CABLES.
LATEST CABLES. (THROCOH REITER'S AGENCY.)
ANOTHER CABLE ALLIANCE.
30,000 MILES OF SUBMARINE CABLE
INVOLVED.
Naw Your, August 29th. The latess development in the cable
THE HONGKONG DAILY PRESS, THURSDAY, AUGUST 316T, 1929.
EUROPEAN ECONOMICS AND FAR
FINANCES,
ANOTHER ANGLO-AMERICAN
DISCUSSION.
LONDON, August 20th.
EASTERN CABLE
NEWS.
(THROUGH LAUTEÈ'S AQENCY.)
THE EUSSO JAPANESE CONFERENCE.
Colonel Hous, formerly Ex-President Wilson's most confidential adviser, had QUESTIONS TO BE CONSIDERED.
PERIO, August 20th.
breakfast with Mr. Lloyd George at Down- ing Street, at which various matters con- nected with the economic and financial It is reported semi-ecially that the condition of Europe were discussed. This, Russo-Japaness Conference at Changchun following the interview which the former situation is the nanouncement of an alli-Presidential candidate. Governor Cox, will be concerned mainly with runching
had with the Premier on Saturday is causing speculation. U.S.A. NOT LIKELY TO INTERVENE.
ance between the Postal and Telegraph Company, which owfis the Cominercial Cable system, and All American Cables Incorporated, which formerly virtually monopolised the sables on the West Coast of South America, Fifty thousand miles of submarine, cable are involved.
TENNIS CHAMPIONSHIP
RESULTS.
FINAL ROUND NATIONAL CHAM- PIONSHIP MEN'S ŇOUBLES,
Posios. August 29th. In the hat round of the National Championship Men Doubles. Tilieu tal Vincent Richards belt Patters and
O'Hara Wood, 16, 61, 43, 64
GRE. Ö-TURKİSH WOL FURTHER GREERBEN EESES,
Lentios, August 20th.
Hot fighting deeurred at North Anatolia. besides the operations already mentioned,
according to Constantinople advices from Angora,, which represent the Greeks in the Ismidt sector as retreating before the attacks of Turkish' flying columns'; braving
prisoners, arms and ammunition, Their losses are considerable. The messages add
WASHINGTON, August 9th. Any hopes entertained in Europe that the Lendon pronouncement by Governor Cox foreshadowed a change of policy of at aar rate the present United States ralers are likely to be disappointed, judg
ing by statements made at White House
THE ART OF CRICKET.
[BY WARWICK W. ARMSTRONG,]
The number of books which have been written on ericket is very large, and yet Mr. Armstrong's book (Methuen & Co., 6/- net) seems to find a place which is almost en tirely its own. This review is written under difficulties as we have by us no reference library on the subject; but, speaking from memory, the precise angle of vision from which, the book has been written has not been specially adopted before. Mr. Armstrong writes for the young cricketer; not for the child of 1 who is just starting the game, but for the youth who either holds or hopes to get his 1st XI. colours at his school. At the moment we can recall no other writer who devotes himself solely to this period, when the player is usually Let it be said at once that this book should be in the hands of all school coaches, and easily available to all schoolboys who aim at being good cricketers.. At the same time Club eric keters at all events, those under second class form will End, it of the greatest interest and instruction.
an understanding regarding the fishery rights which the Japanese have acquired along the Siberian coast, the disposal of the vast quantities of Japanese ammuni-made er marred. tion stored at Vladivostock and the Nikolarak yasszere
די
The firss question is important through the possibility of the Reds taking over
to-day. These intimate that the Govern ment is keeping in touch with European the control of Vladivostock after the affairs in an informal and consistent way Japaner evacuation and not realizing and is waiting for the time when it can. take a more formal part in the restoration that the fishery rights are officially of financial stability abroad, but they re alienated, Present President Harding as thinking that the time is no ripe for the United As regards aumanition, it appears that Stairs to participate in an international both Chita and Vladivostock are anxious financial problem and that he has no to secure it, while the Japanese do not conference aiming at a solution of the
tention of sending Mr. Houver to desire to raise possible friction by selling Europe in the capacity suggested.
either party, On, this poiz, some EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL Japanese papers advocate dumping the
JEALOUSIES."
