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TUESDAY, AUGUST Sub, lyžu.
THE CHINESE HOSPITAL IN officer in charge. .. He lived in the same
FRANCE. »1917-1919.
. BY C. FREDERICK STRANGE.
?
M.R.CS.. F.R;G.S., tragtnin, akikod„C”, “Medrike &ftonneur des Epilemienny
This possible in this article to toll-only part of the story of the First Chinese freteral Hospital in France, and of all the good work that was done there. When it was realised that the outcome of the Great War was going to be determined by man power, and that every Britisher available was wanted for the firing line, it was des cided to form a' corps recruited" from Chinese voluntary labour for work on the lines of communication and at the ports.
From small beginnings the corps rapidly assumed great dimensions, so that when the Armistice was signed there were approxi mately, 120,000 Chinese labourers in France all on a three years' agreement. Noyelle was chosen as Chinese Depôt feasiquarters and a large hospital built there for the sick and woundedl This was the nigin hospital, but there were smaller ones estab lished in various centres such as Calais, Boulogne, Dieppe, Eouen, which acted as feeders to the one central base bospital, which was known originally as No. 1 Chi- eke General Hospital (to which I acted as surgical specialist), but afterwards as No 3, Native Labour General Hospital. Con enciag in the spring of 1017, while the battle of Arras was still raging, it grew rapidly in dimensiaus, to a 2.000-bedderi bospital!
compound with the insane and slops on the same premises within barbed wire. Yery rarely a lunatic oscaped. One religious He was always manine managed to do so wanting everybody to baptise him, and by jut upon the top of the hat one day in search of some une for this purpose and fell off, breaking his right tibis and fibula ile was admitted to one of my surgical wards and I successfully plated his tibia, but he had to be shacked to the bed all the time he was in my ward. When healed, he returned to the mental compound, but took the Erst opportunity to escape: How be managed the barbed wire no one knows, but he was found at 3 am, at a height of go feet, on the top of the watertank-the in hospital, supply trying to defile the water. He resisted all efforts to goi him down, a free fight ensued, and be fall, again grazing the old broken leg from knee to unkle, but his leg stood the strain well and It made nu difference to the plate, An other lunatic pierced his abdomen 14 times with a pointed sted flo, bending the tip of it against his lumbar vertebra in his determined efforts to kill himself. How ever, all the 14 wounds in his intestine were sutured, and he made a good a recovery- But be developed maniacal symptoms again, and was readmitted to the mental block. We were sorry at the relapse, be cause he was killed at wood-carving, and did some exquisite work.
1
CHARTING THE SEA. WORLD CONFERENCE REPORT
1.
THE GATE TO AUSTRALIíky THURSDAY ISLAND AND EASTERN
RACES.
SAFETY OF SEAFARERS.
A passenger from Thursday Hlad bad The report of the Hydrographie Con ference but in London last year, which is interesting statements to make at now completed, will be found to justify Brisbane the other day regarding the peark fully the high hopes expressed at the time fishing industry and the part Japanes play of the meeting of this body. As the Temes. Chutside balk a dozen hotels and s few business houses, he said, Thurulay said, in according welcome to the delegates,
uning intercourse deserve to be more fully Ciambling any are rampant, and re "tries Tasks of a science invaluable to Island is run by Japanese and' Chinese. anderstood and appreciated. The world- wide importance of the results achieved carried on unchecked. As for the peurling beted that the security, not only of the Japanese. There are some aine Buropean is perkups best realized when it is remem-industry, is is largely monopolised by the
navies of the Powers, but still more of
owners of pearling boats on Thursday their aforcantile marines and indeed of all who use the seas for business or pleasure, Island who indent Japanese crews from depend's very largely upon the accuracy Japan, and have to eater into a guarantee and completeness with which hydrograf 100 in regard to each that he shall not phers and nautical surveyors in all counescape into Australia. The boat owners fi tries perform their nayer censing work. up tha, vessels with diving apparatus and The conference, which began on Jane hand then over toy the Japanese to be work. 24th, 1919, was the first attempt to appls ed by them, Euch dapanose gets 22 a ton the lessons and experience of the war, on for picking up shell, and keeps all the an international scale, to the needs of pearls they contain peace.
