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THE PIG AS DEVIL AND GOD.
SCOTTISH SUPERSTITIONS.
SHAME”
ITS MORAL --VALUE, Correspondent
Times :--
A
writes in the
"A paper on "The Scottish Pork Taboo." was raid to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society last month by M. Donald A. Mackenzie, the writer on the most potent in its influence upon social Of all the emotions shame is probably anthropology. Mr. Mackenzie recalled behaviour. It is difficult to over-estimate the statement of Julius Caesar that the in-its power as a check to evildoing. Men not habitants of Ancient Britain had roli seldom dread the prospect of being the gious scruple against the dating of the objects of contempt, and consider even the hure, the domestin fowl, or the goose, al mildest disapproval of their fellows as one though these animals were kept for of the worst misfortunes that can hap amusement or
pets, wrote that certain inhabitants of North standards are higher than their neigh- Dio Cassius pen to them. Even when their own Britain refused to eat fish.
These taboos, Mr.
bours men will conform to that which Mackenzie said, they know to be unworthy to placate, the were not entirely extinct. possible to find Highlanders who decline to a man from doing right as well, as from It was still criticisms of others.". For shame may deter partake or what they called "feathered wrongdoing. It may not only prevent flosb
or "white fleab," and hare and moral progress, but sometimes evcu per- rabbit. Almost all inodern Sents tabon | vert that which is good. eel. In 1918 the Scottish Fresh-water Fisheries Committee issued a pamphlet what they cannot be held responsible. Men may be overcome by shame for on the coinmoa eel, with turising it as food,
view to popu. The shame of low birth, of some physical writer of the pamphlet said, "human be which he has had no control, may de "No doubt," the deformity, or social disadvantage over ings have a natural aversion to creatures stroy a man's happiness and sour all which have a writhing motion like that of bis life. This shime cannot be caused a sanke, while the fact that the eel is by a slimy as well as wriggling adds to thether it springs from the notion that
sense of moral inferiority. aversion till it becomes, horror and luath defects of fortune prevent a man taking Eit- lag. The serpent is a symbol of the devil, that place in society to which he feels he and all Highlanders know that the eel, has a natural right, by reason of his ability, being like a serpent is like the symbol of character, or general circumstances. Here the devil, and is associated with the shame comes through an inner sense of evil influence. The fact that many. Con-failure to attain privileges, or opportunities, tinental people find the eel a most valu- or social esteem, to which a man thinks able food only shows that such foreigcers himself entitled. He feels that he has a will eat anything."
He is lowered in his own eyes, because he right to regant where now he is only pitied. has not won a higher place in the opinion of his fellows.
In the West Highlands some people would not eat-mackerel, and until recently others on the Solway would not. touch skate. Doyush was not enten in Scotland. Mackerel was supposed to eat human fest, ashamed of doing what is right even when Experience shows us that a man may be gorging on the decaying bodies of the it is recognized as drowned. They were supposed to be poi-Ahatra-tly this might seem impossible, sonous, und especially so if caught in the, but it is too frequent, in experience to be right by others. moonlight. Catfish and ling were still ignored. It may be questioned whether this tabooed in some districts. Eels were called shame always arises from feu of others' devilish They were supposed to originate criticisms. If a man were really certain of from the hairs of horse's manes and tails himself, conscious that his life was ull & that had fallen into pools or rivers. Those piece and consistent with the particular who ate eel became mad and set out to fight good action in the doing of which he feels a sense of shame, he would ignore instead of sometimes happens that men hestitate to fear the judgment of his fellows. For it arow their religions aspirationsmot because they are ashamed of them, but because they dread the possibility of proving unworthy of their profession. Like the ever-memorable Hales, they may shrink from confessing their faith lest by some fault in their con- duct they might bring it to discredit. This perversity of shame's office is more pre- Talent than we like to confess.
with wild horses.
LORD LEFERHULKE'S EXPERIMENT.
#Among the ancient "geasz" or toboss sarviving in Scotland none was of greater interest than the "geas," which prohibited the eating of pork. It had reached its final stage, surviving only as a prejudice Thousands of living Highlanders refused either to keep pigs or to eat pork in any form. They despised pork as keenly as did the Hindus, the Jews, and the modern Greeks of Northern Arcadia. Lord Lever Eulme, who had seen-or thought he had sen-possibilitics of development in the understand why shanie before others is These considerations may help us to island of Lewis, recommended pig-rear.not greatly emphasized in Christian ethics. ing to the crofters, and introduced swine Christianity never considers public opinion into the island. In 1920 there eight pigs in Lewis, in 1921 there were two, faith and life and the Church had its birth were anything but an inadequate standard of and this year there was one pig, and its in, circumstances which brought it into state of beuth was said to be very bad direct conflict with contemporary thought (Laughter). A native of Barra informed and morals, him tant it was a common saying in his sorrow for sin, of almasement and self- Its teachers spoke much of boyhood that there had never been more judgment, but this 4 than two pigs on his island, these had been they bad in view men's judgment, but not because washed ashore and promptly committed to because they thought only of the all- the deep again. (Laughter.) In my nighteous God, in whose presence men boyhood," Mr. Yackenzie said, "I heard lived, and before show fribunal each raust pork referred to with aversion. mackerel, it was supposed to use disease. found their highest moral motive-in re- "
Like stand at the last Unlike the Greeks, who I have eaten pork, but for the past few years the prejudice of my boyhood has revived to such an extent that I cannot any longer partake of pork in any form."
