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A GRAND FLEET. RECENT REVELATIONS."
[DY ARCHIBALD. HURÐ,Į There is evidently some misconception as to the scope of Lord Jellicoe's book.
seas
OVERSEAS TRADE. COMMERCIAL COUNSELLORS AND
CONSULS.
Bir Arthur Steel-Maitland, M.P., the head of the clumsily named Department of Overseas Trade (Development and in- telligence)," contributes an article to the February number of the Nineteenth Cen Fury and After under the title of The Government and Foreign Trade."' If it
noucement of policy it is at least a wel does not contain any very precise an
come indication of his desire to take the
The volume is not a history of the operations of the Navy as a whole, but only of the work of that action of the Navy which passed under the command of this officer. That is a very important distinction in its application to the ad miral's reference to the relative strength public into his confidence. He insists, in of the Grand Fleet. This all-entracing the first place, that while to other coun war has so benumbed the memory of some of us that there is a disposition to for.
tries foreign trade is Д luxury to the got that at the time when the margin of points out the unceasingly serious Ger- United Kingdon it is a necessity. Ite safety of the Grand Fleet was narrow, the naval authorities were holding nat
man challenge to British trad in the merely the North Sea, but the world's
decade immediately preceding the war; The Gueben, and Bredau were in he refers to the new competitors who have the Mediterrancan; Van Spee's squad entered the field, notably the United States) Fun, which was eventually overwhelmed and Japan, and, in less degree, the at the Falkland Islands, was not only at neutral countries of Europe, and laments large, but disreed. The principle that the need for commercial combination which justifies a pack of hounds being is still insufficiently realised in England. employed in chasing a single fox has it. He then goes on to discuss the proper parallel in naval warfare. The British functions of the commercial counsellor Fleet had not only to hunt down the (a development of the commerein! eneiny craft, but to ensure the safety of attache) and the consul: admits to the scores of transports conveying troops
full the need for reform in the consular from India and the Dominions, from service, and denies the differing duties of Egypt and Malta, and carrying also Ter
the commercial attaché in countries which ritorials from the Mother Country to and in those which British enterprise are our competitors in neutral markets the oversea garrisous. Those transporte, which in six months carried 1,000,000 may take the lend in developing. Finally. men, had to be guarded by large numbers
be writes on the proper form of Gor at cruisers, while at the same time the department at Home organised into
ernment organisation. This consists
of onemy's warships and armed merchant two main divisions--the Overseas Divi vessels had to be dealt with. The posi Mon in the outer sen, was never cleared because down to the time of the armistice provision had
to be made against raiders, while from October, 1934 rds, the submarine became an
onwards, increasing embarrassment.
41.
in
in which different countries are re- the Home Division which is analogously presented in geographical, sections and organised by industries. ment he likens to the
This depart ters, the commercial counsellors to thê
general headquar commands of local armies, and the con suts to the regimental staff. The duties of the consul are local and detailed, those of the commercial attaché central and general," co-operation between each being essential.
When readers of Lord Jellicoe's book, forgetting the factors in the situation, Are inclined to hold up their hands in horror at the conditions which existed at the opening of the war, they may be re- minded that at one period the battle-
Sir Arthur admits that to obtain for cruisers Tuflexible and fademitable, with consuls "commercial men of high stand several cruisers and light, oruisers, were ing and with a wide range of experiencs" in the Mediterranean; that the battle-
would necessitate a aalary which could cruisers inferible and Invincible were, Later on, despatched to the Falkland Is
only be paid in a very few posts. Busi- Lands; that the battle-craiser Princere
ness men, professors of faculties of com Royal, was sent out into the Atlantic to
merce at leading universities, and "pou help guard Canadian conveys; that thela who have taken a special interest in latile-cruiser Australia was
commercial
have been consulted, the nnd the result of it be same up thus:-
work Pacific; and that the Dreadnought battle It is probable that the best way to pro- ship Queen Elizbeth, in association with ceed would be to select commercial ten other battleships was employed in bom where good enough men are forthcoming berding Gallipoli. A large force of for the salary that cruisers in all seventy Alfied oru
offered. For I believe were also engaged in the outer
the rest the best plan
plan will be to
to select seas at one
education and at one time. We had to behave in young men of good"
put them through a specialised course of Italiano,
commercial training under vireumstances particularly in assisting them which will enable them also to see the in- with
capita shing, cruisers, and destroy rs, in the Mediterranean.
terior of a factory or business house and Aa. I have learn how ita pointed out before, every Allied
management is com except the British Navy, was desperately
ducted. LEVY short of effective cruisers, as well as of destroyers, with the result that we had to place every vessel we could spare at their disposal.