All the maritime nations except The result is that the Japanese get Germany, Austria, Turkey, and Bussia practically all the pourts picked up in were invited, on the initiative of Great Torres Straits, and the boat owner has to Опе Гардцев Britain to send delegates, and all com be contons with the shell. plied with the request, 21 States being diver in eight months during 1919, the represented, as well as four of their De visitor stated, sold. £1,200 worth of pearls pendencies. The number of delegates from to the man for whom he was working, and these 25 countries was 45, and there wore it is alleged that in the last six months of Prevent among the delegates from their res 1919 £50,000 was sent by the Japanese from pective Governments the hydrographers in Thursday island to gan Japanese from a penny income tax. Further, the person of Denmark, Prance, Holland, Nor. Paid
· requires way, Sweden, and the United States, as Japanese purchases everything urt well as of this country. The last previous from Japas, and was of little use to the conference at which a similar interchange Commonwealth from the commercial stand- of vows took place was at Petrograd in point. En pre-war times the owner of a 1019, but Great Britain, the largest pro pearling cutter or lugger could sigr. on a lucer of charts in the world, was not then Torres Straits crew to dive naked for pearl represented.
Shell. During the war no pearl shell was The subjects discussed by the Conference picked up in Torres Straits, but in 1918. that year covered the whole field of hydro the visitor added, the Queensland Govern graphy, and decisions of the highest im ment made a regulation prohibiting i portance were arrived at, seme, of curse, diving, except for pearl shell the native concerning hydrographery only, but by far wanted for the valves. The rails was that the larger number being of interest and the white may as the present time cond valge to all navigators. The report shows not "pick up shelf in Torres Straits unless" that the work was divided into 10 sections, be purchased diving apparatus at a cost of some being discussed by the full Conference, abrat £300 and indented Japanese divers. and others by Committees, whose decisions. This regulation could not be justified on were submitted to the Conference for con; the ground of scarcity of shell, as there' firmation. In addition, there were resolu must have been an abundance of it sines tions of a general character adopted. "One tik waters were not exploited during the such affirmed that it was dearable that war, and the regulation had cause a gond similar conferences should be held at in deal of soreness among the poorer Boat
crvals of not more than three years; while owners of Thursday Island.. another expressed the wish that all Gov. At the present time it was very, difficult peramenta should aim at obtaining qui- to get pearling crews about Torres Straits. OPHTHALMIC AND BURGICAL CASES. Perlips the most widely known medical formity in the systems of boyage and of Formerly, the crews were brought across work amongst the Chinese was in connco-part signals; and a third considered that From New Guinea nad signed on by the tion with the ophthalmic department, it was desirable that all nations should. Customs officials on Thursday Land. At There the beginning of 1990, however, an attack Truchomy is a disease very common in adopt the system of tipe, zanes. North China, and every precaution takes were also some informal discussions of by the Japanese-on-New-Guinen-diving
Every value between the delegates and certain to prevent its spread in France. Chiness Labour Corps unit from Calais to monographs on particular subjects which Verdun was regularly inspected by our eye were circulated appear as appendices to specialists.
Se
LEPROSY, VENERAL DISEASE, 'INFLUENZA, As the war went on feprosy began to manifest itself amongst the Chinese
had to establish a small teper colony, of which there were a dozen inmates when the All symptoms of Armistice, was signed. leprosy developed after arrival in France, and the disense was usually observed by M.Os, who had been familiar with it in
Chian
The greater nuiler of in-patients on When hostilities any, one day was 2.000. ceased there was not a letter organised or better equipped hospital in France, and under the able exmand of Lieutenant Color) 6. Douglas tirny, of time Britinli Legation, Peking, there grew up large Our venereal wards were always fall and special departments to cope with the ever-
an amazing amount of salvarsaŭ and mer- These departments. increasing demands. each under the charge of specialists, in- eury had to be used.
