A VERY HEALTHY ARMY,' HOW DISEASE IS CHECKED AT THE FRONT.
THE MYSTERIES OF "SHELL-SHOCK."
Nothing has been more remarkable The experience of the war than the absence at epidemic disease in the British Ex- peditionary Force in France since it settled down to the occupancy of the trenches sixteen months ago writes a cor respondent of the Marwing Post, · The senurge of armies, typhoid, which caused 8,000 deaths in the South African War, has been reduced to an ineffectiveness
THE HONGKONG DAILY PRESS, WEDNESDAY, JUNE 21st 1916.
"THE ENGLISH MIRACLE.”
GLOWING TRIBUTE BY M. CLEMENCEAU.
Deputy
about
PLIGHT OF THE MAGYÁRS, HUNGARIAN FAITH IN GERMANY.
conclusions.
SILENT : WORKERS. THE HOUSE OF BANDAGES. 1. Mr. Thomas Hardy were to write a An Englishman who recently came pendant to "The Dynasts," dealing with home after having hired for some years M. Clemenceau, the recultable French the Great War as ho dealt with the little in Hungary sends The Timer the follow
acquaintance alesman and editor of that most pan-Napoleonic War, one of the scenes in it ing narrative. His knowledge of the goint of newspapers, l'loginie Encharat, might well be called "No. 2 Cavendish Magyar language and
with Hungarians of all classes Rend Square." The chorus of the Pities might contributes a remarkable preface, to the brood over the quiet energy of compasspecial interest to his statements, and sion here visible dey after day during From Hungary by way of French translation of a bousk describing
the Great Historiend Calamity, of Great Britain's effort in the war. by Clash of Peoples, artificially brought Vienna and the Voralberg to Switzerland M. Jules Destree, the Belgian Socialist of Crawford for more than a year has Though, I have been most kindly treat in 1914. The house of the Earl and thence homic through -France.
been a house of bandages, snow-white ed in Hungary, and naturally feel grate M. Destten gives almost measured bandages made by white-robed ladies, a ful for the consideration shown to me, an alien enemy, it was like passing from praise to the British nation: M. Clemenhouse of white nerey and rath. Stand cenu endorses his eulogy with enthusiasm,ing in the midst of these women, sewing obscurity into light, and from dearth and his endorsement has a speciaí value, with hower heads, I see war as a red into pleaty, as I found myself successive- M. Clemenceau is the most typical stain slowly spreading over their handily in Switzerland, France, and England. works, writes James Douglas in the Daily Those who have not lived in an enemy Frenchman of this day.
country during the wor Can hardly Aces.
understand the sense of relief that an when he Englishman experiences breathes, for the first time, an almos phere uncorrupted by German induenés, Switzerland is neutral, though many of the Swiss sympathize with Germany. But in Switzerland, at least, it is pos sible to hear two sides of war questions, whereas in Germany and Austria Huo gary there is only one,
This war," he writes, " is not being waged for the possession of a town, or a province, or a colony. We are fighting for our freedom, for the existence of our race.
!
son. *Monsieur Desiree, in the book. be
fore us, tells us about England. about tions ihn, inspire her, and he tells us her naval and military effort, the resolu-
the finest and most comforting things:
which would have been thought impossible
He frankly takes a purely French befucrband. Dysentery has claimed very standpoint, and starts by stating the few non and the other "pidemic disease, French will to win. From that stand cerebro spinal meningitis, was more of a point, and by that aim England is ny- curiosity than anything else. This excel-proved for what she has done and is Ient state of affairs is very largely due to doing.. the preventive and sanitary measures that have been taken, and this is specially the ca with regard to typhoid
Setting aside the preventive efficacy of inoculation, the immunity from epidemics can be chiefly attributed to the steps taken t remove from the military tone at once any son who might originate a typhoid epidemic by conveying the germ of the disease to others. As a number of inves Figations have shown, patients who have recovered from typhoid may continue to ency ie gern within them for long periods, and while they do so are possible, even probable, sources of infection for others. No soldier who contracts typhoid is allowed to mix with others till he has satisfied the bacteriologists that he is free
4,900,000 BRITISH MYONETS from the germ. This precaution would by itself be unavailing if the civilians of Slowly, but with an obstinacy that no- "Behold her now in the struggle. villages in the war zone walio were potenthing shakes or disturbs, great Albion Tial carriers of infection were allowed to
has made herself a military Power. She remain there They, too. Ive been ex-
has piled up gans, shells and battalions. amined by the bacteriologists, and any
She bristles with 4,000,000 of bayonete. one who proves to be a carrier is removed.
Over the whole vast globe, wherever the This work was first undertaken by the German nettle has had to be torn up, her muhite bacteriological laboratories, which soldiers have turned up their sleeves and bavi now, however, become stationary cleared the field. There are fourteen of them, and between them by examine perhaps two thousand "amples of suspected germs a week.