À DISCOCRAGING OUTLOOK.
tos into the wal
· London, August woth. Austria's pitiful plight has evoked
Another qustion likely to come ap many expressions of sympathy, bor has also re kilidled neute international ja the navigation of the Amur and as the lousies between Italy on the one hand and Chinese are vitally interested. It is thought probable that China may be in the Little Entente, Now comprising Czecho-Slovakia, Yugo-Slavia, Rumaainvited to participate in the discussions on this subject, while other questions may and Poland, on the other.)
arise which cannot be settled without Each side fears that the other will pront Chiness Barticipations No mention is by Austria's adversity to gain an icoan- mic and political foul and prejudicial made of Vladivostock participating. but itself. Italy is particularly suspicions of that centre may yet ask permission to send the growing strength of the Little Endelegates, as China will be represented. that if the advance of the flying columnsate, and gouferences are now being held LEGATION GUARDS AT FEKING. in the direction of Bruss continues, the between representatives of Carcho-Sio-
vakia, Yugo-Slavia and Romania regard. i
NEW BELGIAN COMMANDER Creeks on the coast are threatened withing the mestres to adopt concerning
APPOINTED. being cut off.
Austria. There is even santo talk of mili tary occupation of portions of, Austrian
Havssons. August 29th. territory, both by the Italian and Yugo- Stave, with the ostensible puronse of Commandant Pelet has been appointed securing internal order in case of cut-Commandant of the Belgian Legation breaks among the despairing punitions, at Peking. This would bean that the Ent would, soon be in the fire.
EARLIER CABLES.
A GENEK REVERSE
Losoos. August 9th. It is officially "aneminerd from: Athens that the important Anatorina Railway junction nt Afunkarahissar has been evacuated by the fireks.. evidently in consequence of the vigorous offensive bei gun by the Turks.
GREEKS OCCUPY A NEW LINE, ATHENS, August 29th,
COUNTY CRICKET,
KENT BOWLEN'S SPLENDID PERFORMANCE.
runs.
In their
Lesbos. "August 29th. At Lord's, Surrey led Middlesex on the first innings, Hobbs senring 126. Tho offensive leading to the abandon- As Cheltenham. Kent beat Gloucester ment of Afunkarahissar is officially des" by an innings and (57 cribed as most violent. The communiqué first innings Gloucester were all out for adds that the Greeks have occupied a line, Freemat taking six wickets for 18; west of the town. A violent charge by the while in their second they were dismissed Turkish cavalry, supported by artillery for 138, the same bowler obtaining six was repulsed on Monday ur Elvaolar, wickets for 31. when the Turks were pursued.
THE REPARATIONS/PROBLEM
...
A NEW PLAN UNDER CONSIDERA" TION.
PARI, August 9th,
The Raparations Commission, continues! ita informal conversations with a view to reaching an agreement on the deadlock before the arrival of the Geṛplat repre sentatives now on the way to Paris, but little reliable information has leaked out.
At Taunton, Warwick beat Somerest by seven wickets...
At Worcester. Derby led the hone County on the first innings. For the Insers the Hon. J. Coventry scored. 86.
-At"Cardiff Leicester led Glamorgan on the first innings.
DISORDERS IN MADRAS"
PRESIDENCY,
A CRITICAL SITUATION.
-
1
MONTE CARLO WELLS. FAMOUS ADVENTURER'S DEATH.
News was received in London in July of the death, ja Paria, no the age of 8, of Charles de Ville Wells, known to fame as the Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carla" It was in the early nine ties that Walls gained notoriety by his reckless gambling and reported eaor- mous winnings at Monte Carlo, his ex- plaits inspiring Mr. Charles Coborn's. celebratech sung. the chorus of which was sung everywhere at the time.