During the influenza epidemic, which cluded; surgical, medical, ophthalmic, tuberculosis, leprosy, senereal, pathologi: caused so much have amongst European eal na breteriological. Thospital troops, the Chinese were not great suffer- We had special warts for influenza covered a very large arve and, fortunately,
слих. It ran very much the same course bad plenty at room to expand.
Speaking generally, there were no spreials amongst the soldiers, with the same clinical manifestations. We were lucky in diseases peculiar to the Chinese, but having a comparatively small mortality common diseases such as leprosy, insanity, and tuberculosis with various unusual elinita mantle lations, occurred. Discares
There was not a single woman amongst
natravelled Westerner.
MEDICAL EXAMINATION,
recruited The Corps.waLS
From picked labourers, mostly
From North China, where the climate resembles that of Northern Frane. All were submitted to a thorough medical examination at Weihaiyei o Shanghai Lefore eurbarkation. Many thousands were rejected in China as unft. After a long voyage round the world the ultimately arrived in France, and were in mediately taken to the leadquarter¦ Depot, where they land to undergo another
<?
This involved an enormous
under.
the report
of the eyes necessitated special treatment to prevent their spread amozgat British troops and the French population, with whom the Chinese mixed-freely"..
There was a peculiar and insistent belief
boys occurred at Thursday Island, with the prevaleat amongst a large section of the British Army that there were many Chin.
result that the police took the New ese wamen amongst the labourers in the
Guineans, to an, adjoining, island until such time as they could be sent home.
As a Chines Labor Corps, But I gladly take
OHARTS, LIGHTS, AND DEACONS
consequence the New Guinea buys had this opportunity of denying this charge. The ophthalmic wards were separated by amount of travelling and incessant work.
Of the greatest general interest, perhaps refused to come back to Thursday Island. th: ra, though wins of the Chinese: labourers, read from the general hospital, and all was the work of the first, section, devoted This had naturally caused. n wanrcity of 1.to charts. The wish is unanimously ex- crews, and the whole show was "now there unhappy Bufferers
rigidly were either in facial appearance or in dress,inted, one part under canvas for ordin-pressed in the report that all countries practically run by Japanese. Formerly appeared like some to the eyes of the arg conjunctivitis, and other wards for should adopt the metric system on their pearling boats were rented out to the trachoma. When well enough to work the charts and in other bydrographis docu.
Japanese on the half-share, systein, but As regards recently a number of boat owners on Thurs latter were formed into special trachomanent as soon as possible.
places, the literal transcription day Island had entered into contracts with names of were not allowed to
At their as favoured in preference to the phonetic the Japanese, whereby the Japanese paiď companies, nad mix with other labourers.
transcription. A most important advance the wages of the crews and provided their was made in regard to the conventional food, and in return received 66 2-3 per cent. special depots they were stant medical supervision, and were pro- viled with all facilities for carrying out signs on charts. A uniform system of those of the pronts, the hont owner receiving
was adopted, based largely on the symbols 23 1-3 per cent. The Japanese, the visitor. used by the British Hydrographie Office, concluded, now ran practically everything the special treatment for this disease.