CONDITION OF FITNESS.
England did not want war: otic must add, alas to her confusion, that must repeat this in her praise; but one
violation of Belgian neutrality no one she did not at all foresee it. But for the can say when she would have drawn the
word.
We who live outside the red world of wounds are wont to conceive a bandage as a simple roll of soft white stuff. Here being made and rolled on, little wooden you may see that primitive bandage
machines by fair Gngers. But there are many other bandages that get the im- agination quivering with grief. A soft voiced, silver haired lady daintily and deftly manipulates the wonderful ham dages designed by Mr Robertson Law- spare the Their purpose, is to sufferer by enabling wounds to be dressed principle of the many tail bandage is its The without moving limb or body.
The tail fold neatly over a fractured arm, and they can be unfolded withmt moving the arm bandages for head wounds, neck wounds, a hair's breadth. There are many-tail
wounds, and abdominal wounds. They chest wounds, shoulder wounds, hip
are marvellously obvious, and yet they are hard to describe. They open and close like the petals of a tulip, the wound being securely and comfortably nestled in the cup. There are no wrinkles and there is no displacement of the dressing.
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I was warned, also, in Switzerland not to buy more than waz-strictly neces sary, because everything was so denr." astonishingly cheap, and when I reached But things in Switzerland seemed to me France, and especially England, I won- dered whether the people realize what the stress of war is. Here everything is the strain upon the resources and daily plentiful, prices are very moderate, and
In Hungary and Austria it is very, very life of the people is hardly noticeable NETH.
different.
for
most as strongly as ever.
During the early months of the war there was no lack of anything. The pinch came during the first winter. Wheat and bread grew scarce, and sour maize bread had to be eaten. The price of meat rose rapidly. It is now 4s. 2d. a lb. in Budapest, while bread costs 2d.
At first, of course, there was great enthusiasm for the war. Servia was to be crushed in six weeks and then all would be well. When it was known the war was extending and that. Germany was aiding with Austria-Hungary com- These bandages give blissful, ease to plete victory was felt to be certain by the pain-racked soldier. There is the autumn of 1934. Hungarian admira-
tion moving sadder torment than the jar of
German strength, German. a doverely wounded man. Think of the efficiency, and German power of organi agony, involved in the shifting of a zation was unbounded. It is still strong, fractured hip. The bandage delivers the though it cannot truly be said that the "One renders thanks to the English Fold after fold falls back like the straps fear her, though they believe in her al-
groaning patient from that daily ordeal Magyars love Germany. Fleet beenuse it has been able, without of a portmanteas, one set of bails on one
Indeed, they
stirring, without firing a gun-abot, to aide, and one on the other side, and there nonihilate the German menace, to block-they lie like the leaves of an open book They have cleared the war zone of the ade the enemy, to assure supplies for our until the surgeon or the nurse tenderly possibility of epidemic disease under pre-
Armies. It is true; though silent, its Hent conditions. But it must be said thunting guard is none the less full of closes them again. Let me think of all- other metaphor which will help you to grandeur.
see this heaven-seat bandage. What is it like? Ah, yes! It is like the wings of a dove that open and close like a sigh the wings of the dove of pity. Musing feel hopeful about the future of huma over these snowy piles of bandages, 1 nity, for surely it the mission of woman to bring compassion back to the earth. I can see our biceding Europe lying with pale lace on the bed of peace, with the spirit of womanhood binding up those wounds that will need generations for their healing. Wounds of the soal! Wounds of the mind! Wounds of the will! Wounds of the conaciones! Men who govern or misgovern will need the aid of the guilless ones in the servire of reparation and salvage.
raditions are extremely good. The time far the setting up of an epidemic is when the men are hungry, harassed, toil worn, their vitality, lowered. Such an occasion Brose immediately after the retreat from Mons; but the typhoid outbreak was at once suppressed and held in hand. An other matbreak, in the civilian popula. tion. ccurred when the battered train of desolate Belgian refugees swept through Flanders across the lines. That, Loo, a much more serious outbreak, wan also subdued. But at the present time, with nen well fed, well clothed, and n system organized like clockwork epidemic disease cannot easily find a foothold and cannot assume a general offensive. The far more disabling disease has berry that of trench-foot, which ought not to attack men when proper precautions are taken, but is very damaging when they are not. Other rather mysterious affections are n form of nephritis and a condition of the heart which may arise from overstrain. In this condition the blood pressure ap pears to be out of gear; and it has beer suggested that some sort of neuraathenic condition may be at the bottom of the trouble. Prolably the effect of war con · dition on the nerves-may-Le cesponsible for many physical states that are other. wise mysterious.
