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[57-5
RUSSIA'S AWAKENING.
[BY DR. H. J. DILLON] Russia's military capacity is become an object of the keenest attention in the Allied countries since the sudden over- throw of the Tsar's Government.
・me'
For sheer bulk his
The need of keeping it on the side of the for lack of food he fainted at night and PARTY HONOURS AND PARTY
FUNDS. dynasty, but he wavered and waited, and had to be taken back to bospital. when he at longth bostirred himself, it maimad and cripped ware practically abandoned by the State, for the pension
The Times, in a leading article, said:- was only to adopt means which bad, as
allowed them was dorisary.
The usual Birthday Honours List in so many other cases, the opposite effect.
These things kindled blazing wrath in appears this week, and is made the An, instance of this was afforded by the appointment of General Bukhomlinoff to the post of War Minister a grave the soldiers breasts, and revolutionary occasion, as is most fitting, for the For blunder, which caused blank disappoint. agitators made the most of them. Already decoration and promotion of a large in December, 1915, the ferment in the number of those gallant soldiers and ment among officers in the two capitals.
To them, and to the other much depends on the enterprise and strik mad rage in patriotic Liberal circles army was to my snowledge general and sailers who are the proper object of these
vengeance. In some places they had shot war.. ing power of the revolutionary State.throughout Russia Sukhomulinoff was intense. The soldiers were thirsting for distinctions in the course of a titanio itieir own others, and were boasting of recipients of war werk recognition, Unfortunately, trustworthy information shifty actor, a. suasive talker, and a
put a stop to a system so fruitful of the gratulation. But this section of the List about these is not available. Russia's supple public servant. By knew exit. Everywhere they were impatient to the public will offer appropriate con most ornel injustice. And I doubted is neither the most prominent nor the most interesting, and wel may be allowed. present numerical and dynamic strength and he took care to give him that, Nicholas II said of him to one of my negunintances at Court What I like the power of the leaders to hold them to wonder, not for the first time, whether as a belligerent is a mere matter of con- fecture, the elements of calculation being about Sukhoalinoff is that he not only back until the war was over. The Dunia our political system really requires
In these circum puts a problem very clearly before me, deputies assured me that they would wholesale periodical output of peerages wholly inadequate.
in his submissions but he outlines the succeed, and looked to Britain to help baronetgies, and knighthooda in return solution as well. All I have to do is the. But the chiefs of the extrane for some heavy disbursement or for purely stances it may must be amiss to piece to gether a few fragmentary but well- tu sign it. And that is a great relief to party, who knew that the British Foreign party services. Mr. Lloyd George, aft
To the monarch this simplification Office would never interfere, told me that some hesitation, seems to have swallowed established facts, taken mostly from the was in trath a relief, but to the nation the storm-cloud would burst in April the system whole. Press of Petrograd and Moscow, which it proved calamitous For Sukhaninoff And Leeved them. And when at last recommendations will challenge compari contended himself with drawing the the soldiers and the workmen soinshed son with those of any of his predecessora, to put something else in ite place. They at him. Three viscounties, five baronies, may perhaps enable the public to limu Tsar's attention to appearances, and let the army machine they showed no alacrity nose of whom can afford to cast a stono hoods attest" (as Gibson would say) the mutlines of at least a portion of the essentiala shift for themselves.
29 We themselves. picture to be painted, one day by the
the variety of his inclinations. The Minister certainly did nothing to became a law and an institution unto twenty-five baronetcies; and fifty knight- historian when war scruples cense from
strengthen the land forces, which had
Long before these wrongs had brought do not suggest for a moment that all of troubling us and censors are at rest,
been weakened by disaffection and de
cash down The raw material of the Russian army, moralised by defeat, And yet it was no forth their poisonous fruit, one clear-eyed them, as many have been in the past, are
Russian patriot discerned the coming
a mere exchange either for At the or for Parliamentary docility. Here and has always challenged and received high secret in Russin that the country was
like Sir J G Nairns, praise. For, like the Turks, the Russian steadily drifting towards a conflict with disaster and sought to avert it.
