PUNISHMENT AND RECONSTRUCTION.
[L. P. JACKS:]
THE HONGKONG DAILY PRESS, FRIDAY,
Of the many tasks that await us here mense structure of would tumble to the 'by victory:" Victory any be conceived
tion of man,
after the chief will be that of outliving the stain which the German method of conducting war has cast upon the reputa
It is, of course, upon the Western rnces that the stain falls deepest The Eastern races have doubtless drawn conclusions, which confirm their own an opinion previously formed. have never conceded the claim of the West to moral supremacy. How can they be
expected to concedo it hereafter?
They
articulate before its successor was in the
This truth is obvious If we permit ourselves for a moment to entertain the thought, however unpleasant, of a Ger man victory, we shall see the justies of the adjective den
leave us in presence of the deadlock afore
conscious. Not until we view the pro either side will leave the other side grammes of reconstruction in their enor- | broken and humiliated, so angry and mous totality does this fact strike us with revengeful that the generation of its, full; and proper" "forec, Then only Europe, which can only be effected by the does it come home to us, with a certain high-hearted and willing co-operation of salutary shock, that the whole of this im all concerned, will be impossible? W
dreams, pre The answer depends on what we mean grammes, and ideals ground like a house of cards--if the Ger
in many forms; and of most of them it mans were to win the war. Viewed in
may be said without hesitation that they that light, every programme of recop struction is a gomble with, Destiny.
said. But does this hold true of all of them? Of victory, as of most other things, the point lies in the application. Is there thea no form in which we con conveive our victors the victory of the Allies to be applied such that the effect would follow of vindicating the essential Principle for which we are fighting with ty crushed and consciously humiliated but that of leaving our opponents moral- Can we by any stretch of imagination and imagination, is perhaps our best helper at this point-construct the image of some definits application of victory which would work in this double-way
it muy seem-our 30 thatparadoxical as adversaries would share, and consciously Imagination can construct such un share with ourselves in its fruit? image. Whether the means can be found for beinging the dream to fulfilment is difficulties are great. another question. Most assuredly the But to those who aphasise this, I would answer by minding them of the problem before us, tion than that, which I shall presently and ask them to produce an easier solu suggest. The problem is the regeneration erad hope, confidence, and energy on some of Europe--that is, of starting with gen new and better, path than that which bas
one half of Europe which half does not brought us to the present state of affairs How is thatto be affected if we assume that matter to the argument is the sullen
of the | victin
other half, crushed, Unless this be avoided, the position of fairs after the war will be worse than it was before. let victory come to whom it
y
interest
To begin with, a German victory would leave us in such a state of moral depres sion and material weakness that neither the will nor the means would exist to carry those proposals, with their immense Foul dueda, of treachery, faithlessness, demands on hope, faith, and energy, into effect Take, for example, the God whom and cruelty, have followed in rapid suc- Mr. Wells proposes to substitute for the casions each in turn has failed in Christian Deity. To believe in the God its object of terrorising mankind it hae of Mr. Wells one would need to be in high spirits. In the event of a German vic been followed up by a worse, and colory we should be in low rapidly that time has hardly been given nobody would take the lighspirits and in Mr. Wells' God.. Moreover, it is for judgment on the first to become highly doubtful if the German rulers
permit us to worship a Deity fiela... On an immense scale we have wit unfriendly to their own Kaltur, even if we were otherwise disposed to worship nessed the working of an inner necessity him. Or take education." A reformed. which belongs to the nature of ezime, education demands, and rightly demands, an enormous publio expendituro. Sad- whereby the criminal is compelled to a
dled with the burden of a great in continuous expansion of the scope of hisdemnity, our navy and mercantile marine guilt. We see him relentlessly driven on at the bottom of the seas and our national industry completely crippled in coase: to. the commission of greater crimes in the vain hope that the greater will roof the German Chancellor), where if quence (according to the intest project trieve the consequences of the less. The plain terms, is the money to come from? drama alone can depict the process; and And who would feel that any of these this it does by tracing the psychology of guilt through ever-widening circles of was worth while? We are little miliated, depressed, and recalcitrant i devastation until the wave suddenly re turns and overwhelms the malefactor him It is thus that the history of the NIL Great War will be finally written. The fifth act will show the punishment of the guilty.
