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THE HONGKONG DAILY PRESS, MONDAY, AUGUST 20TH, 1923
PERSPIRATION.
Å SEASONABLE SUBJECT. Professor J. Arthur Thomson writes in Juliet' founion's Weekly on a particularly appropriate subject as follows:-
On some of these warm days many people have verified the judgment pro Bounced on Man after his first disobedi ence: In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread " What is this sweat Why do we perspire!
Sweating is peculiar to mamumis, and there are some that dispense with it What actually occurs is that corkscrew like sweat glands are filtering out water (with "traces of salts and volatile pro- ducts) from the surrounding blood, and getting rid of it on the surface through minute apertures. What are called the pores of the skin are the minute open- ings if the sweat-glands, and there may be two or three thousand on a square inch. There are other glands in the skin, railer sebaceous, which manufacture 4. fatty substance-keeping the skin and the hair in good order, but they usually open "into the little moats fram which the hairs grow out.
When perspiration is niederate and the nie dry the sweat evaporates instantane ously, but in conditions of great heat and musist air large drops are formed and we see or feel them trickling down the face like tears. The skin may be seen glisten- ing with drops of sweat, and places like the palm of the hand become very moist, The greater part of sweat consists of water, and it should be renumbered that large living matter itself contains amount of water sometimes over ninety per cent. The water that is get rid of in sweating came from the blood, and the blood absorbed it from the food cana) and from the tissues of the body. Two or three pints of water are on an average, got rid of by the sweatglands in the course of twenty-four hours, and it my be said that the sweating help in keep ing up a useful internal water circulation, But this cannot be its chief menning, for some animals, birds for instance. do not
sweat at all.
A 'SION OF HARD WORK.
Along with the water of the sweat there are small quantities of fats and volatile fatty acids, traces of albumen and the waste product, urea, and also minute quantities of inorganic salt.
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more-namely, that birds have n system of airanes in connection with their lungs, mind, although there are not many blood- vessels on their walls, there is a certain amount of "internal perspiration." The water steals off in the form of water vapour, and this also brings down the body-temperature.
It comes to this, that sweating is very important to many animal because it counteracts & inngerous rise of boy temperature in warm weather or during trenuous exercise, but it is not jadie pensable. The same end can be secured in other ways, as the case of birds plainly shows. We may say this also in vegard to some nimals-for example, the Spiny: Ant. Eater of Australia-a. fact of some interest because this is a very primi- tive manuaal, an egglayer indeed, and because it is very imperfectly warm- blooded. Its body-temperature changes. in an extraordinary way, and 'perbnus ons might say that the creature woukl be more comfortable if it cold sweat.
The dog is a good example of a highly- evolved mammal with comparatively few. sweat glands, and their relative scarcity. makes the dog's panting more intelligible. It is cooling its blood in its lungs. But a feature in the familiar sight is the long tongue lolling out, and the meaning, of this is not that the dog is sweating by its tongue, but that the evaporation of the salivary secretion from the surface of the tangue reduces the temperature in the adjacent blood, which tells a little on the general circulation.
WHALES, CATS, AND SHEEP.
One book follows another in stating that sweating is absent in this or that manual, but these statements must be subjected to critical examination. We are willing to believe that whales never sweat, but we are sure this is not trae of the cat. The sweating horse is familiar, but the sheep is not far behind. In many cases there is particularly, profuse per- spiration on some special region of the hod. mich as the pain of the hand and the sie,of the foot in monkeys; and these are nan's maximum arENB For Papidly evaporating sweat.
As to oui friends who assure us that they never perspire, we know that they are mistaken. They keep their skin in good condition; they take things easily nad do not make hay, when the sun shines; they wear loosely-fitting under- It is also rainient; and their perspiration steals off well known that certain substances taken as it is produced. It is what the physio- in as part of food and drink may realogists call inwusille, mut srusible, per- spiration. Such happy people have pear in the sweat. Thus the second sug gestion is that sweating may be a means escaped from the penalty imposed in of filtering out certain waste-products their first parents. that the blood collects. Bat while there. is some truth in this, it cannot be the main, answer to the question. Why do we wat for the quantities Altered out are very small.