The stories of Wells's gains were prob ably greatly exaggerated. At any rate, not long after his return to London, ia. 1893, he becaive bankrupt, with liabilities of £33,000 and negligible assets. He was subsequently prosecuted for obtaining money by false pretences, and sentenced to eight years' penal servitude. Upon his release from prison he went to Paris, and it was not long before he again fell into the hands of the police, and received another long sentence for fraud. public rest heard of him in 1919, when he
The
and a woman, said to be the,, wife of a doctor, with whom he had been nasociated It is in no sense a history of cricket. As for any years, were living in luxurious a rule. Mr. Armstrong never tells a cricket style on steam yacht called the Har anecdote unless it be to illustrate in practice Jinger, in Falmouth Harbour.. In conse some point which he has made in theory, quence of a communication received from To the ordinary chapters on batting, bow-
the French Government, Detective-inspec ling and fielding interesting notes are adel tor Nicholls and other Scotland Yard on wicket-keeping, captaincy, and some
officers went down to Falmouth and arrest- in 1921. The printing is excelicat in its London and charged at Bow-stret Police remarks on the Austrian team in Englanded the couple, and they were brought to legibility, but we were tal disappointed court on an extradition, warrant with well bound into the book and have a ten- with the illustrations, which, also, are not obtaining large sums of money by false dener to come out.
pretences.
THE ORIGIN OF MAN.
· EVOLUTION IN THE FOOTHILLS
OF THE HIMALAYAS. ---- The origin of the human race has now been made clear. The "missing link" between man and monkey has been found. Where civilisation began, and the stops by which it was diffused from Egypt at
gyar the world, are problems that "have been solved..
These remarkable claims are inado by Professor Grafton Elliot Smith, of the University of London, in the first voluing of the new twelfth edition of the "Ekey. cloudia Britannica, is which about to
appear."
Professor Ellist Smith, writing en "Anthropology." states that researebes since 1010 have solved the greatest riddles excepting the origin of life itself-that science has posed about the beginnings of humanity. A decade ago these questions foriver unsolvable. Professor Elliot Smith were thought by inoat anthropologists to be
saswers them.
UNBOUND THEORIES.
He sweeps away as out of date and unsound the theories of his recent predeces sors. Even the views of Professors. Edward Barnett Tylor, of Oxford, who wrote the Anthropology" article in the last edition of the Britannica, published in 1911, are specifically repudiated.
been
Mankind springs, says Professor Elliott Smith, from the Siwalik Hills in the foute hills of the Einmingas, This district breed anthropoid apes in the Miocene period. Geologists quarril about how long-measur ed in years-Miocene times were--Perhaps To the course of the protracted proceed-three or four million. The old plan of pegging down the right ings which ensued it was stated that after "The great variety of species and general been pending so long that any delay, being it has been discarded for years by coaches, opened an othee in the Fince Boreldieu, cluded the ancestors not only of the orangs, Finally, the Nikolaievsk question bus foot in practice to prevent the batsman mor- regaining his. fiberty in Franco Weliswhich were evolved there, he writes, "in-
and very wisely so, One new fashion has Paris, where he carried on a business yond evacuation might consign the matter been the two-eyed stance whereoy the called La Rente Bi-Mersuelle. He offer the quinipanzies and gorillas, but also of
the human family." to perpetuity.
hatsman pivots his shoulder so as to turned, and for a short period paid, interest
The ancestors of mobkeys and men, them squarely, to the Lower as he runs at the rate of 1 percent per day on sums
to deliver the ball. Mr. Armstrong sent him for investment, and the result spreading westward, reached Africa and Northern India and Africa falls foul of this, maintaining than any was that money poured in. There were Europe. In the course of wanderings possible advantage of vision gained by no fewer than 800,000 investors, and with-between thus advancing the full face of your in a period of less than six months up mau characteristics emerged in one of front" to the bowler is more than dis, wards of 9,000,000f, were received, of these simian forms."
"Professor Elliot Smith identifies the counted by the loss of the use of the left which about 200,000 were paid back in
To this he puts interest. The greater part of the balance famous fossil Pittdown skull, found in This shoulder in driving.
"loss of was invested by Wells in this country in Sussex in 1912, us a missing link. down what he describes as the half the power in the stroke," and also the purchase of annuities and of mort. skull has a "simian jaw," but the skull the lack of straight driving in modern gages in favour of his mistress, with case shows "indubitable traces of an 'ex- cricket. It is a subject upon which evary whom he was in the habit of paying fre-tremely early phase of the attainment of batsman will have bis own opinion. We quent visits to London, crossing the Chan-human character." There has ourselves are inclined to think that more nel in the yacht in which they were eventu- much controversy about the age of this batsmen now drive to the on with the left ally apprehended. After an unsuccessful skull, but he brushes this aside and shoulder away (and perhaps a slightly appeal to the High Court the prisoners declares that the Pittdown mean lived in crossed bat) because it had become the were committed for extradition, and the the early Pelistocene perion. This was t the beginning of the Quaternity or Ter practice to keep the deep-field on the off trial in Paris resulted in Wells being sea-
tenced to five years' imprisonment, while liary geologicul era. Some geologists would in the majority of cases, and an attempt his companion received thirteen months' place this period at more than a million was made to get the ball away whore Mr. Harry Wilson, the well-known Bow-years ago.