at the fourth. How criminal has reached the point when, thanks to the fares his own crimes have suranoned into being, he is fighting for his life, holding all mens justified which may help him to avert his toom. Control over himself or his own actions has been lost; bo is the mere victim of the must to which he bas sold himself, and must do their bidding to the very last And the same holds true of the avengers. They, too, have no alternatives Their mission is laid on them by the very nature of things. Unless they do their work, life will be to them, as it is to the criminal himself, a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing. Better that all should perish together than that the toil of the ages should come From this point of view the punishment of guilt is £ duty, laid upon a civilisa-
: We are
to such a cloin.
The
to undertake the immense task of reconstructing our life unless we are ardently and enthusiastically convinced that our
life is worth reconstructing. Under a German victory we should have no such feeling; we should doubt whether life were worth living at all.
side. Not
for possession the din of our common life; and the literature of Reconstruction contains on more pregnant suggestion. But if Ger many wins, possession will be plaen
darkened and blighted by the presence in For ages past the life of man has been the world of a class of criminals who under many names and disguises, and by various arts, have first befooled and then exploited the nations who tolerated them in onrlier ages these men stood forth
JUNE 28TH. 1918.
LORD DERBY AT THE ELYSEE PRESENTATION OF CREDENTIALS.
Lord Derby presented his credentials 38 British Ambassador to France on May let to Presedent Poineart, who received the new Ambassador with the ceremonial customary on such an occasion.
Lord Derby said:---
M. le President, it is my duty to pro- sent to you the letters of recall of my distinguished predecessor, Lord Bertic of Thane, an Ambassador whose eminent services rendered to his country in the course of a long diplomatic career have earned him the gratitude of three succes. sive Sovereigns.ph
When my predecessor assumed the duties of Ambassade to France a perfect understanding already existed between
our two nations. 1 succeed him at a
moment when this understanding has igene into a close, cordial alliance, an alliance consecrated for all time by the blood which has been shed by our two peoplee upon the same battlefields in de be no more fitting occasion to express the There can fence of liberty and justice profound admiration for the noble feats felt by the country which I represent. of the heroic, gallant soldiers of France I can assure you that the sentiments
are to day as strong as at the outset, and which in 1914 decided the participation of the British Empire in the present war that my Sovereign's Dominions are still animated by the wine inflexible will to spare no efforts to secure that victory which shall give us lasting peace.
I I am new to the work of diplomacy. venture to hope, however, that, in spite of this orous assistance and that of the Govern more fully on your gen- able to perhaps because of it, I shall be
"roly ment of the Republic in order to achieve the purpose which I have
beart.
It will be my cornest endeavour to secure that the utese alliance of our two peoples shall endure beyond the battles we have fought in common, and that the future victory which will assuredly re- ward our arins shall be the opening of on when the two countries will be as cra have
closely united in the occupations of peace as now they are by those of war.
eon-
to
This should be especially noted by those philisophical reconstructors, like Mr. Bertrand Russell who are above the battle. With the rest of us, Mr. Russell is unconsciously speculating in an isme of the conflict favourable to the British nakedly in their true character; they were known is tyrants, hated as such, Principles of one of his faintest chance of being noted upon, ex- Social Reconstruction would have the
and
put to death whenever their victims
chance. In later times But the
they learnt to shelter themselves behind zone cept by hermits, in a world dominated by Germany. Mr. Russell would sun. philosophy of the state, and, aided by stitute creativeness
serence and the immense powers which President Poincaré, replying to Lord science gives, to bad
Derby speech, after a tribute to Lord men, they have trived new arts for the betrayal of man Bertie, the remembrance of whom would kind.
ever present ją our minds," romark- In spite of all the efforts which be the nations have made, some of themed that Lord Derhy was too modest when partly successful, to rid themselves of the he said that diplomacy was for him a new on a Armer throne than ever, and creapest, these criminals, thanks to their sphere of activity.