The surgical cases were many and varied, i tiris The surgical specialist was much envies being Facilitated by the fact that other in Thursday Island, by visitors to the hospital, who were in States use the same dr very similar symbols. The symbol for wreck, and for the six variably surprised at the number, variety, fathom line, were taken from American
ANTON LANG REFUSĖŠ. " pressed unreservedly their appreciation of officers of the hospital. Every recruit was the excellence of the surgical work. There French service the symbols for submarine
Anton Lang the Christ of the Ober- examined by at least three doctors before resit margical waren er 60 beds each cables, remarkable buildings, and other he was passed as fit into a labour unit and these were always full. This being the nature of the bottom of the sea, were adopt war, would have cu duo for production. couspienous objects, and for expressing the Ammergau Passion Play, which, but for the. atmusing to those who had the opportunity, we had a remarkable lot of clean surgical sew symbols were near, this being for drama in the United States, but has de This examination was undoubtedly very Blighty" have hospital for the Chinese ed. La one interesting particular, quite in 1990, has, I am told, been asked to to witness it and who do not know the work, as well as a fair share of thou
organise a performance of that religious Oriental. The men were assembled in com- sounded by bombs, shells, 'aerial torpedoes. /the indication or charts of stations us128efined the offer. The Americans, during the panies spread out in long new on a wide
wireless telegraphy, whether for the feld reserved for the purpose. They came
receipt and dispatch of messages only, and circumstantial story to the effect that war, libelled him. They foated a dramatiq along in single file to the doctor who ex apined first the throat, abdomen, and
for other purposes such as direction-fiad
I was nowing down the heathen borde rg. Tint: the throat and tech with special
the second section, concerned with a machine-gunner; and there was not a reference to mumps and trealar glands: the abdomen with special reference to eu China and who were brought out in the direction of standardized practice prospect of a production of the Famiun larged spleen and intestinal trouble, and Ching for this special duty.
hospital training in mission, hospitals in sing directions, advances were alw made word-of-truth in it. There is no pretent A source of error was eliminated by the lay at Ober-Ammergau itself. The com- the musclature of the arms and legs to never a large enough supply of English
resolution stating that the pany are willing, but they have no detect any evidence of beri-beri or leprosy nurses in France to spare any for the tidal waves, should be referred to as
movement of the water, dust laze months of the war were cut up. costumes. Most of these during the When passed they ran away shouting for Chinese Hospital, and yet the cleanliness tide" joy to another part of the field, where they of the wards and the good nursing were the should be referred to as "tidal stream
and the horizontal movement, and used as material for pattees. stripped behind
The Ober-Ammergau play is now thorough urinogenital examination was bres of frequent comments by visiting or tidal current. It was also agreed believe, a purely commercial proposition,
sisters and nurse. The hospital garden. carried out for any evidence of syphilis provided an simple supply of vegetables, that the stream should be described by the run by a company (saya a writer in the or gonorrhea. Thence they were conducted and we took seven prizes at the British unless the stream turns at or about the at Nancy, where the parishioners of St. true compass direction in which it down, Daily Express). They do it more worthily Lo another part of the field; where the eye Exhibition of Agriculture at Abbeville in time of the local high or low water, in which Joseph's give the sacred drains free of specialists always two or three in sumber 1918.
examined their eyes, especially for and the fact that Chinese-speaking medical
The splendid discipline displayed case it' may be described as flood or "ebb charge and the takings go to charity. trachoma, which is very common amongst officers, who knew zád MUNDO.
understood the the Chinese. On the whole the various Chinaman, were gathered for duty at this pectively with lights, notice to mariners The next three sections, concerned res ahipments arrived in excellent health. Any hospital reflects the greatest credit upon and buoys and beacons, all did useful work the six Powers which have not yet, made found diseased were immediately admitted the O.C., Lieutenant-Colonel G. Douglas in their limited spheres.
Great Britain is unfortunately, among to hospital and not allowed to leave until Gray
A resolution known their decision in the matter cured.
most thorough" inspection by the medial and interest of the surgical cases, and ex practics, however; and similarly from the.
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· STANDARDİTZÆED HYDROGRAPHY.
