Page
ANTIMATIONS
HONGKONG BOXING ASSOCIATION.
FOURTH TOURNAMENT OF THE SEIBON,
SATURDAY, MARCH 3RD, AT 9.15 F.M.
THEATRE ROYAL,
st the
HAIN EVENTS: "15"Round ÇÖNTIST FOR THE LIGHTWEIG
CHAMPIONSHIP OF THE COLONY AND THE "GEDGE" BELT:
A. B. CHADWICK, Staker PO. MORGAN,
"H.M.S. Hawkins, H.M.B. Marezion,
and
13 ROUND CONTENT FOR THE MIDDLEWEIGHT CHAMPIONSHIP OF THE COLONY AND THE "Daily Press BELT:
'A. B. DENGAN,"
F.M.S. Hagnolia.
1.
THE HONGKONG DAILY PRESS, THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 22ND,
BRITISH PERSISTENCE IN CHINA.
SOWING THE SEEDS OF FUTURE TRADE:
ME. B. H. FOX'S "ANNUAL REPORT.
It speaks volumes for the doggedness of the British merchant that, in spite of the dificulties and disappointments of past, years, he has maintained his position in the Chiness market, states The Times. Evidently he is still confident of a bright future, for there is no doubt that H. M. Counsellor at Peking (Mr. H. H. Fox) is reflecting the opinion of the trading com Pte. AINSWORTH.munity when he says in his recent report that prospects are brighter than they have been for some time past. In the Treaty Ports and large towns the standard of living is steadily rising; large numbers of Chinese are adopting foreign dress and foreign ways of living; foreign goods have largely ceased to be luxuries and have become necessaries.
R.M.L.I.
4 SIX-ROUND Contes28.
Booxing at MopTRIEA: Members-Monday, February 26th.
General Full-from Tuesday, 27th
ON THE BRIGHT SIDE.
.[413
A MARRIED WOMAN'S
LIABILITY.
AN INTERESTING JUDGMENT AT
SHANGHAI,
admit
THE GALLOWAY PONY FOR SHANGHAI,
amount of interest and all "manner of
NOW IN THE PRESS.
· 1923.
INTIMATIONS
HONGKONG DOG, CAT, FOULTRY AND PIGEON SHOW.
THE DIRECTORY
408]
מם
Hon. Secretary, c/o THE EASTERN EXTENSION TELEGRAPH Co..
COMPANIES (WINDING UP)
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF HONGKONG.
FOR.
AND CHRONICLE
1923.
CHINA, JAPAN, YORKA, INDO-CHINA, SIAM, STRAITE SETTLEMENTS, MALAY STATER
NETHERLANDS INDIA, PHILIE.
PINES, BORNEO, ETC.
SIXTY-FIRST ANNUAL ISSUE!
containing
1,800 PAGES! 14 MAPEI
SPECIAL NEW MAP OF HONGKONG AND THE NEW TERRITORIJE.
PRICE
812
The preliminary hint, given as to a scheme to import Galloway racing ponies from Australia has aroused an immense BY kind permission of the Officer Command-
ing The Hongkong Defence Corpe, In the case of the Shanghai Municipal horsey people have been making for further Show will be held at Council v. Mr. and Mrs. Jay" Elmont, information, says the V. Daly Meer | THE HEADQUARTERS OF THE CORPS a claim in the United States. Court for whether there will be any sort of a guars They seem to be chiefly concerned as to
SATURDAY, 10th Mayor, 1993, China, his Honour Judge C. S. Lobingierantee of quality and whether the supply
from 3 to BP.M. has given a written decision stating in for China, if once tapped, can be main Besides the usual classes for Dogs, there will part:-
tained. The present state of affairs in classes for Puppies from 6 to 12 months' old, for Australia auswers both questions. Since a litter of Puppies under 3 months old on the This is an action against a husband the war, owing to economies on both date of the bhow, and for cross-bred Dogs and wife for medical services rendered to Army and civilian accounts, the demand Entry Forms may be had from the Under the latter at the Victoria Nursing Home, from India and other parta has fallen off signed by plaintiff. an institution supported and controlled considerably, so that Galloways are now by the Entrance Fee. Dog, 85; Cat, 31, Poultry No Entry will be accepted unless accomtranirà. The husband answers cheap, whilst there are so many that and Pigeons, 60 cents per pen admitting liability and confessing judg-buyer can go round and make his own
K. L. FROST. ment for the full amount asked. The selection. Manila has already taken up wife in her answer "dantes that part of Galloways and the polo club there is very paragraph 2 of the complaint which keen on them. Those who know the Gallo- alleges that she is indebted to plaintiff, way way that he is not a pony in the way but as the trial her counsel offered the vas usualy understands the term, but following:-"Defendants
