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(117
INDUSTRIAL UNREST.
FEBRUARY 101, 1921.
THE SKÝ.
are employed or less men, or more or less THE NUMBER OF STARS IN MR. ASQUITH ON TEE COLLMOTIVE"
Hours are worked-the standard is pro BONUS SYSTEM.";
portionately increased or decreased. That, I believe, in itself and by itself, would
A B. K. Young, of the Dominion MR. CLINES PLAIN TALK, lead to giving a stimulus to and an easy
Astrophysical Observatory, Saanich, Mr. Asquith, Mr. J. R. Clynes, M.P., Pratical method of producing a larger B.C., says in an article on this subjects- and Sir LA Worthington Evans, M.P., wero föutput than we have ever had before the clearest night not over 3,000 stars I may be surprising to many that on the principal guests at a luncheon by the Cheers.) But there is another aspect of can be seen by the unaided eye. A tele- Higher Production Common, at the Conte case to which I, at any rate, attach scope of even small aperture, one or two naught Rooms, last month.
at least as great if not greater import- inches in diameter, wii reveal probably Sir Samuel Waring, who presided; said the variations inside are matters of agree could build telescopes as large as we ance. It is this. The standard itself d0,000, and our largest telescopes show a number which is truly enormous. If we he was glad to see that the meeting was representative of all classes of industrial ment between the employers and the please, would we and that at last we could see beyond where the stars are, and political thought. This was a clear
or would we continue to see more and indication of the profound interest baken
find that the number was infinite: The answer to this question is quite definite. in the matter of higher production, and
The number of the stars is not infinite. also of the purely non-political character
men.
called universa.
IDEAL OF
COMMON CONTROL. There is a democratic works committee in each factory, and the first function of that committee is, of course, to fix the least, the number that form the so- of the question: The Higher Production standard, afterwards, from time to time Comicil was established in 1919 with a to revise and review periodically the out- distance from our sun there are ten stars Let us suppose that within one unit of view to bringing employers and employed put and the consequent changes in re- and that on the average the stars are together in support of a scheme or muneration, and, as time goes on, as co- just as thickly distributed at greater dis schemes which would result in the greater mora firmly established between all the that there will be eighty stars within two operation and confidence grow more and tance. Then it follows from geometry production of the necessities of life. In partners (as I call them) in the venture, units distance, Because a sphere with particular, they favoured the scheme you will advance what is the real ideal. radius two units has eight times the propounded by Mr. Priestman
as an effective cammon control as to dis-volume of a sphere of radius one unit. being eminently fair, and apparently cipline, as so welfare, and, in time, as to In other words, between one and two in the interests of bota empley-industrial management and policy. I units of distance there will be eight ers and employed. Under this scheme would venture to make two appeals. minus ten or seventy stars. It can be standard output was chosen, First, an appeal to the employers to re-ready shown that these seventy stars which represented the standard wage.cognise that by the adoption in some format one, to two units distance will give us When the standard output, was exceeded, or another of the collective bonus upon more light than the ten closer stars. The all other conditions being equal, the collective output, they at one and the stars which lie between two and three wages were increased in the same percen- same time relieve themselves of the vast units distance will also give us. more tage...
majority of the possibilities of what I light than the inner zones. It is an old may call internal and domestic differences, and they would give a real and generous stimulus to the conjoint working of a the men who are in their employ. And, on the other hand, I would appeal to have here if you carry it eat in its spirit, the employed and say to them: You
SUSPICIONS OF LABOUR, N
STANS CHASSIFIED.
YETILITY OP STRIKES. -
RIKES.