"
It
Politically it was of the greatest impor taken at Petrograd" in 1912 was again ean hardly be expected, however, that the Amangen medical clinouses tuberculosis vns Chinese the Fratice, for each one posed ploved in measuring the power of indian fraught with its beandt for the seafaring are that we did well for these 130,000 adepth to the offees that the unit em British Government will withhold their in-
light flueatial support from far the most rampant and destructive to through the hospital at least twice, if not tional unit-known as the "violle," Life. It was astonishing to note the oftener, and their good report may help that a table of equivalent values to
and
munity and for
and for oversosa trade and com. rapidity with which men, apparently to cement Anglo-Chinese friendship in a
this
which are of such primary import healthy out arrival in France, fell victims country growing in importance every day, lists of lights,
morce, unit abould be given in every volume of ance to us. The cost of the scheme is com to this disease We had
Lay special I would conclude by pointing out what
No satisfactory formula,paratively wivind. The wards whers all cases of suberculosis were splendid scope there is for British mediant paseat on the intensite of a light, exists at diture of the total nangka pen
Bureau is estimated not to isolated, and, generals speaking, the paly education in China to-day. It ought to present for determining the distance at exceed £18,000, which sum will be divided deaths which nocurred in hospital were from be seized by us before any other nation which the light is visible; and it was there between all the States connected with it. phthisis or other forms of general tuber gets in, as the Germans did in Japan, and of lights round the costs of all the so interests are the greater should naturally, that a system of observation The idea is that those States whose maritime culosis. The kospital cemetery at Noyelles robs us of a great opportunity. The ciated States should be started with a contributo a larger sum than the lesser bears testimony by the hundreds of white crosses to the ravages of this disease
view to obtaining the basis for the evaluations, and the British contribution would amongst the Chinese. Almost every day
tion of an acceptable formula.
work out at about £1:200 per annum.; If there was at least one death from phthisis.
the Government should, for any reason, We had special wards for surgical taber
Mention has been made of the proposed refrain from joining the Buresa it is con. culosis, so that this disease, was isolated Mr Justice Darling's objection to the Tutomational Hydrographulated to tolvable that the leading shipping com at once and everything done to prevent its description of a man as apparently as Cursion of this project was allotted to a
panies might consider apread.
The Chinese as a nation bass agricultural labourer from his dress in separate section of the Conference, and be advisable, in view of the benefits, to be suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis for of a much older application than the judge forms the final stage of the report. The obtained, to co-operate auf become afiliated
iramediate many centuries past, so that it is now called appeared to imagine. The eighth Duke of
of anch
a Bureau to by them by the significant title." The Old Devonshire was more than once tits, fortemos/mended. The can tout by entirely unrepresented. The Value in order that: Great Britain aborild Disease. Major Graham Aspland made keeper at Chatsworth, and the late Duke consisting of three hydrographers then in
ference, moreover, appointed committee of such a Conference as that of last s a very efficient officer in charge of the of Norfolk was severely reprimanded by a Medical Division, and when he went to tourist for walking across a lawn at office in Britain, France, and the United mer, and of the proposed Bureau, is not strictly limited to work for promoting the Ching in charge of a hospital ship full Arundel. "It's the like of you as gets States-Rear-Admiral Sir John F. Parry efficiency of navigation and the extension of the sick-and-affected his place was off those placer shut to the like of er, said the Monsieur. J. Renaud, and Rear Admiral and security-of-commerce. This mentingy antly taken by Captain E. J. Feill. tourist. At least once Mr. Justico Hawkins Sampson to take steps to obtain ap between delegates of acveral countries, and was mistaken for a prize fighter, and Lord proval of the details of the Bureau, and the efforts towards standardizing practices, I cannot explain why so many Chinese, Russell of Killowers, of all people, for a submit the results of their deliberations to induce a feeling of mutual comradeship, went mad in France. Our mental hospital, card sharper, and, on another occasion, for the Governments of the associated States, each contributing something for the com- was very well ofganised indeed and came a racing tent. A very eminent politician As a result of the working of this common good which cannot but be of benefit in for univeral praise from visitors, Tre was mee described by fellow of the craft mitter, it is understood that already 15 out to international relationships, and the nd-- quently there were over a hundred insane as dressed like a seedy sailor, and there of the 21 Stater have definitely given their vaterment of free intercourse between the Chifose housed in it. Captain ILL. were times when Lord Houghton might adherence to the proposal
Bations in an asset towards mamtain Fearn, of Shanghai, made an excellent have sat for a tram).
LENACY.
· (C'ontinued at foot of next column),
peace of the world-Timers
the