street solicitor, acted for the French Government throughout the extradition proceedings, and it
All original men were black like their was subsequently arranged that the income from Wells's near relatives the gorilla and chimpanze investments should be divided equally but one branch of the human family attain- between the English and French creditors.ed bleached skina and a larger brain. As the greater portion of it consisted of the glacial period this pale-faced stock be annuities it was to the interest of the came segregated into four main fairilles by creditors that Wells should live as long impassable ice barriers that endured for as possible, and, therefore, when it be countless thousands of years. One group came known two or three years ago that lived near the Yellow River and became he was in Paris in a state of destitution the Mongolian race; another in North-East it was agreed that he should be given anAfrica, where it became the brown race. allowance of 2,500 a year. It was upon The Alpine or Armeboid stock was im- this sum of about £l a week that the manprisoned by the ice in Turkestan: the who had dealt in thousands and gained Nordic stock, our own ancestors, Uved the reputation of a millionaire existed in somewhere to the north-west" of Turkes- his declining days. As recently as June tan. If was not until the ice melted that 17th last- Mr. Wilson remitted £1,009 to these ruces met again and intermingled. But the French authorities as their moiety of they never lost their distinctive character the year's income of the Wells estate, and Istics. yesterday he received an official intimution that the bankrupt died on June 22nd." The effect will be that there will be little future. or nothing available for the creditors in
CHINESE CREW FOR CANADIAN
SHIP.
the fieldsman was not,
Any detailed criticism of Mr. Armstrong's remarks ou batting would be in the nature of an impertinence from anyone under the ETOKES A STRONG PROTEST status of a first-class cricketer. Eut it may perhaps be permitted to mention that he - Loxbox, August 29th-falls at times into the usual expert's error The engagement of a Chinese crew for of seeing all so clearly except the slow; the Canadian ship Jerheath, now at understanding of his readers. Frankly, his Newport, has evoked a strong protest. remarks on hitting a high fall-pitch with a The Secretary of the Seamen's Union, straight, rather than a cross, Lat would be Mr. Havelock Wilson, MP., has been more intelligible if accompanied by a asked to draw attention to the matter in photograph-or, batter still, by two. However that may be, the average batsman l'arliament.
will undoubtedly find much food for thought in the chapter on balting.
*
CHINESE SPLENDID ACTORS. OPINION BY LONDON PRODUCER.
LONDON, August wth. The Chinese are born actors, in the opinion of Basil Dean, who is producing East of Suez at the London Theatre en Saturday, with the help of Chinese actors. He told an interviewer that, never in his life had.be encountered such remarkable, supers
JAPANESE RAILWAY
SCHEMES. £7,000,000 FOR NEW LINES.
MADRAS, August 20th. It is, however, noteworthy that there is According to a message from. Pedda- a change in to-day's Presscomment, it purain from the correspondent of the Ixing generally agreed that, up raatter newspaper Saar ja, police stations in "how radically opinions vary, a split must the Godavery district are reported to be avoided. Attention is being fastened have been looted. The district magic on a plan credited in Sir Jon Bradbury trate with a hundred armed police, has of which the particulars are not disclosed, arrived, and the military are expected of traffic. The Snancial results make
but which Z Mutin considers to bave shortly. The situation seems critical. been most satisfactorily worked out and likely to provide sound guarantees and pledges for France
FRENCH SEMI-OFFICIAL STATE-
MENT.
Paris,August 29th.
THE RUBBER INDUSTRY.
NO COMPULSORY, MEASURES BY DUTCH GOVERNMENT.
*1
The hints on bowling are most useful, Stress is laid on many little details which may help or harm a bowler and which bare nothing to do with actual work on the cricket field. Everyone knows, or should know, that the fingers of a first class howler are more than mere Angera! They are delicate instruments by which spin ard levil are imparted to the tall, sad "ought to be treated as such." The authors' references to various bowlers who have deteriorated by becoming batsmen as well (and thereby developing the wrong set of finger and shoulder muscles) could be largely supplemented by any student of the Last twenty years of English cricket. In -fact, Mr. Armstrong considers that once length and rejul_rity of action and run have been acquired, net-practic should be sparingly used by bowlers who play in many mutches.