saying that every little bit added to what The results of the scheme, where it had
you already have makes a little bit more. been adopted, had been to increase pro-
So it would be with the light from the dction, to engineer friendship and con-
stars. As we could count an infinite fidence, to improve time-keeping, to
number of zones, or stars, at an inânite render supervision less necessary, to avoid
infinite and the sky would be one blaze distance, the amount of light, would be jealousy, and to increase wages. The auceess of the system was demonstrated in its true intention, you have here the of light. As such. is by no means the by the fact that it had been adopted in means by which you can transform the case we know the stars must thin-out almas: every important branch of indus-old, and, in a judgment, the obsolete and be a perfectly definite number. Of try. The grens fact we had to face to-day position of the division between wage course, all this holds true only there was that there must be essentially fairness payers and wage-earners into a real, is no absorption of light as it journeya in the treating of all matters relating to genuine working partnership and co-ope-down to us. After long investigation, labour. When the working classes realisation between Capital and Labour, or, astronomers have reached the conclusion as I would rather say. between all the that such is almost true, and we are sed that they were to be met fairly he factors upon whose combined operations pretty sure, without ning any practical had a strong conviction this would be the not only the maximum output of produc work whatever, that the number of stars answer to the unpleasant incidents wetion, but a smooth, facile working of our cannot be infinite. Astronomers are not had witnessed in the last year or two industrial system becomes more and more content with these theoretical conclus The moulders' strike, for instance, cost dependent. I think this, of all the ex-sions and lang ngo set out to try and find £100,000,000, and did great harm to many periments and suggestions, conjectures, by counting how many stars there are. trodes. The Priestman system and others and hypotheses, and more or lese nebu- were best calculated to demonstrate the lous ideas which I have seen put forward of course, it is hopeless to try to count futility of strikes and the essential neces during these later days for solving out all, but by counting the number m parts sity of getting together on a sound con industrial diffenties, this is the one which of the sky and multiplying by the fraction structive basis. (Cheers.)
Mr. Asquith, who was received with though not ambitious in its scope, offers ancounted, we can get some idea of the cheers, said: is to me a matter of of practical expectation in the future, and
the most solid practical ground and hope, number.. sincere gratification to be allowed to take I heartily commend it to you. (Cheers.) The stars are divided into classes, part in this gathering of friends of the Higher Production Council and to
according to their brightness, which are Sir L. Worthington Evans, M.P., said spoken of as magnitudes. About twenty express my heartfelt sympathy with the that only by the production of goods could of the brightest stars in the sky are motives, and, so far as I understand them, profits be made and taxation be paid to arbitrarily called the first magnitude. not only with the motives, but with the charge debt at home and abroad. If Stars which are twe and one-half times as methods by which your operations are car taxation were not paid out of savings it faint as these are called second magni ried on. They have their starting point had to be paid out of capital, and so in tade. Stars which are two and one-half I think, in two simple propositions of fact, dustry and enterprise would be checked. times as faict as these again are called which many people would regard and He was not sure that even now taxation third magnitude, and so justly regard as truisms, but which, like was not being paid out of capital scale. There are in the sky about fifty- many truisms, received more lip-service (Cheers.) Speaking generally, it was not two stars of the second magnitude, 209 than practical recognition. The first pro- our financial system that militated against stars of the third magnitude, 6.of the position is that in the economic conditions higher production. The main factor was fourth magnitude, 1,890 of the fifth magni- which are the legacy of the war, after to be sought at home in the uneasiness tade, 6,250 of the sixth magnitude, 17,900 the divertion for more than four years of and even suspicion with which the ques- of the seventh magnitude, 51,000 of the all the available resources of the suption was viewed by the operatives. Whas eighth magnitude, 150,000 of the ninth plies of the world to purely destructive was wanted was a more direct and im-magnitude, 301,000 of the tenth magni- purposes, the primary need of mankind mediate method of demonstrating that the tude, 1,010,000 of the fourteenth magni- the fundamental condition of recon- minimum wage for minimum work was not tude, 2.000.000 of the twelfth magnitude, struction and of revival is a steady, pro- enough, and that the workman deserved 14,400,000 of the thirteenth magnitude, ten gressive, and continuous growth, both in and should receive a further direct in million of the fourteenth magnitude, twenty the volume and in the rate of production. terest in the results of his labour. He million of the fifteenth magnitude. About But there is another proposition, equally was persuaded that it was possible im-here the counting ceased. relevant to the situation, and I think mediately to lift the work of the workman telescopes will show stars of about the Our largest hardly less important in its practical out of the plane of wages only; it was twentieth to twenty-first magnitudes, but urgency, and that is that the essential possible by properly protected schemes they have not been counted. Limited growth of production, if it is to be to enlist his energies in the success of regions have been counted, and enough is brought about by any but the most fitful the business itself, to open up to him known to be sure that the number of stars and precarious fashions, still more fit gradually a larger share in the contro per unit volume is beginning to grow is to be brought about without friction and and responsibility, so that he might be smaller, so that the big telescope sees to conflict, must be brought about by a come in a full sense a partner. benefiting where the stars are thinning out. With system that secures that the resulting like his employer in the prosperity he ont going into details, it is estimated increase of wealth is automatically assisted in promoting. (Cheers.) shared by those who are concerned Mr. J. B. Clypea, M.P., said that under that twenty-two billion would include ell (hear, hear)--whether they be employers the existing system of wealth production the stars in our universe. Recent work or whether they be employed... they had the defect of great groups of
by a Dutch astronomer, Kapteyn, who is
LABOUR'S VOICE IN CONTROL.