The most important part of the answer becomes evident when we notice the great increase of sweating when there is very warm weather or when very hard work is being done. Workmen engaged in stoking fires have been known to get rid of three and a half pints of sweat in forty-five minutes, and as much as live plats in seventy minutes. This seems almost incredible, but we must remember the prodigious number of sweatglands. In his vivid Romance of the Human Bolly," Dr. Ronald Campbell Mafie tells us that the total number of sweat- glands has been reckoned to be about two and a half million, representing a total length of tubing (each gland is a corkscrew tuhe) of twenty to thirty mifles -long enough to reach bali-way from London to Brighton."
The "cold" sweat" of anxiety and fear in interesting theoretically, for it shows that an emutional disturbance with its seat in the brain influence the nerves going to the awe glands, so that the latter are provoked into unusual activity, Everyplus in the body has its minus, and the useful role of the sweat glands is tnx ed, so to speak, by the occurrence of the abnormal. This there may be too much sweat or too little, and worse things than either-especially when microbes, which penetrate so often into the bundle of life. appear on the scene and make themselves obnoxious. To the enthusiast for health the most important fact we have mention- edi man has between twenty and thirty miles of skin tubes, for it is ob viously very important that these should be kept open and in good order. We have read of tribes who have a sweat- house, half temple and half Turkish bath. godliness and cleanliness being recognised correlates.
It is a superheated vault where raves swelter" all night, issu ing at dawn to plunge into the ice-cald river. That is the true spirit!
In hot weather and hard work there is a risk of the temperature of the body
Addressing a gathering of foreigo rising too high, and one of the automatic ways of preventing this is sweating. The journalists in Paris on June 26th, Presi evaporation of the sweat lowers the ten-dent Millerand declared that France's perature of the blood when there is a risk his hearers to give the world a faithful aims were peaceful, and he appealed to of it rising too high., Most maminals are
representation of French feeling and thoroughly warm-blooded, which means policy. more than the word shggests. It means that they keep up an approximately con- stant body-temperature, day and" night. year in, year out. If it is very cold wen- ther, the muscles receive orders.from the brain to produce more heat. If it is very warm weather, the sweat glands are com-- manded to pour out pre water, and wat larings down the body-temperature. This is the chief significance of sweating.
It is intelligible, then, why the amount of sweating increases on a very warm day, or in the course of very hard work which makes the wheels of the bodily engines hot. It is an automatically work- ing life-saving device. The commands to the sweat glands are carried by nerves which accompany the blood vessels or are independent of them, and lese nerves come from special centres in the spinal. cord and in the brain itself. But the fur- ther question rises. How do the nerve- centres, in the spinal cord ur in the medulla oblongata. become alive to the fact that sweating is due? In the main, the answer is that this happens autóma- tically because overheated blood or un- duly impure blood Hows through the cen- tre, and. so to speak, gives the news. The G.H.K. cells of the nerve-centre are excited by, the hot blood or exhausted blood, and they are not are slow to act!
* THE BIED SYSTAL ... The critical reader will at once perceive difficulty. Birds are warm-blooded as well as minimals they keep the snic body-temperature summer and winter, day and night: but-birds do not sweat. The They have almost no skin-glands. answer to this difficulty is this: there are other ways besides sweating of adjusting the body temperature in the heat of the day. If the creature keeps very quiet, the tendency to feverishnças will be les sened; if the bird seeks the shade of the wood, that also will help if the blood- vessels in the skin expand under orders from the appropriate nerve-centres, there will be more blood exposed on the surface and more opportunity for cooling down. Or again, when we see a bird or a innen- on panting in the heat, this means that it is increasing its breathing movement and driving an unusun quantity of blood enrough the lungs, with their rapidly. changed air. But the more blood there is in the tissaue of the lungs, exposed to air often changed, the more cooling down there will be. But there is something
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