His lordship was, tiveness will be crushed into the inelererness in adopting new disguises, more than anyone acquainted with Ender that dread hypothesis no English have managed to survive. To them,
and military questions, weighty political. man would have the heart or the will to their characters, habits, traditions, and an having lately occupied a high post in the create anything at all-except, perhaps ntions, the world is indebted for the mes Betish clevernment his own coffin.
With the literature of reconstruction in It is
kureless catastrophe of the present hour. It is an unprecedented fact, in the his tendencies," his care) that entire antions have rison of right and wrong. As it sure of characteristic with that of our own coun-
can doubt that it shares at least ons totienl forces," or other such abstractions. their own fres for the defence of a single power and the will to maintain, inwin? It sumes that the side, to which position in the characters, and the cause, and they will for a long period
Its cause lies it is the indispensable roundation authors belong is going to win the ally dangerous men.
small group of exception have mingled their thoughts, united of a lasting peace. And not of penel
Their chief repre hopes, and combined their common alone, but of the whole catalogue of ve
Nor do I know what part this assump-
sentatives to day are well-known to the efforts. How could these hieroic struggles, tion is playing or what degree of pro- the very people whom they have befooled ideal, fail to prolong their quan whole world best known perhaps among sustained for the triumph of a common writers on reconstruction. nitto ad or which it minence it has, in the minds of Lern und betrayed. They are responsible for fluence on the futute of France and Grot Hut in on the war, and for all the faithlessness, Britain 1. 1 do not doubt, M. l'Amirissa-
when the time comes, resitits from these great events, which will have seated for ever the friendship of our two nations and the Government of the Republie will be happy to co-operate
ance fresh springs tions in secking in their indissoluble alli. prosperity---Reuter.
of energy and
Avain
on whose very lito deponus on its being Germany 1 am not, nequàinted, but who terms of ideo explain the war in tory of humanity (continued N. Poin
able to vindicate the distinction betwecu
formas, reconstructions, and regenerations for which prace 18 and the opportunity, and trour which it is hoped the world will derive compenan- tion for the frightful sufferings it has now to endure. I will endeavour to se out the reasons which lead to this conen- sion--a conclusion from which men -na- turally shrink so long as other altera tives remain open.
war.
cruelty and general moral imbecility
dour, the incomes, the most happy
Aood of scheiner, programmes, and I new world, we are apt to forget that the all Europe-indeed, for all victory for with you for the advantage of both na
a vision
began. A whole literature of reconstruc~} perhaps, with the gods-an event whose as such. It is, I frankly coment donc. Probably their total number does
134
my victory for granted has the effect of ne ciclots, for graves habit of taking obscuring the importance of the assump war with the darkest crimes of history.
has surrounded the conduct of the tion, or at least of leading us to regard j
Concentrating attention on this obvious as of secondary importance to the re-truth, a vision begins to fora itself of construction in which we are interested.
an ending to the war which would be Absorbed in our schemes for buliding a nothing less than a general
the world; a proposals for reconstructing the world prospect of their success is contingent on victory in which the Central Empires has been pouring forth from the press, an event the issue of which rests with the themselves would be the chief sharers and and gathering volume, over since the war men on the sea or in the trenches, and could hardly fail to recognise themselves tion, distinct is general character, nature is at present unknown...