the actually a well bred miniature horses with rendering to Mr. Jay Elmont of the the temper and characteristics of the services alleged in the complaint and the horse, and that he must be ridden as a value thereof and admit the liability of horse, not as a China pony, This is one the defendant, Jay Elmont, but donies, mere point which makes him attractive
Defendants'
so far as Shanghai is concerned. There that of Mrs. Jay Elmont." It is clear from the Commercial Conn- sellor's report that the Germans are counsel relies upon the wife's cominon are a few outstanding men, but on the again becoming strongly entrenched in law exemption from suit and claims that, farage our borsemanship is not a bigh IN China. They obtained some important notwithstanding the Married Woman's standard and if we get these Galloways, contracts before they became handicapped Property Act, legislation is necessary to men will be compelled to cultivate some IN in the matter of deliveries owing to diffronder her separate ratate liable for style. Then again, the Galloway does not vary much in size. Hia minimum is 14 culties in obtaining raw materials. It include the present claim is contended bands and the usually accepted maximum OTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that sports and cities of the Far East, hoorpoems unsettled of manufacture.
is 14.2, the point at which the debate as
petition for the winding up above India to Siberia, in which appears, too, that many of their transac
"Congress has enacted that married to pony or horse always begins, though named Company by the Court was on the 9th residen tips are unlikely to prove very profitable. women shall have power to engage in any it may be noted that in recent seasons day of February 1923, presented to the said They are, however, steadily at work pre business and to contract*
Not only is the Directory as fall and complete fecting their organization. Even during and freely as if they were unmarried. have appeared on polo fields,
as fully. 15 hands animals, and even 15.1 hands, Court by THE GENERAL EXCHANGE COMPANY; each dase sa it can be made, but each Colony,
A short LWK), the war many, having managed to escape This provision has been frequently con
man can tuck himself up on a 13.2 hands under the pany registered in Ho Part or Settlement is prefaced by ● DESCRIP
provisions of the Companies
TION, carefully revised eson year, most of repatriation, were living in the interior. studying the Chinese language and keep strued by the District of Columbia Court pony, but so many of our men are on the ances 1911-1921 and whose registered office is which will serve as courste Guma Fan TER
at No. 19, fee House Street, Victoria in the of Appeals and has been given a fairly way to Bft, and their long legs take a
Tove, giring every detail in connection with ing in touch with Chinese officials and
literal interpretation. business mm. Though they have done
Thus it was cb lot of accommodating, whilst it is a big Colony of Hongkong aforomid
And that the sal petition is directed to be the places, their History, Topography, sta
The Information in those Descriptions, consiste trade in 10 business in cotton go use this was unmarried there could be no question the pony: We may add that a preliminary heard before the Court sitting at the Courts of ing, of a hundred interesting articles, packed little or no in goods, their served in ons caso:-"If the appellant handicap to have so much of one's legs off importing large quantities of poper, and of her liability and the Court then list, maue up amongst a few people who ARCH, 1953, at 10.30 A., and any creditor with facts concisely not out, and ontaining have practically recovered their former proceded to find a corresponding liability were about one day when the idea was or contributory of the said Company desirous to statistics of the TRADE of each Country and predominating position in the dye and even though appellant was married. So, being discussed, brought in 33 names for rapport or oppose the making of an order on port would alone suffice to fill a large volume.
