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6TH, 1019!.
1
I consider the rather undesirable tone
towards the Government. There has been
THE HONGKONG "DAILY PRESS. THUESDAY, DECEMBER
EXCLUSION It has been demonstrated that the POST-WAR
OF CRITICISM OF THE GOVERN- THE. OVERCROWDING EVIL
"GERMANS..
MENT. COMMENTS BY LIEUT. OLITSKY, meteorological factors hate an important relationship to the dissemination of
MALAYAN PLANTING OPINION. | INTERESTING MALAYAN OPINION. M.R.C., U.S.A.
epidemic meningitis. Cold weather es
At a meeting of the Planters' Associa The Hon. MR. C. M. Kinderaley, In his report on the investigations of pecially in the absence of sunlight re- the outbreak of epidemic meningitis inaulted in an increase in the number of tion of Malaya, held in Penang on chairman of the Planters' Association of Hongkong, Lieut. P. K. Olitsky, M.R.C,cases. On the other hand, the meninge November 25th, the subject of the exclu Malaya, presiding over a meeting of that U.S.A., of the Rockfeller Instituts for coccus is a fragile micro-organism and sion of Germans from British Malaya, body held in Penang on November 25th, made an interesting statement in refer- Medical Research, New York, made the joes not long withstand ordinary air after the war, was discussed.
The Hon. Mr. R C. M Kindersley,ace to the criticism occasionally levelled following reference to overcrowding in camperatures and the drying of the secre the Colony-
tions containing them; price separated chairman, introducing the subject, said: at the Government of the F.M.S. by the As que dizeitse was limited in a great from nasopharynx, it seon succumbs in Now that peace may be said to be Association. He said-I have had it in degree to the avercrowded sections, it is external nature." But when the cold within sight, it becomes our duty to cer- my mind for some time to remark on what Important to incefigate this phase of weather appears the population, already aider the extremely important question the epidemiology of epidemic meningitis overcrowded, abandon the habit of sleep of whether Germans are to be allowed adopted at times by this Association
Taree clusta optrace to effect over-ing out" in: the open streets and literally to settle in our midst agnio. I men- crowding. In the first place there are wars in the cubicles. These cubicles are tion Germans alote, as although their for some fears a tendency to abuse the Government upon nearly every question" too many houses on too small a space, inbox-like compartments, completely shut allies, Austrians, Bulgarians and Turks,
that comes up. I am not speaking of“ this way causing structures to be in close in the cold nights, unventilated and over, have been proved under their German criticism. Criticism is very desirable, if proximity. In turn this gives rise to
crowded,
leaders to be thoroughly bad, we do not is fair and in moderation. It should insuficient ventilation and for the most!
Should one inmate harbour the inen-look on them, as we do on the Germans, be remembered that there are two sides part very little figat. The areaways and insecoccus it will soon be distributed as unclean beasts. It would be an insult
to every question, and it appears to mo the streets, or lanes are so narrow and
over all the others of the dwelling. The to our glorious dead, if we were to wel that if the Government treat us in an off- the houses are a high in proportion to mechanism of dissemination is more or come back here those murderers whose hand manner and do not consult us when the narrowness of the street) that notes direct; it consists in the ejection bands are stained with the blood of our we expect to be consulted, perhaps this sly ventilation and light becomes deft the nasopharyngeal sceretions into the murdered countrymen, women and child Association may not be altogether: blame- cient but the air is always damp From
surrounding atmosphere. This ejection ren, (Applause) Gentlemen, let there less. I put it to you that if we criticise" wetness of the passageways. They are never thoroughly dey, possibly from the not take place during ordinary be no mistake. The people of Germany the Government's conduct unreasonably, are no better than their leaders. They and then go to them and ask what wo breathing and little, as a rule during position of the Chinese community,
quiet speaking. But in loud speaking cheered their leaders at the outbreak of wish done, is it surprising that we get. Jamely, at the foot of the hills where
war. They cheered their leaders over rather a cold reception? I have heard, the water, from the higher attitudes and particularly in coughing, sneezing,
such crimes as the Lusitania, Nurse it said that this Association is getting hawking and spitting, the secretions may continually settling.