its western neighbours, and that at the beginning of the Japanese war M. there is a dreary waste of baronets ons peasants are fatalists and dauntless in
Moscow bankers, and a warrior of forwhose signature is valuable still, their power of endurance Kaiser would be forced to try issues on is almost limitless. They contrive to live, the subject of the renewal of the cou- tune who had fought with the Boers Mr. J. W. Flavelle, the devoted chairman of the common the old atmosphere of party bargaining fight, and be cheerful on a food allowance mercial treaty The treaty had been against us, devoted his energies to of the Canadian Munitions Board. But on which a Western would starve. Of the struck up during the fight for Man alleviating the Cossacks in particular, it has been said churia, when Russia could not afford to soldiers. In this work he displayed or hangs heavy over the List. that an average member of that race jeopardise her good relations with Gerganising powers of no mean order. A say, at a casual glance, that it was com could live for a week on the smell of an many by holding out for fair terms. Batman of strong judgment, independence pounded in the main from an ancient file at it was ruinous to the nation it could of character, a lover of liberty and of of pledges in the Unionist Central Office, under the present regne, oily rag. the Russian soldier the high reputation in the Tsurdon were agreed on this ideals which appeal most forcibly to these serried rows of political clie These and kindred qualities won for not be deliberately renewed. All parties order withal, he pursued those political reinforced by certain special obligations are something of a public joke in times. of peace. In, war-time, when thousands he possessed in the days when warfare The Germans, on the other hand deter. Western minds. Full of resource and was less of a calculable operation than mined to force the Imperial Government daring, his energy, not always free from Now that exnet to prolong the treaty for another term fover, sometimes carried him too far.
nothing less than a public outrage, it has since become.
of years-declared the matter so vital Nor was his gift of eloquence without its of their countrymen are making the We understand Mr. Lloyd George's that the alternative to its renewal was drawbacks, and the need of striking the supreme sacrifice unrecognized, they are now and again into drawing a picture difficulties. He is Prime Minister with- war. It behoved Russia, therefore, to imagination of his audience senced him in wrong perspective and weakening the
out any established party machine or keep her forces ready; «
party chest. His position, we believe, is general effect.
infinitely more secure in the country than
"
the presence of drath, and what is more latest within two years the Tsar and the Gutchikof, a member of a family of encounters a name herscheld word, or
SUKHOMLIÑOFF'S "REFORMS.? But, instead of adopting effective measures, Godora! Sukhomlinoff merely described them as adopted, and sought: to obtain credenco abroad for his mis- leading announcement.
lot
M... GUTCHKOFF's Errors.
occasion
contracted
argument.
One would
methods, precise information, scientific appliances, and individual initiative are: essential clemente of military succcas, the fighting value of the Russian has depre- ciated. The first symptoms of this drop were observed in the Manchurian cam- Ipaign, and they have become accentuated
After the rising and bloodshed of that of many former Ministers who have honoured advantages; but he may well during the present war. At no time did the discipline of the Russian army risc
One day he came a member of the Duma, began to feel that this is not the moment, or he to West European levels, at any rate
1005-6, M. Gutchkuff, as soon as he beatrenched themselves with all these time-
since the reign of Nicholas I. Nor could
which
posively it be expected to reach that standard opened his wind to inc on the subject, display a lively interest in the welfare the man, to disappoint the hungry mouths.
honours owing to the backwardness of the men in and asked whether I would impress on of the army. This sphere of activity We are quite familiar, too, with the some essential respects. And under the British public the fact that far-reach. being vexatiously narrowed by the Con-plausible Nicholas II i fell perceptibly The ing reforms had just been completed institution, his first endeavour was in the approves the system of party
And he forthwith direction of widening that. But the task as better than an undisguised plutocracy. He once opened Neverthelees we trust that with this before then the object-lesson training was Stful and inadequate; ride the Russian army. practice was dispensed with for economy rattled off a glowing description of them was formidable.
88 unconstitutional and ischievous public will insist (as we fear the House of sake, the Finance Minister grudging the more powerful artillery than was pos vigorous attack against the Grand Dukes latest money for ammunition; the officers, oftensessed by any other State in Europe; in-
"make the punishment fit the devoid of higher interests, professional pregnable fortresses that shut out foreign meddlers in public affair an attack Commons, unstimulated, will not) on one If honours" must be bestow incentive, and material comfort, literally invasion; an air fleet unapproached by which brought down upon him the anger simple, long-awaited reform which will at vegciated in the provinces; while the men, Germany or France; in a word, Russia of the Monarch, and won for him the least ill-paid, ill-fed, and often stung beyond was quite ready for both attack and applause of the country. But it also crime."