The Book is printed from New Typs specially Indigo trade They are taking particular in the cass at Bar, if the female defendant a subscription list if opened, so it would the said petition may appear at the time of
not appear as though there will be any hearing by himself or his Counsel for that purruserved for the purpose, and uniformity in interest in the export of hides, goatskins, had gone, as an unmarried woman, to ROM beginning April (for One Year) and essential oils to the Continent of this institution and requested and received difficulty in security the 70 or so suggest, pose, and a copy of the
Famished,WELLBURN." 78, The Europe, and evidently hope to regain their the services now sued for, there could have ed; whilst account has also to be taken to any creditor or contributer be farnished {'every arrangement greatly facilitates referenos. Peak (8 Rooms), on Mator Road, with-Gerage prowar share in the China produce trade, į been no question of the liability of her of the almost certain support of the pany requiring the same for the saint,
estate and the purpose of the provision Kiangwan Club, Hongkong, Tientsin, Payment of the regulated o above quoted seems to be to place her in Hankow and other places. exactly the same situation...
Step across to the
1:
HONGKONG CIGAR STORE
and you'll be
ON THE RIGHT SIDx.
TO LET.
[83
FROM MADDELL STREET, Buitable March, First and Thiri Floore For Officos. Electric passenger lift Apply Meer. Gins, LIVINGATON & Co., LTD.
TO LET.
"
Tennis Court and Garden,
300]
Apply to
HA. LAMMERT.
TO LET
[25.
I. M. Commercial «Counsellor is em- phate that Great Britain's sales to China of cotton goods have suffered no decline England, he says, is as much if not more than ever predominant in this trade Although she lost some of her greys trade, FFICES in UNION BUILDING-Four she made up for this by shipments of yarn, whilst her business in blenched,
Rooms on Fifth Floor.
Apply
UNION INSURANCE SOCIETY OF CANTON, LTD
ia SHAMEEN.
TO LET.
[169
dyed, and printed goods is today even more a monopoly than it was before the war. Yet Mr. Fex ands it necessary to atriks n note of warning, concerning prices. Until British producing costs'ara
capacity
reduced to mest the buying spor China, OFFICE and RESIDENCE with Sarvants it is certain that no great development of and Kitaben on Good Locality the trade can be expected, and the same helds good, of course, of the Japaneen Apply.
and Americar prades with China. Every A.B., ojo Daily Press.
increase in the rate of production [rays Mr. Fox] and decrease in the cost in Lancashire will mean so many more thousands of yards of cloth brought within ONE EUROPEAN FLAT in "LEE BOLD. the purchasing power of the Chinese,
TO LET
[310
ING." Wanchai Gap Road. Apply to 32, KENNEDY ROan, dengkung.
[258
TO LET,
WO OFFICE ROOMS, Top Floor,
Queen's Road Central.
Apoly GANDE, PRICE & CO., LTD
2001
TO LET.
*
1J
There is disappointing news for motor vehicle manufacturers, who were begin ning to hope that China would soon fur nish an outlet for a hajge export surplus. There is no doubt that progressive Chinese officials and merchants realize the im- portant part played by proper highway in the development of a country's internal communications, but little real progress has yet been made. The mileage of "im- proved" city streets and roads in China was recently, estimated at 500, and that of the passable “dirt” roade in the rural districts at only 1,200, whilst the total number of motor cars, motor lorries, and motor buses in use is calculated as little more than 8,000-Lack of maintenance of the roads after construction is the trouble, together with misuse. As soon as local FOR SALE
carters find how easily their animals draw their customary load over a firm road EVERAL Tous of New 2-1. NAVYd they increase the load until the PICKS (British Make) in Quantities triace and foundations are destroyed. anit Buyers. For Samples and Prices apply to INNISS & RIDDLE (China), LTD/7, Yuen
[399 Ming Yuen Road, Shanghai
UNFURNISHED, No. 134. TUR FEA
near the Barker Road Tram Station-8 Rooms, $250 Per Month.
For particulars apply to
DENISON, RAM & GIBBS. 9th February, 1973.
*
(355
HOUSES FOR SALE AT THE PEAK NEAR MOTOR ROAD.
น
F Moss), or toparately, with early OR FALE either together (suitable for possession, Nos. 2 and 3, STEWART TERRACE,
Apply to H. E. POLLOCK,
"Prince's Building.
..
EI
PREPAID WANTED
ADVERTISEMENTS
fue
"
Lettere are lying at this Office for
Boxes
TRADING METHODS.
*
made with reference to her estate."