Cavell, and Captain Fryatt, and they a rather undesirable reputation. Wo be sprayed and scattered widely." In the second place, there are no
Thus while the meningococcus is a would cheer their leaders now, and they have to work with the flovernment, anık arrangements, for ventilation within the house. A typical example may be cited. very fragile organism and succumbs would treat our women and children and to my mind we shall usually beneft if » On June 7th, 1918, through the courtesy easily in external nature, in overcrowded towns as they did those of Belgium and we can work with them better than wa Northern France, if they had been vic have done recently. I feel that the Gov- of Mr. Adam Gibson, head of the and ill-ventilated conditions it passes Lorious. Et us hope that no weakness ernment will be quite ready to meet us Sanitary Department, I was permitted from one to another readily. The cold on the part of the Allied Governments half way. I do not counsel servility, but to make an inspection of No. 13th, temperatures, while detrimental to the will allow Germans to escape the punish-I strongly desire to see the business, of
ment they have earned. Let us hope that the Association conducted in masiguröccus outside the body, by
until they have been made to repent, they manner Chinese Street. This was done at about bringing about a condition of overcrow
will not be admitted to any of the Allied. M. J. W. Kennedy, chairman of the p.m. I was accompanied by Inspector lug close contact, favors the general countries,, Had the Germans fought Malay Peninsula Agricultural Associa RR. Wood of the Sanitary Department.
and relative incidence of the discuss cleanly, and last, we could have shaken tion, said he was in agreement to a very and he hoped that everyone would sup The first and second floors were inspect uued and uncrowded districts adds them by the hand as gallant fees. But great extent with the chairman's remarks,
The disease took they have not fought cleanly. They are The house is three storeys high.uer ericace,
murderers, and worse than murderersport the chairman's plea for moderation.
He
however, that they thought,, Governor of this country should address the Home Government to the effect that no German be permitted to enter inte business or to obtain employment in this country for a period of years, and then only under licence from the Government. (Applause)
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COMPANY'S OFFICE in Alexander Building Chater Boad,
ed.
Win10 of tills linero-organisi.
a proper
The measurements of the firs; foorisgred.est toil from the crowded districts Ibope a member will propose that tac bound to realise that plain speaking and
as follows:-Length, 31, 9in.; Width, sit. 10.; Height, ft. Sin.; thus making 3,818 cubic feet or 5,995.net cubic feet
allowing for a stairway. The total window area equalled 81.8 square feet; one of the windows opens into a narrow street, the other into a chimney-like
areaway.
、་
The windows and door were bolted. I was informed that this is a usual prac- tice to avoid thievery or intrusion. The air was quite fool.
in
Among the Europeans the incidence was ag 1:1250, among the Chinese it was as Yet "epiucmic meningitis is not pecunafly a uiscase of the Uninese. dwasow, similarly, about sixty 'Caus developed-all among Chinese, who live under the same (or possibly worse) con- ditions as Hongkong. Un the Trans Pactic, or the const-line ateamships numerous cases have crowded storage and but rarely has aing, it was carried unanimously caso occurred among the cabin passeng- ere among the. Chinese "themselves, in the less crowded areas of Kowloon, fewer cases pro rata have developed.
occurred in the
On the other hand, at Canton there were no authenticatet cases of epidemic Not only was there "no ventilation en meningitis among the Chinese, according to the medical authorities at the Canton this floor but a third factor of the overlospital. The crowding at Canton is of
This a crowding was in evidence bere. factor is the crowding of too many in mates occupying one, floor.
No
This floor was subdivided into four cubicles, each cubicle containing the following number of persons: No. six persons; No. 2, three persona; 3, two persons; No. 4, two persons. In a narrow half-way were boards and trestles which were occupied by seven persons, making the total number of inmates twenty. The usual cubicle on thia floor, measured 7 feet in width, about
House No.
1. Wo On Lane..
measurements.
cles on the
inmates, cases.
14
floor.
48, Stanley St...
[3 (and deveral) 13
· 。་
2
4
afferent nature from, that in the Colony. In the former city, there are too many dwelling houses on too small a space, but there are no cubicles, within the houses. Each house, has two storeys; the upper one usually has an open sky fight. Each floor is subdivided into two large rooms with beds along the walls, so that the usual number of occupants, ves to seven, have sufficient air space; the front and rear walls open-completely In on to balconies or to the street. other words, the Cantonese live in better ventilated quarters and are less crowded within their dwellings than the natives of Hongkong.