of punishment. but of But here we are confronted with, what, caine into being. It is the chief liter ary product of the war. To the future to those who take brond views of the soil to deliberate, so just, and so uni- not much exceed that of the better rucn historma it will provide a theme of end-situation, sunt appear by far the most to future ages as one of the most sacred wounded in quiet day of trench
versally approved that it would shine
than themselves who are killed and less meditation, companted by emotions perplexing of its aspects. A community deeds in the history of man, Let theso of many kinds. Centuries hence special- broken in
in heart and shattered in resources malefickers, then, informed, warfare They are the chief enemies of ists will devote themselves to its study,
condition DO
to undertake enterprise of reconstruction. That would
which admit of no misinder mankind. So long as they are suffered er to remain where they are, peace, progress. suffice to cover the ground.
their presence, and the presenco of By this time it would appear that Powers were to succeed in overwhelming on this planel
world, our own half, if the Central beir likes, is no longer to be tolerated al everything in the heavens above or the us. But obviously, the same would hold account for their crimes, solemnly judged sider the alternative and to face the con
Let them be called to earth beneath, which man believes himself re of the other half if the conditions and effectially disposed of by the human sequences. Let him conceive the war com-
were to be reversed. Let vita appear will be a victory for all mankind..
18 in
Cat vast.
by
and the labours of a lifetime will bardybe the condition of one half of the rivistas, that the time has come at last civilisation will stand in perpetual ice
whichever side it may, it
when
Finally I would beg the render to con-
of theologians have already issued their poverished, humiliated, and broken-heart-Allies, the only desirable ending of the sheds the whole human race
tom, on various models.
Grent
children to be treated more wisdy Man Recompossible. Mr. H. G. Wells, God himself is to be ext to impossible dimouter
of
will
that civilized com issue which, whatever form it take, infidently said, the new Etart cannot here as plain, or nearly as plain, to the
of the war, ready and eager for an in- to put a stop to the conflict before either all other proposals in abeyance for the hips, to secure for place is at the
able to control, is to be reconstructed " after the war Religion naturally re
come to race.
of ing to a conclusion in the victory A victory which takes that form either side, or of neither side, which will drives the chief attention, and syndicates that one half of Europe will be im
leave the darkest erme of history--a crime As we contemplate the victory of tho programmes for its reconstruction.. A condition more unfavourable to War that we can contemplate, an immense confession Society is to be rebuilt from top to but the birth of a new and better age could catalogue rises up of wrongs that will today, or as it would exist when the war This would mean an opon that ell
eivilisation, as it exists Longues hardly be imagined. The exhilaration of have to be set right reparations, restitu came to a close, was powerless to vindi peace are to transform the spider's web the one side will only serve to measure the tions, guarantees innumerable. of international relations into a steel net. depression of the other. Even domnestic great a multitude of wrong the font wrong, and the mensory of it, would be
In so cute the distinction tuations, combining their forces for reform among the victors would be check to lose sight of the chief wrong, the purpose, are to compel each other toed by the presence on the outskirts of vast tainhead of all the rest, which is what the starting-point of the new era. Is it and the knowledge right and of this power: rest content with the greatness they have sullen populations, and by the imminent have said. So long as that is suffered to possible to conceive a more disastrous be already attained, and the little nations dangers thence arising The interna exist, the others, which are it, derivatives
•ATE 6 by squally content with their little tional situation would be more difficulty are bound to recur. The most effecting for a great reformation of public ness-which is nothing less than a recon- and perhaps hopeless. The dream which guarantees, Langues to Enforce Peace, or Let us further conceive that the chief struction of the course of history. Go embraces all Europe, and perhaps the what not, will be no more than brief criminals are left in possession of their
morals? ernnlents are to be abolished or reformed whole Polities are to be regenerated. I'roperty reconstructed civilisation would have to in the long run become as previous ditions the notion of lasting peace,
its scope--the dream of a palliatives or mitigations, and may even present place and power. On these cou world, unt marriage are to be governed by now be abandoned. The dead weight of half arrangements of that kind have become, no matter how guaranteed, is the limit ideals. Manners and domestic life,are to a continent brooding on its woes, nursing mere instruments for astute villains tr be improved. The arts are to be revived its anger, plotting its revenge, would con- make use of. Until these men have been suppress crime by organising police, if Women are to have a different status and demn such an enterprise from its birth, removed, and all that they stand for final.