KRYPTOR LENSES
are the most perfect double focus glasses for both reading and distaat.. In the ordinary bifocal lens, the segment or part for reading is cemented to the dis tant lens, raising the segment above the
ORIGINAL JURISDICTION. THE MATTER of the COMPANIES
ORDINANCE 1911-1921
ard
THE MATTER of the OHINA SPECIE,
BANK, LIMITED.
rof the ssià Com- the undersigned.on ..ene
Dated the 9th day of February, 1823.
GEO K. HALL BRUTTON & CO..
St. George's Building, Chater Road,
Hongkong, Solicitors for the Petitioners.
NOTE
Any person who intends to appear on the hearing of the said petition must serve on or sand by registered post to the above-named GEO. R. HALL BRUTTON & Co., notice in writing of
his intention so to do.
Or
Counsel contends, however, that some- thing more is necessary than the implied promise to pay which arose from defend- ant's necceptance of the services and that it was necessary that the wife should have expressly charged her separate state That is the rule in some jurisdictions, but in this sach necessity appears to be
The notice must state the name and address removed by another section of the same
of the person, or, if a firm, the name and address enactment which provides "every extract surface of the main lens. The segment of the firm, and must be signed by the person 'at His their solicitor (if any), and made by a married woman which she has and the line of union are always more or must, be served or if posted must be sent by the power to make shall be deemed to be less noticable. In Kryptok lens, no es post in suficient time to reach the abovenamed other words, the presumption which obment is used, but the reading segment not later than 8 o'clock in the afternoon of the tains in the other jurisdictions mentioned, Fituzal 1 enses of any prescription in that the wife does it bind her separate the main lens, while the whole lens is estate, seems here to be revarsed and such ground smooth or both sides to the desir- liability is presumed unless the contrayed focus. Kryptok lenses of any prescrip- appears.
tion in either regular or Toric form are manufactued by the Hongkong Optical Co., successors, to Clark & Co., Optical Prescription Specialists, located" in 53,' Queen's Road Contral.-ATT.
On the whole, we are satisfied that the legislation for which counsel contends has been actually extended to this jurisdiction and we must accordingly find that both defendants are liable for the claim in question. It is, therefore, considered and adjudged that the plaintiff have and recover from the defendants and each of them the sum of Ts. 762.70, together with
poete.
£100,000 COUP.
A jewellery broker strolled into a club on the Grande Boulevards, Paria, smok ing a cigarette in a magnificent amber holder of fantastic length.
To the admiring circle of club members who swarmed round him he explained modestly that he would sell them similar holders, nt. 2 franca 50" each.
capital.
He had invented a product' which could not be detected from real amber he said. The Commercial Counsellor makes some Thare was a fortune in it--but be needed useful recommendations to British mer- | chants and manufacturers who are unfa- miliar with business methods in China. The practice, still unfortunately common, of posting circulars and catalogues broad- envy, sheer waste of time and money cast, to Consular officers in China is, he and often leads to serious overlapping again. When firms desire to be placed in touch. He was, in fact, a magnificent rogue, and with suitable agents, at least six copies
SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS.
A FANCY DRESS BALL nAid of the above Society will be held in the CITY HALL
од
TUESDAY, MARCH 67, st 9.30 F..
TICKETS $1.00, Obiajnable at
THE HONGKONG HOTEL «CAFÉ WISEMAN.
THE ANDERSOx Must Co. Fines for Non Fancy Dress ̧.
$1.00
HONGKONG PHILHARMONIC
SOCIETY.
CONCERT
"
4th day of March, 1993,
F
Q.
..
1387
1/
SALE OF HI. OIL TANK VESSEL
"DREDGOL."
ΤΕ
"ENDERS &Te invited up to the 26th
FEBRUARY for the purchase of the. above named vessel `WITH ENGINES AND BOIL ERS AND VARIOUS AUXILIARY MACHINERT ON BOARD..
Full Particulars of the vessel and conditions of sale, and permits to view may be obtained on application to the undersigned, and tender forms will be issued on payment of & deposit of $500, returnable when decision on the tene dera has been reached.
The vessel will be on view at HM. Dock- TARD, Hougtong from the 12th January.
PARTICULAER OF H.M. OIL TASE VESSEL 'DREDGOL
A twin screw steel steamer of J.H.P. 2,700 fitted with internal electric lighting at 100.
6320*
Abridged Edition.
THE DIRECTORY covers the notable swam
...