Christians The shame
Terence of their fellow-mer. found it, in reverence for God. arose from their consciousness of His pre- sance and the knowledge that evildoing was a wrong against lufinite lova. (fh this account their shame was all the more in- tense and humiliating. It was the cathartic discipline of repentance that a call to they might come into the Presence of God in the freedom of their sonship."
The pig was often associated with the devil The fishermen, in Mr. Mackenzie's boyhood, refused to put to sea if, when walking towards their boats, they met pig or a hare. A middle-aged native of Wirk informed him that in his youth the Caithness fishermen forbade mention Repairers.ad to be mentioned, be was referred to ever-present temptation in days when to
of a minister or a pig when at sea.
Oce kind of shame receives the strongest If reprobation in the New Testament-it is in the course of conversation, a minister being ashamed of Christ. That was an as "the eauid-iron gentleman" while a
be a Christian was to meet the contempt pig was the cauld-iron beastie,” cold and obloquy of society, as being either mad iron being the antidote to the banefal or depraved. The temptation to this spell. (Laughter.) Newhaven fishermen shame may have changed ita form, but it of a past generation were greatly en- still exists, and perhaps its baneful results raged when the mischief-making boys of are as real a hindrance to Christianity as Leith shouted after them. "There's a 300 in those first days of its open at the boo" (there's a sow at the bow fict with the work. Shame of the boat). At Oban bors used to en- the very perversion of the spirit of the hore is rage men from the island of Lismore by Gospel. It is the submission to what imitating the bleating of sheep. Mis known to be unworthly, homage to Mackenzie had seen, in the eighties, a what is recognized as evil. Bunyan was Lismore boat turn back to the pier adjustified, in declaring that no other templa the crew give chase to the boys. The miners of Prestonpans, in East Lothian refused to descend a conlmize if on walk ing towards it they met a pig.
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tion is so canning and so persistent and so ruinous to the disciples of Christ as shame of this sort. It can offer specious excuses. The demands of policy, the desire to preserve what is cred from ridicule and One of the names which the Gaelic-Profanity, the wish to be at peace with all speaking people of Scotland for the devil mert, even the pile of reverence may be of was the big black pig" When the devil fered to exense it. But if it is not bravely appeared in human form he had usually has its true office only when it makes us overcome its sure result is apostasy. Shamo ahorse's hoof, but also sometimes a pigs ashamed to offend against the will of God." foot. He was in the habit of visiting young people who played cards, which were, notoriously, the devil's books.
When visiting, the fiend, according to one au- spell A little brown bird leapt out of the thority, came down the chimney feet fore the sheet and the supply of corn ceased. most, and when going away disappeared The bird was called "Tore Sona" (Happy smoke, neighing horribly in the Hog), and when any of the man's descen chimuey the bile. Croftera in some daats have any luck they are asked if parts of the Hebrides began to keep pigs the Toro Sona still follows the family. after Dr. Johnson's day, but, chiefly be. The devil-pig and the godpig were met with cause of the prevailing prejudice, pig. on the sculptured atones of Scotland. rearing was abandoned. In Skyo the su perstitions abhorrence of the pig was repork taboo was borrowed from the Jews, Mr. Mackenzie did not believe that the vived by a tragic occurrence, a hungry or that it had its origin in early Christian pig wandering into a house and partly times through Christ's action in causing devouring a baby in its cradle, would eat the flesh of an animal which Gadarene wins. If it had been borrowed Who the demons to enter the bodies of the devours human beings?" the native asked from the Old Testament the mouse would Although the pig was generally asso- not have been eaten in Scotland, for ciated with the devil there was Highland Isaiah had bracketed it for condemnation evidence that it might as a supernatural with the swine. In the Highlands he being bo, like the fairies, of assistance to had seen the liver of a mouse given to mankind. It could assume a bird form, children who were anpposed to be on the A story was told of a man who sowed point of death. Roasted mouse was his corn in silence, the seed in his sheet cure for whooping cough and small-por. growing no leas, when a neighbour took Modern Boer children were given mouse- notice of the phenomenon and broke the flesh as a medicine, and appeared to bo
(Continued at goat of next column.) rather fond of it.
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