of absurdity. It is not a vain thing to
is to become a new being. According to next to
on any terms, would be ly discredited by the manner of their reconceivably the whole, are to be ander at the same time half the police, and moval, the reconstructed:
has been is blocked path to a regenerated Europe the orders of the criminals themselves 3 SANTANA foreseen by many thinkers both in belli- That many
these programmes
There is nothing new in these ideas. moval would bring i Their removal gerent and
into the They must have been neutral countries, and has moral life of all nations that breath of the mind of every man who has atten never be rehearsed, in the form their been emphasised by those who, in their exhilaration, that sense of freedom, that tively considered the four et origa of the present all along to authors give them, is of course certain own eyes, are above the battle. These feeling of unity, which are precisely what war, and of the worst features of the war. But taken in their totality they are pro thinkers, with some show of reason, have is needed to start civilisation on new Nor need we hesitate to believe that they foundly significant. They indicate a argued that the only way to avert 30 career, and without which, it may be con widespread belief munities will find themselves, at the end volves ruin to the hopes of good men, is
We might be well content to leave But something has yet to be done, per intelligence of our enemies as to our own. mense task of self-reformation, and that side can claim the victory. the requisite fund of moral force will be the position of the present writ
their right place time being and to concentrate upon this and importance. in existence to accomplish the task.
So as our essential aim in the war. It far as it is possible for a civilian to make that we are now trying to arrange, much primary B concentratig attention is to the last of these beliefs that wish the claim, he is the conflict and that was mentioned in the Allies' state- Lanon them it may yet me the newater Much beginning and their importance is 10 draw attention For the war inay con ceivably have an feste which will shatter For reasons into which it is here impos if the chief obstacle were out of the way of Europe, now at war may amicably
has no desire whatsoever to be above.ment of their aims, would
possible to find, arrange itself the moral forces of the communities main-sbile to enter, ha believes that any issue on the other band, it is plain that many discuss their common interests and their
a common ground o ly concerned and leave them in a condi- short of a clear vindication of the prin of these questions questions that touch common destiny questions which, in the tion of indifference, depression, or even ciples for which the Allies are fighting the most intimate rights both of belliger- absence of the prime condition aforesaid, the particular self-reformations
to the ents and neutrals can never he solved 29 will remain at a deadlock and become an but to all others whatsoever proposed, human race, the
flicts worse than present. this literature ; piecemeal, as
Great are, the difficulties
89 which would
promises to return supervene
ferden of rated Europe which be the issue of the war, all dreams of a the
a regenerated the
A peaceful and regenerated Europe, are quarterly press, and in the culties which would attend a
a" draw. books which appear from time to time, almost infinitely greater. The war has is not only an absurd to pin pulmenting point, the condemnation and Enal re
are its inhabitants in a state of
moval of the military autocracies. That raised a question the answer to insane, notion. And yet the truth regen, t which carries
nothing
and
am well content that this
identifying the criminals. This can prospects
It is merely a question of al, but as the least hopeless of the
before
The Hibbert (Continued at foot of next cólumn) Journal
1
That is not writer.
despair. This would be fatal not only to would be an irride to ther con: long as the chief obstacle exists, or even endless source of futura evita Whatever!
ver do, in our daily, weekly upon the victory of the Allies is to start its career with 100 million of worthless unless they have, as their shart-
its significance may escape us. Viewed definite the fate of civilisation. To mains that no regeneration can begin en, the rest might follow. I predict
it is amazing
and portentous.
It reveals the inanité dissatisfaction of that question the way Toust give the until the guilty have received their should be regarded, not as the most hope man with Usuchievements of chilisation answer, yen or nay,
up to date dissatisfaction which the war has brought to s head, and of which, for the first time-i has made us fully
Are we then to sit down before an soluble deadlock Must we accept the certainty that the definite victory of
deserts,
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