Besides the canal Alphabetical List of Firms the Directory gives the CLASSIFIED LISTS of TRADES and PROFESSIONS at the large Commercial Centres.
The
ALPHABETICAL LIST of RESIDENTS in the Far East contains the naies of over 20,000 FOREIGNERS. ranged, with the Initials as well as the Ser names, in strictly Aphabetical Order, so that any name can be found instantly.
THE MAPS AND PLANK
of the principal pore of the Far East have been
Great Britain and are annually corrected and brought up to date
graved by one of the meat eminent Firms
The CHRONICLE covers the notable evento together with the Texts of all the most import ont Treaties concluded with the countries of Esafem Alia, the varions Customs Tarifiu Trade Regulations, Chamber of Commerce, Scales of Commissions, Consular and Court Fees, Hongkong Stamps Duties, Sigană Codes, Chinese Festivals, Tables of Money Weights and "Measures and other Com mercial Information.
It is published at the Office of the "Howa KONG DAILY PRESS."
The Directories and Descriptions are of t-
CHINA.
Boochow
Peking
Tentain Peitaiho
Chinwangtao Wahn
Taru
•
Antang Manchurian
Hankow
Yochow
Trade Utres Shaai Newchwaig Ichang
Dairen
Port
Arthur Chaloo
Wakaiwai
Canton
Whampos
Kowloon
Chinking
Nanking
Kewkiang
Kangmcom
Naming
Wachowin
Chungling Hangchow Nagpo
Langeb
Wenchow Saatuso
Mangtae
Kokow
Szeme
186
Shanghai
Ámoy
0
16
Harbin Swatow
***.37 TODE
Kirin Langkow
Changchax
Hupokam
Lungchingchun
4,000
Jarin & FormOSA=
Tokyo Yokoham Ergo Kobe
Osaka
Koolung
Moji Nagasaki
Ekodata
between papendiculars... 326′0
Mean loaded draught
raliz
Length overall
(391
Breadth
light
Freeboard (loaded)
Gross Tonnage
Where
As he spoke he distributed half a dozen TT 18 NOTIFIED that the holders to the richer members of the club, Several took them to the experts, "who
adverlied for the 27th Febmary, has, owing Next day he had £100,000 at his dis-to the discontinuance of the FRAK TRAKWAT, per day he blenders never saw him been proclaimed them real amber."
PUSTPONED
་་
of the catalogue or price list abould be Beuter says that the police are marching
Tons per inch-immersion...
Displacement Tonnage (about) 7,500
-Renfrew, Scotland.
Built When:1018.
Materials
to
WEDNESDAY, 7TH" MARCH, 1823.
for the Changed Date.
sent to the Legation at Peking in order for him. He is accused of winding Any Tickets already purchased will be available that they may be distributed simultane jewellers of over £8,000 worth of goods ously among focal firms likely to be inter- entrusted him for sale.
estod Wherever possible, catalogues
He had a room in a first-cines hotel, Booking a THE ANDERSON MUSIC Co. should contala at least apprimate and an office in a good street, but the prices preferably ci.f, but when this is ofles was found dismantled the safe cou not feasible Lo.b. United Kingdom port, taining only worthless papera, ***
bo with some indication of percentage to added for freight, etc. In the rat in-
the 19th inat, Grandstance, however, Mr. Fox that firms
413
[417
HONGKONG JOCKBY CLUB,
RACE BOOKS.
By whom W. Simons & Co., Ltd
of Constraction STEL-Hall, Bulkheads, Dock, &c. INON-General Filings on Dock, &c. Wood-Bridge and Small part of Deck Aft.. Tank &ccommodation (4 Tanks) 4,045 Tons Fore Well
800 460 Tons
34
Taraufa
Mukdes "Toochow
Stimuloseki Tameni.-
Tengyma
Tainanin Takow
Anping
ETERN STERKIA.
Vladivostock
Nicolajowak
Uzzera (Koren).
