing little damage. regard to mines, the provision of bilges, good under-water sub-division, and the latest type of machinery for clearing the ship of water, would in all probability enable the ship to survive.
Curio the big gun
"With regard to aircraft, it must be remembered that all the experiments had been carried out against old types of ships in porfeet weather and in shallow water, and by aircraft operated from a
to accommodate her.
The Chairman said he was impressed by the argament that the aeroplane carrier would be as vulnerable as the battleship. and gave his judgment in favour of Lord, Curzon,
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