GUNS, ARMOUR, AND SPEED,
cruisers,
Cal be
The
The Boards of Admiralty had their annual programmes squeezed your by year from 1904 downwards by every Govern ment in power without exception. Estimates were, nevertheless, doubled. and yet the money available was not suffi cient to meet all the requirements of the Navy. The result is that what wore regarded as the most urgent needs vero met, and the others postponed from year
to year.
Few
When the war came, we bai suitable docks on the East Coast, but we had the ships and we weathered the storm. The Germana, on the contrary, had large docks ponveniently located, but had not the ships, with a result which is now historioal.
It is only when these facts are borne in mind that the reader of Lord Jellicoe's book can appreciate the real implication of his statementa. The whole German avy, apart from the few cruisers after wards Bunk, was concentrated in ite North Sea parts, whereas our Navy had to be dispersed widely, with the result ibat the provision of strength in the Grand Fleet was the minimum regarded Breasonably safe on the basis or strategically defensive and tactically offensive policy, in view of all the de- mands which were then being made on the Royal Navy als whole, and no allowance was, minde for contingencies, which did
WHAT OF THE GERMAN FLEET occur. The margin was too small, s It is much the same with other so Lord Jellicoe has very justifiably ex-called "revelations with which every plained, but that was not bis or the one connected with the Navy was familar. Admiralty's fault-
At a time when the nation refused to Lord Jellicoe, in his preface to the think of war, the successive Boards of expresses his view that, judged by Adthiralty, supported by an able and the times, the attitude of the nation as well-balanced Naval Staff, did prepare a whole towards naval defonos, and the for war, and we possessed a naval organ character of our Government, which is isation at the beginning of hostilities democratic, the surprise is that successive which saved the Empire under the Boards of Admiralty from the beginning inspiration of a fine a body of officers of the century onward, did as well as they and men, from Lord Jellicoe downwards,
It a miracle that we man as this ever aged to change our naval front from work. The temptation to introspection in Southern to Northern waters in the short one to be resisted. We have yet to study time available, and build so many ships the other picture, showing the condition of the new types required for work in of the German Best Is it not apparent the North Sea
that many mistakes--and aruch greater mistakes must have been committed by the German naval administration in the Wars Preceding the war, in spite of its of which we used to hear accounie -from speakers
book
And then there arises the point as to the superior qualities, in some respects; of German battle cruisers in contrast with the British battle-cruisers. Every ton of Naval displacement, whother British or German, such wonderful represented an equivalent amount of and writers on this side of the North Sea
who fighting power, as Lord Jellicoe explains Otherwise, how are we to explain the
admired everything German in complimenting our naval constructor timorous policy which was pursued, ex- on their work. Our ships were built for pt in regard to piracy, from world-service and had to fit ducks of reing of the war to its end, and the final
the
open stricted size; they had a largo allowance surrender of the best and newest of of fuel
and stores, and they were far ships? It is all very well for critics, tho more heavily gunned than Germany's who have no ships: the German ships were built for affairs, to become vociferous-wise after
first-hand
and knowledge of sen the
North Beb and, in view of that fact, the event; but the truth is that the as
worked out a different variad tion of the Clernal anal comprat in betion be cause for undying gratitude to tion of tween guns, speed, and armour. They ite sailors, serving ashore and afcat, when it looks over past years Thors may have been right, but I would sugwere times when the Board of Admiralty gest, in the light of our war experione had to resign to got its way, and the that we were right.
Then, on the question of dooks.
Government of the day, was threatened Germans when the war oamne posnosed by powerful forces in the constituencies. Aner dooks, contiguous to the North Sea. Estimates, it would be thrown out of office, that, if it did not reduce the Naval than we and--first because they had Far from condanning the Admiralty, much money, raised by loans still unpaid.
ห us they could use; and, secondly, Воблако "In "ordating their
alato.
The
ought to ho unspeakably thankful in réfiowing the miracles which wore por
second
tarted, with. val istablishment they formed when war, broke out with "the already laid out our naval establishmont, particular, we should acknowledge frank
grembuat Navy in the world. In: with dooks, on the South Coast, investly our debt to the Admiral who for the ing millions of monoy there in yours at two and a half years of war) was!!! by Then, again, as to the defencedeam
state of Soaps Flow, that: la no now personally responsible for holding the Balfour, as First Lord, made the main sea gateway for us and the Allies cerethean in the House of Commons than those poseabed by the ohing, Inist
with force coiatively not sobi grestorat mogrly thres
years ago. Lord Jellicoe defeating the Germans to complotely M bhown how this weakness induced The Battle of Jutland, with the support. atrategy, and how with great labour, the Sir David. Beatty, that in dus cour error'wak, Tomedied.
they surrendered all thelf newest and bes
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