SOLDIERS' BATTLE KIT.
A correspondent of a home paper, dis- cusaing the scientific value of Bisley as regards the service rifle, writes:-
"
"GORILLA XELATIVES."-"
Ia
The true cradle of civilisation, states Professor Elliot Smith, was Egypt, not as has recently been assumed, Babylonia. A study of pyrimid building and embalmieg proves how these arts spread from Egypt to New Guicen and Australia, and thence by stepping stones of islands across the Pacific to Central and South America.
GOLD AND PRADLA,
The Egyptians and their Elamite and Sumerian neighbours, whom they civilised, wanted gold and pearls, jade and incense. Investigations in recent years have been They pushed out pioneers in search of there largely confined to the machine-its accu- things thousands of years before Christ. racy, effectiveness, carrying power, und Professor Elliot-Smith traces, in the light reliability. The man destined to take it of recent discoveries and excavations the into battle-to carry it on the march, to routes of these early colonists. He shows fight with it-bas, perhaps, not entered how in the Caspian area tin was found, and quite so prominently into the scientific bronze invented, a discovery that revolution- isel the world. He follows, the "earliest calculations.
civilised men on migrations to Armenia, the Caucasus, and Asia Minor in the Wet, and at least as far as Baluchistan, anil probably India, in the East,"
A correspondent of the Tint writes: At the present time the Imperial Government Railways of Japan are
# experiencing remarkable cxpansion
One piece of advice is very sondd, and this clear. Before the war the total earn-j ings, taking the yen at 2, amounted to yet hard to put into practise for hujinan
0,570,000. During 1919 they increased by nature is weak! Tae more cheerful £21,297,000, and in 1991 by over bowler remains under misfortune, the legs will his bowling suffer, for the man who 40,000,000.
Although a special department exists to has missed one catch will do his utmost devise schemes for improvements intended to redeem his mistake when the howler to meet the requirements of the traffic, has not looked as if he would like to eat. AMSTERDAM, August 29th. the public demand for transportation bizalire, or in other ways shown exaspera
the improved tion at the error." Everyone tries to make A semi-official statement, coinciding
It is reliably reported that the Govern- neredses faster than
the International facilities can be put into use. Improve the catch." An excellent New Season's with the arrival of the German delegates, Rubber Growers!
ment has notified
Association of the meat works amouuting to £7,000,000 are resolution for bowlers! says thate in the event of Germany relus Dutch East Indies that it does not see now in band, though in some cases the Mr. Armstrong's chapter on Captaincy ing the pledges demanded by France, the way to take compulsory measures to construction will take several years should be read, learned and marked by all only solution in conformity with the
complete. Peace Treaty, would be the refusal of a
Singletrack lines are being doubled, players. It is not given to all men to be moratorium and a declaration of Cer-
and in districts with a very dense trafbe, captain of an XL but if all understand its many's default, The statement further
such as between "Kobe and Kyoto, the manifold dutics. its responsibilities, and its declared that, in the event, which is in-
service will be increased to quadruple difficulties, it is easier to remain calm when conceivable, of the adoption of a mora-
track within a few years. In Kobe itself one's captain's actions cause the internal torium without pledges, this would give
radical changes will be made. To obtain ejaculation; He must want 'em to win liberty of action to France, who is unable
room, for the quadruple tracks they will this gune Happy is the man who has to abandon the position taken up at
through the city... be constructed as an elevated railway never felt that way, and super-excellent hisposal to reduce the weight of the rife to Dynasty, about 3,000 B.C. They put for London.
́MIGHTY · AEROPLANE ENGINES.
i
RANGE OF 3,000 MILES.
LONDON, August 29th." The Air Ministry has ordered six 1,000 horse-powerCub" engines, the mightiest in the world, for long-datance bombing-aeroplanes, and a special Avro aeroplane is being constructed to test the Bombing machines fitted with "Cuba" have a range of 3,000 miles and are thus able to fly without stopping from Scotland to Rome and back. The enging, which is the result of eight years' experimenting, bas axteen cylindurr and whirls the propellor at the rate of 2,200 "govolutions per minute,
sama
improve the situation.