This evidence based on the relative
Mr. MeVee proposed the following resolution, and, on Colonel For second
were..
strong criticism were sometimes necesanry. If such were fair and justified, they need not be inconsistent with moderation. When the late chairman of the Associa tion relinquished office, Mr. Harvey stated that he was at one with him with regard to the Government, but that at the same time when strong speaking was demanded they should speak nut freely. He was quite sure that no member of thu That this meeting of the Planters Association would ever go to extremes in Association of Malaya expresses its speaking against the Government. They earpest desire to "H.E. the Governor of a re the importance of Govern- Some of the critic- the Straits Settlements and High Comment missioner of the Federated Malay ism of the Government may have been States that no person of Gerrian justified, and some of it may not. It war, matter of opinion. He thought that had not trade or to obtain employment in British there were some of themselves who
to ba able to probe rationality be permitted to engage in Malaya for a period of years after the been so fortunate as
the depths of diplomacy, but at the same time he thought none of them would wish Declaration of Peace, and even then only
to come to the level of the street-corner orator or the agitator. He thought they of licence granted by the Government."
could trust the members of the Associa to see that the dignity of the Association is upheld (Applause.)
Not only should the prevention of overcrowding be directed against the living quarters, but the Government should also consider the overcrowding of tram-cads, schools, theatres or places of public assembly and workshops.
The facts which lead to the conclusion that overcrowding rather than the actual numbers of carriers determines the spread of the disease are:-)
(1).The meteorological conditions The colder the weather, the greater be- comes the overcrowding, and as "a conse quence greater is the number of cases developed.
(2). The relative incidence of the d'sense in crowded and uncrowded "dis! tricts shows pre rata decrease in the lutter sections and a similar, increase in the former.
(5).-arthermore, the extent of car- riers among contacts was less than anong tae przoners.
NAVAL EXAMINATION SERVICE DISCONTINUED..
A Government Güzelte extraordinary states:...
The Naval Examination Service, which was instituted on the 2nd August, 1914, will come to an end at 8 am, on Thurs., day, the sth December, 1918.
There will no longer be any restriction on the channels by which vessels may enter
the port.
The Police examination, which is car ried out under the Travellers Bestriction Ordinance, 1915, will continue.
3 feet in length and feet in height. incidence in crowded and unerowded Thus six persons in cubicle No. 1 existed living condition, shows the direct, in in 330 cubic feet of air space the air fuence of crowding upon the dissemina- therein being unventilated.
tion of epidemic meningitis. The second floor contained seventeen The bacteriological evidence obtained and from patients suffering from epidemic persons, but the cubicles were the same in extent and meningitis offers additional proof of the
(3). The prevalence of a single type arrangements The doors and windowsnread of the epidemic by close contact.
Pending the issue of regulations which That almost all (95 per cent) of the in many of the patients (although all the were likewise bolted.
types of meningocceci bave been found will alter certain details of this Polico Inspections were made at the follow
patients examined should be infected. ing houses which yielded cases of epide with one type, when other types are pre-in carriers) points to the possibility of examination, all ccean-going ships must sect in the community command atten- the infection travelling from one to fly the police flag on entering the port mic meningitis:-
another by direct contact. In crowded and should proceed to their buoys and No. of cubi No. of No, oftion While the evidence is not conclu
conditions of existence this contact is, there await the arrival of the police. No. sive, yet it is very suggestive of the
person is to be allowed to land from any the disease
DE course, closer. great communicability or
(4)-The geol in which almost ideal such ship until the police examination directly from one person to another-- condition which is usually brought about conditions exist with regard to an abhas taken place, and no such chip may by close contact: of individuals.
sence of overcrowding, although bar- go alongside a pier or alongside any other The epidemic having gained headways pouring 21 per cent, of carriers among ship until that examination has taken place. No ocean-going ship aball leave 1. Jubilee St.....