Seoni
Wonan,
Mokpo
9 Knots 12:500'. Tona,
Chamalpo Kunsan
Розал
Pingyang
Banker Capacity (Coal) Consumption per diem (economical
Economical speed". Pumping capacity-per hour Engines Vertical Triple Frpansion,
surface condensing about 7,500 LH.P
ps Bote Boilers-Cylindrical Return Tabe 3:
(with Howden's Forced draught). Working pressure 180 lbs. per sq. in. 4 Na ICPORTANT ARTICLES ON BOARD
Steam and hand Windiase B rie Chapman Clarte
urnaces
Patent Steam
Steam Catan for Mooring and Warnin Anchort, 181 Certs, 18 Cwto, 44] Cute and
~By Cake Chapman
THE RACE BOOK is Now Ready and the Lestand during Interport Football Match, and resore foeirons bakinis arm It is usually necessary to interest the GENTS MACKINTOSH Findes in band persons dosirous of obtaining infor- smallez and newly sublished werchants T only authorised Edition in the published rewarded on returning to Messrs DoDWELL & China, names of local firms willing to take or importers; therefore the home firm by Mesa NORONHA & Co., WHICH IS Cola Office, 1, Queen'a Building,
[29 agencica, &c., should apply to the De should be willing to come to the assistance COPYRIGHT UNDER THE ACT OF 1911.
H. BIRKETT, partment of Overseas Trade in London of the local agent either by making allow.
Clerk of the Course. LOST between Ka Road and City Hall if full details are not available there, the ance to cover office, cable, and advertising Last night, ONE GOLD &TURQUOISE Department will refer the inquiries to the expenses, or by sending goods on con BROOCH. Finder will beaded an respective overanas officers who are in a signment, or by furnishing free of cost a DAIRY FARM NEWS. applying to Moser, VERNOR & SMT, da, position to furnish replies.
generous supp af samples ca Den Vorax Road Central; - A
[28
Evidently British merchants have not Mr. Fox atters two warnings: first, been discouraged by the continuance of with Chinese me before satisfactory against entering into business relations WANTED to Rent Immediately Small political and other disturbances, for the W Furnished or HOUSE or FLAT. Moleste Eent Reply, giving full Commercial Counsellor alludes to the proof Snancial standing is forthcoming; KRAFT CHEESE gmited by After Peak Tank to about 150 and, second, against dealing incautionsly particulars, to Box WC., c/o Danty Press steadily increasing number of manufae with Chinese firms who style themselves
Office.
FANTED.--AnExperienced Architectura W DRAUGHTSMAN puting Aqualifications to Box W.B., co. Daily Pro
Ofico.
turers desirous of appointing agents in such and such a trading company or China and of United Kingdour firms atek association, with the word limited". ing local correspondents, it is growing added. Very few of the latter, he says. The Perfection of Flavour difficult, he says, to make suitable con- are registered under the Chinese company Dexions, and be asks inquires to be ex law, and the word "limited" is apt to plicit as to the scope and nature of their convey the impression that they are no business, the terms on which they are registered. He makes the usual recom- accustomed to trade, to mention in parti-mendation that firme should send out re- R ROOME, Excellent Location, To Let calar whether they are manufacturers or presentatives to study conditions on the a steadily increasing number are pursuing with Chins before, if so, with whom spot, and records with gratification that
this .conree. (Continued at foot of next column.)
EASONABLY PRICED
OFFICE
from INTERNATIONAL TRADE DEVELOPER Inny at the New Quarter opponite Kora
FOWARD
Horar, above Hugned Rouou., 126
Uniformity and Excellence.
80 Cents Per lb.
Cable 21-310 fo Lafeboats 27'62 No. Dingby 16'9"-1
-90*Ima
Fresh Water tank capacity 14 Tone can be
Tong
Vernal intind with spacious Officers Quar- ters, also good crew accommodation.
Classed 100
Lloyd's Register
July, 1922
Hongkong AND ITS DRIEDINOS, Macro,
Fox Indo-Caza
Hanci
Quinkan
Haiphong Annam
Takin
HR
Provincon
Manda Holla Coba
Brunei
British North Borneo
Perak
MALAT STATES..
Belanger
Negri Sembilan Johore
being fit to carry vil in baik. T. P. abure 185 FE
Batavia
Buck Canal Certificate June, 1918. Tenders will be received in the Office of the Commodore, Honekoad up to Noor on MON- DAY, 26th FEBRUARY, 1928, an
H. 6. LOWE
Kaval Stors Officer.
-·-1923. Hongkong, 19th Janua
ngapore, Penang, Malmers, Frow, Walm
Sammeng Buitenzorg Bourabaya
Rast Coast of Bumatra.