U.S.A. STRIKE SITUATION. COAL SETTLEMENT EXPECTED. SHORTLY.
H
New Yox, August 29th.
It is authoritatively learned that the Government's intention to seize the anthracite coal-mines will not be execut ed; on the contrary, a peace agreement will probably be signed within a week. CHILEAN STEAMER DISASTER
A BIG DEATH-ROLL-
SANTIAGO DE Chile, August 29th.
skipper!
But this question has now been forced to the front, for it is, I think, generally agreed that in the later stages of the war the soldier in full battle arrlar-rifle, bayonet, entrenching tool, tin hat, 120 The search for copper or gold then led rounds of ball ammunition, gas respira- these early adventurers along a series of tor, great coat, mess tin, rations, haver gold workings from the Oxus to Bokhara sack, water bottle, and heavy pack-car- and on into central Siberia. They discover ried in weight. far beyond what he should ed gold and jade in the mountains of be asked to carry; that it was, indeed, Shensi, in China, and "incidentally planted beyond his carrying capacity and should the germs of the civilisation of China." The routes they followed are mapped out be considerably reduced,
It is the weight of the frearm and by ancient irrigation systems.
Totem worship, and sun-worship, found bayonet which specially interests the scientifid investigators here. The latest all over the world, originated, says Pro- pattern British rifle represents in weight fessor Elliot-Smith, with the priests of about Alb. 10 oz. Is it a practical pro-Heliopolis in Egypt, at the end of the Fourth about 6lb. 1 There is an influential body ward their dogmas in an effort to seizs of small-arm experts who say that it is. control of the State. They were only partly. It is also claimed that the Bayonet might auccessful, but their doctrines were later be reduced slightly in weight by the pro- carried over the whole world, from Stones cess of shortening it and without lessen-henge to Peru. ing its efficiency as a fighting instrument,
...
the
long
Viscount Milner was the principal: speaker at the dinner of the Rhodon and Scholarship Trust, held on June 17th in the Town Hall, Oxford. In proposing The Memory of the Founder," Lord: Milner said that Rhodes had two great objecta at heart the unity of Empire
About 6,000 miles of new lines are under construction or in prospect. The latest
To this chapter are apponded some re- devices in electric automatic signalling marks on the English tour of the Australian are being installed, and great advances team of 1921. Therein, we are inclined have been made in the capacity of the to think, reverted the secret of that rolling stock employed. The shunting unfortunate misunderstanding with the yards are to be increased, and everything Kent County Committee which caused so is planned to take the utmost out much heart-burning. In Mr. Armstrong's of the property. At Shimonoseki the bold opinion, he was short of bowlers and at highest pressure scheme of a channel tunnel has been times, to avoid sinleness in a Test Match, arduous programme which WLE initiated to connect with Moji.
had to rest his crucka and, carry, on mean arranged for 1921, and so they Funds to meet these improvements are while with his change bowlers. One seo's nursed their best performera for secured partly from current revenue and his difficulty, but at the same time one Test Matos Cricket. It seems rather un- and the amity and co-operation of Bri -partly from public loans. Railways in
can appreciate the force of the remark: satisfactory.... THE FLUCTUATING MARK. private ownership are also being atimu
lated to enlarge their properties. SHOWS SLIGHT IMPROVEMENT.
The conclusion reached after a recent not worth playing. It looks rather is one to buy and keep beside one; to traders, the two great bulwarks of, ou
the Australian Belection before rot-practice or a match, and to consult visit to Japan is that the administration if LONDON, Augu 29thly using every means to bring the rat Board had been anable to collect a sgain after the practical experience, has After fluctuating between 5,500 and ways within the reach of the people in sufficiently numerous side to fulfil at been gaized, so sa to locate errors and
amend deficiencies. 7,200, marks closed at, 8,750.-
all parts of the country.
(Continued of foot of next column.),
A hundred and fifty passengers and the crew of seventy were all lost on the Chilean steamer Itata, near Coquimbo.
•
If Kent is not worth beating it Finally, let it be repeated that this book
tin and America. These, Rhodes thought,
common civilisation, and there never was e time when these bulwarks were more necesary in view of the dangers which threatened the very foundation
civilisation.