stated in every case. If party funds must continue endurance by ill-treatment, cursed their defence, and if put to the fest would disqualified him fur Ministerial office ed for no ostensible public service, let the let their sources be published superiors and yearned for the day when astonish friend and for. That was the ever after. The Emperor never forgave real reason for their bestowal be frankly the Moloch of war would be pulled down. gist of his communication. For form's his audacity. On another In the meanwhile, they fistened to uke I jotted down the points of Russia's Gutchkof advocated a measure wall and audited like those of any other busi- ed funds in existence at this moment, revolutionary apostles, like the famous military superiority, but I knew how harmless enough on the surface, would Gerabuni, who unfolded to them their matters really stood, having learned the in reality have perceptibly extended the neas transaction. And let the accumulat grievances and their rights, and exhorted facts from eminent and veracious army power of the Dunia over the navy bad when the old parties have, or ought to them to rid themselves of the one and commanders. Then I said to the Minis the army and curtailed that of the Tsar have, disappeared, be diverted by com- exercise the other by means of secret ter, II were to write these trings they correspondingly. So innocuous did the mon consent to some national object. organisation and criminal vjolener. I would not be believed." Anything you measure seem to the Cabinet that even There is a great future for the statesman watched this propaganda at close quar- write will be believed, was the answer the Premier, Stolypia, pushed it with who has the courage to get rid once for ters, and came to the conclusion, lung Reforms of that calibre," I insisted, might and anin through the Duma, and all of a cynical traffe and incidentally to could not have been executed without when it seemed in danger of being thrown restore the value of decoration for real CUTLER PALMER & CO'N before this war began, that the rank and
file of the army was disaffected. It was funds, and it is known that the Duma out by the Council of the Empire, got service to the State. very largely this disaffection that cost never voted any for those specific pur- the Tsur himself to send for the re- poses. I am afraid, therefore, that your calcitrant members of that body and Russia the Manchuria campaign.
Before the late Count Witte started for objcct, as well as my reputation, would press them to vote for the hill. And it suffer if I were to write an article on Portmouth, in the United States, to ne
the subject and to accept responsibility gotiate terms of peace with Japan, he for the statements in question. Seeing asked himself, and was asked by the Tuar,
we firm, the Minister smilingly acknow whether it would not be better to go on with the war. The consensus of opinion ledged that he had to do with an un Among Russian generals was in favour believing generation, and asked whether of persevering until the Mikado's armies would at least set forth the alleged would be driven back-a matter, they reforms, and state that one of the highest said, of a few months. Witte perused military authorities in the Empire had their raports, as well as those of the assured me that army reorganisation had various Ministers. The tre said to me: reached this high water level. "None of these rigmaroles contain the that guise, he went on to say my letter clue to the situation. Here it is. Read would place all responsibility for its And be banded me a type-written state contents on other shouldera than my own. ment embodying the cheerless view taken The boasts were duly published and by a few trusty individuals about the transmitted to Berlin and Vicons, as it was intended they should be, but the temper and the doings of the Russian Germans, were merely amused by the simplicity, not of Sukhomlinoff, whose It is true (exclaimed the statesman) measure they had taken long before, but that our troops now outnumber those of of those dupes of his abroad who gave the enemy, but it is equally true that credit to his fairy tales. As a matter of our soldiers refuse to go on with the fact, the Minister, at a secret sitting of campaign. Indeed, they prefer to fight the Duma held several weeks later, asked for the money accessary to begin to re against the Government. They are en- tirely out of hand. What can you do organise the army. The credit was voted and the world would soon have been In these circumstances with them?
inaugurated, but the Germana, who were perseverance would be madness. we have peace abroad we shall have war fully equipped in every respect were naturally unwilling to wait for Russie at home,
to alter the odds in their favour..
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TO BRITISH OFFICIAL. passed But Count Witte revealed its US PRESSMEN'S COMPLIMENT true bearings, and obliged the Tour to refuse his assent to it. Stolypin, who resigned his post in consequence of loss of face," was prevailed on by the Empire to repudiate his own measure as unconstitutional and yet to remain in offer.
Mr. Geoffrey Butler, of the Department
licity agent of the British Mission, bas received what is probably an unprece of Information, who accompanied Mr. Balfour to the United States as the pub-
dented compliment to a British cial from the Fress of the United States.
On behalf of the Washington correspon dents, the Board of Governors of the Na- tional Press Club passed the following resolution
representative of the British Mission, has shown every possible, courtesy and Whereas Mr. Geoffrey Butler, as the Press
kindness to the Washington correspon- dents
If in those days of storm and stress it is quite conceivable that Russia's role Gulchkoft had held the reins of powers, in contemporary events would have been different. For he felt that the well-being, nay, the very existence, of the Russian State was bound up with the army, and that the advantages of a revolution fellow countrymen might easily be out among a people as undeveloped as his weighed by the mischief it could work in the land and sea, forces by loosening their line. And to the warding off of this is organisation and sapping their discip And whereas he has had the broad vision. chief he bent all nis efforts. For although the spirit of British constitutionalem would werd to have been breathed apon Gutchkoff during his stay in South Africa, all bis instincts, which were in- tensely patriotic, carried him towards
the side of the national defences..