on down the
idle workmen side by side with the grow. an authority in this branch of work, shows And, further, by a system which gives ing need for more goods and wealth. It that our sun is somewhat brighter than to employés progressively, step by step, was suggested in some quarters amongst the average star. Each star, however, is not necessarily at a single blow, which employers that they would be driven to a sun like our own, and for all wa can gives to them progressively a more living seek a remedy for the difficulties that tell, may have planets encircling it just voice in the control of the common adven existed in the direction of reducing as our earth, and the other planets of the ture. Now, no one who knows anything wages. As things were that would be a solar system encircle the sun. of the varying and shifting condi- inous step to take. (Hear, hear.) At tions of our industrial life, unless he is a the same time, if they were not to have
That was not the
fool or a sciolist, will dogmatise as to the reduced wages they could not suffer re of his wages. By some it was alleged necessity or possibility of the adoption of duced production. Both, he was sure, that the cotton operatives in Lancashire anything in the nature of a east-iron and would lead towards greater trouble. were out of a job because they had pro- uniform system, and I do not understand There was no doubt that 1920 was the daced too much. that to be the attitude of.. this council.. year of low production, yet it was towards Experience will show us as time goes on the end of that year that they had the reason. They were out because of the you may obtain the goal we all desire, but were trae that law production found work (Cheers.) In so many parts of the world that there are various routes by which highest figure of unemployment. If it high prices of their products and the low purchasing power of would-be buyers. in the meantime they have selected, and for others it would have solved the em where cotton goods were wanted trade I think wisely selected, so far as my ployment problem, and the hundreds of and industry were dislocated, and the knowledge and examination goes, as a thousands. now unhappily out of work
On the
seful model and object-leason, what is would have been absorbed. (Cheers.) People were unable to send to us the called after the name of a great employer There were many exuses which had tend things which they should be producing in in Yorkshire the Priestrian system. It ed to create the workmen's impression exchange for the cotton. If the opera has been at work now between three and of unemployment and production. One tives had produced only one half of the four years, and I can fairly any, after such was their experience in the past of finding quantity of cotton, goods, that "lessened examination as I have been able to give themselves thrown out of work because production would not have created the to the evidence, that it has passed bether had filled the markets with goods power to purchase. (Cheers.) yond the stage of experiment, and that it Another was the suspicion that increased other hand, if more had been produced is a proved success.
The principle is output would only strengthen the inter prices would have been greatly lessened, this: In order to secure the increased ests of employers and add to the gains and the goods which were now in the production we all know to be necessary of the capitalist class. Whether right or disposed of. He believed that it would warehouses would have been more easily you should proceed by way of a collective wrong, these impressions ought to be enormously help trade if wages for a bonus upon collective output. It discards faced frankly. It was proper for the period could be stabilised, and an element the individual piece-rate system, which is workers to secure safeguards against of certainty introduced into commercial open-and no one knows this better than employment and against additional output transactions. (Cheers.) Two things were Mr. Clynes-to every manner of mitre beneating employers more than anyone essential if the better spirit were to pre- presentation and misunderstanding, and, else. But if those safeguards could not in actual practice, to abuse. You start be secured it would still be desirable vail. The employers must abandon the with an average standard of output based enormously to increase output, because practice of yielding only to the force of upon a careful examination of the ex that increase would confer more benefit strike, and on the other hand the work- perience of the past, and upon what may upon the working class than upon any Unauthorised strikes had in every in- men should always honour a bargain. be called the man-hour mit; that is, it other class in the country. (Cheers.) stance resulted in serious losses to the takes into account both the number of FALLACY OR LOW. PRODUCTION. persons employed and the number of
Scarcity did not diminish profits; it was worker, A bargain might be a bad one, hours they are employed. That is your the real friend of the profiteer and few, but it should only be modified or altered datum line that is the standard outpat if any, manufacturers had suffered in their in a businesslike way by those who made with which you start. If the output is profits because of diminished output.should call their leaders to conference and it. When men were dissatisfied they increased beyond the standard fixed the Plenty was the friend of the workman. wages of those concerned are increased in Diminished production increased his har. require them to procure better terms; the the same proportion. If there is a change dens and reduced the purchasing power employers or the public at large by strike wrong way was, to inflict loss either on in conditions-it, for instance, more men
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