continuance 130 inmates, yielded no cases during the the Colony until it has been examined by In all these houses, the legal restrict is posible that its
the police. tions insist on seven to nine persons to depends on the constant immigration epidemic. the floor; the actual number was thirteen into the Colony, adding new susceptible to twenty. The measurements and cubic individuals to the "epidemic areas who contents are in the main as given above come in contact in this way with the for the Chinese Street house. But, besoarces of infection. To this may be sides the actus! overcrowding in, this added the unhygienic habits of the serits of dwellings, there was, as well, no natives--the use of common drinking ventilation. The cubicles were bepvily cups and towels, the use of the game and curtained, admitting no air whatever. uncleansed food utensils by the numerous Hence, there are too many houses over patrons of the street and house restaur- too small an area, there are no sanitary ants; the placing of food directly, ou arrangements for light and air within streets which are covered with, mouth and the houses, and there are too many nose discharges; and, indeed, the many parsons living within the house. The ways prevailing in the Chinese com to the manity of distributing the nasopharyn relationship of these factors apread of the epidemic will be discussed geal secretions from one to another.
An attempt has been made to demon- inter.
The tendency of the Chinese to over-strate the importance of overcrowding of crowd is noted throughout the com-the population upon the wide spread dis- munity The market is crowded daily semination of the disease. Indeed, it and the streets surrounding the market may be stated, that as long as the over- are so filled with persons that at times it crowding continues, under additional is impossible to thread one's way adverso conditions of life, as, a cold houses, schools, the matsheds, the streets tions of nose and throat mucous mem branes, thus increasing the spraying and lanes,- etc.),
The factor which impresses one as capacity of individuals, and a migrating. being of 'greatest importance in the dis population, outbreaks may occur in the semination of the disease in the Colony Colony from time to time, is the extensive overcrowding. The bases upon which this conclusion reste
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MANAGERESS.
ars;==
1. The meteorological conditions.
The relative incidence of the disease in crowded and in uncrowded dis- tricta
It is beyond the scope of this investi- gation to state how this great social and economic problem of delocating, ae it" were, the enatinous numbers of Chinese from the mall area of their community may be accomplished Reclamation of lahd and colonizing the adjacent, New
1. The lack of relationship between the Territories by improving transit facili number of carriers and the spread ties suggest themselves. But this ques- tion a left for solution by the Govern- of the distise O
The bacteriological evidence obtain-ment ed from the patients.
(Continued at frot of next cośzimn.)
-Also, the number of European contacts was greater than Chinese al- though the disease was almost entirely
limited to the Chinese,
With regard to prevention, the im portant measures have been shown to (u)-The education of the Chinese in order to effect 20 active co- operation with the health and sanitary authorities."
(b) The prevention of overcrowd-
ing (c)e "prevention of droplet infec
tion, the infections of the nose. and throat, by the instruction of
A launch will be stationed at each en- trance to the port for the purpose of directing ocean-going ships to fly the police flag and to proceed to their buoys.
British and Allied ships which are fitted with wireless telegraph apparatus will not be required to lower their serial wires, or to seal up the apparatas on arrival within the waters of the Colony. This relaxation of the wireless telegraphy regulations shall not apply to neutral ships.
NAVAL AND DOCKYARD BRANCH Q.M.N.G.
The above branch re-comnienced work
the principles of personol-hygiene ing on board H.M.S. Tamar, on Septem
and, under the conditions indi cated above, the employment of ber 6th, mecting one day a week.
The following 24 members rejoined: masks.
Brown, Bentley, (d). The detection and treatment of Mesdames Barnett,
contact carers, including the Caroy, Crees, Cochran, Dreaper, Heard, Innes Knight, Kennett, Long, Platt isolation of those carriers who
Phillips, Rodney, Sandars, Searle, Beara harbour numerous meningococci
Titmus
Windebank, Winfield, Miss Lillie, (especially of the same type Mi Parker, Miss Rodney. Cutters which is present in the patient Mesdames Knight, Brown, Long,
and Carey.
out
Thu
(c) The isolation of the patients, in- Creticles sent up to date to the City
cluding the mild and ambulatory types.
Hall comprise 35 pyjamas. 94 shirts. The discharge of patients and 20 bedingets, 20 de handkerchiefs, 57 carriers after three examinationa vests, 10 mosquito nets, 44 mops, 13 at five-day intervals show the pacumonia jackets, 7 knoo caps, 4 pairs absence of meningococci.
socks, 3 jerseys, 15 pants, and 2 doz. jug. an experi- covers. (u)-Although still in
The members have decided to continues mental stage, the use of preven tive inoculations of anti-meain working under the War Charities Com
mitted till next summer. D gococci vaccine.