Bis
and statemanship to appreciate the in- terest and the enthusiasm of the Prass; And whereas we feel that any value which our dispatches may have had to the to this. Mission should be attribuled breadth of vision;
from Washington our best wishes for And whereas we wish Mr. Butler to carry his future work in the United States; Be it resolved, that the Board of Gov- ernors of the National Press Club, on behalf of the Washington, correspon: dents, members thereof, express to Mr. Balfour and ask him to express for us to Mr. Butler the very deep gratitude we all feel for his courtesy, good na ture, availability, and, above all-for his statesmanship and tact on all the complicated questions which have faced him in his delicate task.
ideal to-day is centred in a united and organised Russia, of which the main- spring during the present period of tran- THE TBAR AND THE ARMY."
PLIGHT OF THE RUSSIAN SOLDIERS.
sition must be the army, and his concern Witte was right. Despite this rude
for this branch of the public service has When the war broke out, the Russian lesson; however, the Imperial Govern
been ccuseless and intelligent. During ment did nothing then, or later to raise State machinery moved very slowly, and
the past few years ill-health forced: the cultural or professional standard of
At the front they were left Gutchkoff to retire from public life, and pitiable. the army. The Tsar himself long kept the lot of the soldiers was superlatively alouf from the military, and was severely for days without food, and when at last for a time it seemed as if he might never blamed by the officers for his aloofness it came up to where they were it was return. When he finally emerged from And it needed all Rasputin's powers of suision to move Nicholas 11 to take unfit for consumption. Tens of thout the ordeal and took over the Ministries the supreme command last year. But sands of them had to march continually of War and the Marine in the Provisional
the issue of the war and the de then it was too late. The psychology of in boots consisting of leather soles and Government, his physical constitution canvas uppers, through water and mire,
impaired. the soldier was not understood by the over stones and furze, until their feet as seriously, and it is said chronically1
Since then. Gutchkoff's rate has been stinies of the nation wets in their na
keeping. The very existence of Russia Court. Scon after the tumultuous years, were one mass of wounds. Other myriads
as a weighty factor in European history 1993 6. I sentared to suggest to the, War had their toes for their feet frostbitten Minister, and to several other State and were incapacitated. Confronted by that of a zealous guardian of the in- dignitaries, the advisability of restoring
armed with death-dealing machine-guns, his presence in the Cabinet symbolised towards tho ruthless invaders of Russian to the various regiments their former an enemy superior in numbers, who was torests of the two national services, andung, he told them, upon their behaviour picturesque uniforms and trappings winch had been abolished by Alexander the doomed Russian soldiers, short of them to the Allies. The Germans might territory, and towards their own officers II1; in favour of a hideous costume reilles and ammunition, were mowed down invent alarming stories about disorgan When the soldiers demanded the right to in-thousands. The wounded lay in sation and disaffection, and spread them sembling that of the inmates of an Engagonics where they fell for days without abroad, but so long as Gatchkoff remain elect, dismiss, reward, and punish their lish prison or a poor-house. At first human assistance, cursing the war anded at the Ministry they were dismissed officers, Gatehkoff whose concern for the the ides was scouted as frivolous, but the Government. The luckier among as inventions. For his friends and, his reorganisation of the two services was way of furthering it he unsparingly distinguished friend of meine, Senator them, who were conveyed to the capital adversaries knew that it ever he should anxious and unremitting pleaded the
understands human Bellegarde, who
and treated in hospitals, were, when re- come to despair of the feasibility of his cause of system and discipline, and by obnoxious commanders Bat in the din nature in its Russian aspect and hus all to health, turned adrift without task he would throw it up unhesitating purged the army and the nave of the true statesman'e eye to the needs of
once in my employment-and he was. As soon as moderating action became and passion of an elemental upheavel his country, took the matter up and admoney, place, or food. One man, who was by.
are but wasted breath. None the less, the vocated it with such ardonr and per-15p of many lay in hospital for many possible after the bursting of the revolu like the Russian, counsels of moderation soverance that it was finally acceptedwecks, until he recovered and was allow- tionary storm, Gutchkoff worked w
But the Emperor, of whom the officera ed to leave. Then, without nourishment might and main to restrain excess an energetic Minister played his part man-
the soldiers and the bluejackets he exhorted, commanded. The momens even then were wont to speak slightingly money, or physical strength, he had in restore order in the army and navy. To fully to the end. He argued, persuaded,
wander about the streets of Petrogra among themselves as the Colonel !- naver warmed to the army. He simply from carly morning in order to get spoke with engaging frankness, im- grievance was brought to his notice h free railway ticket for his native place pressing upon them the fact that examined it and if real dealt with it
fearlessly:-Daily Telegraph, Continura i four of neat cum believed in it and trembled. That was all. What he realised perfectly was the situated over a thousand miles away, but