"But the English miracle is not there. The English miracle has not been wrought at sen. Dreadnough, cruisers, English tradition. But what has made torpedoes! Well, it is all only the the ancient northern island soar in the esteem and admiration of mankind is that she has, for the first time in her thousand years of history, ceased to be an island, ceased to think and act as a miere island. She has embodied herself into the Continent by her fine handsome men who have heroically held the line in the trenches of Flanders, their short pipes in their teeth, by her guns and her convoys, and, above all, the high serenity with which she has accepted, on our ancient soil, a destiny of pain and bitter strugglet (
Yes that is splendid, because it is not at all the work of an hour, but the inevitable conclusion of a history of ten centuries.
onrush of the Barbarians.
IB
SURGICAL DRESSINGE After bandages, surgical dressinga. Here one sees piles of soft, snowy Swabs, gauze balls packed in tens in, maaliu bags, Abdominal Gauze Swabs, Abdo minal Turkish Towelling Swabs, Shell Dressings, and terrible Burgeons Veils, The imagination sickens as it itself into the future life of all these projects stainless alleviations of war's red after math. Odourless now, long they
ere
lb. Milk is practically unobtainable hospitals. There is no soap. Leather by private people, and is reserved for
is very scarce. Shoes that used to cost £13. a pair now cost £1 14s, while boots have risen from £1 14s. to £4 39, 4d, n pair. There is practically no clath
Boon after war broke out everybody who could afford it" bought English clothing, and everybody is still buying English goods wherever there are any left. There is no petrol for private use except in some cases where it is needed for agricultural purposes. There are no methylated spirits. I am told that even in the hospitals the pinch is being severely felt. Medical friends informed me that the operating instruments can no longer be nickel-plated. The Germans, is serms, ceased some time ago to nickel their medical instruments.
It is remarkable that, though the this shortage Hungarians attribute particular to the British blockade, their chiefly to the action of England, and in treatment of English people has, as far as my experience and information go, been uniformly good. In the one or twó cases in which British subjects have been interned.or otherwise interfered with, it has been due to their own foolishness or indiscretion. English people are abso- Jutely free to go about and do what they like as long as they behave themselves. Magyars who knew I was English often avoided any roference to the war in my presence
Attempts were made at first to work paGott strafe England" movement,
Some Hun but it had little sucLESS. garian ladies gave up learning or speak- ing English, and the English and French governesses in Budapest feared that their occupation would be gone. But I was told by several of these young ladies recently that they had never had so many
to give as during last winter. This is all the more remarkable because the Magyars have an entirely perverted view of the reason why England came into the war. The English only want money," they say. They do not wish to fight themselves, so they employ and Canadians to fight for them."
Other nations have, ou these epic battlefields of Europe; shed more blood than England. Others have undergone assaults more violent, have had to deve lop a more desperate heroism before the
will reek with the pungent odours of the But no nation has resolved-with-more-method hospital. An invisible name is written of decision to go on to the very end of
on each of them, and in due time each the task. No nation has experienced so will find its way to some wound not yet (complete a uniamorphosis in its man-
inflicted by some shell or bullet not yet ners, in the exercise of its right and its fired on some stricken field not yet claims to be independent."
known. Not every bullet finds its billet, but every swab finds its wound. There is a mystical flament that unites the while fingers of these, white-clad girls with the pain of sotne pallid lad in a foreign land. And in some foreign work shop some woman is perhaps filling the shell that may complete the tragical circuit, Bhells and Swabs Swabs and that baffles the weaver of glamour and the alchemist of glory. In the Swab There is nothing but unfathomable pity. Room there is neither glamour nor glory,
In another room women are filling. bags with sphagnum moss and pine wood sawdust. The moss comes from boga and marshes in Scotland, Ireland, and the Isle of Man. It is an old wives' remedy, now come into its own again. Its sh sorbent quality is valuable in cases with copious discharge." The Pities are indubitably here, hovering over unborn of the German gas attacks, nothing of the brutal treatment of British pri- anguish. As I go from room to room I
Boners by
the Germans, and does not be- seem to hear their hymn of sorrow, their serial music of regret for new, unhappy,lieve that any atrocities were committed to be. by the German troops in Belgium or far-off things and battles yet
France. It imagines that the action of Pacumonia Jackets, Ward Suits, Vests, Pyjamas, Dressing Gowns, Shirts, Bed the British Empire has been inspired Jackets, and Slippers. I think the Socks solely by greed, and that the war is re- and Slippers touch the top-note of garded as a good business enterprise
All rumour that England might adopt grotesque irony. Huge, uncouth, shape- less things that are not human. And compulsory service were treated as non- Footstools for the swollen feet to rest upon sense, though some of my Magyar friends admitted that, if ever compulsory service should come in England, it would be a bad day for Hungary.
NERVES AND THE WAR. That is a medical problem, in which however, a new organization of inquiry premises a good deal of amelioration, both now and in the future, The Medical Research Comittee has united all thebring some nervous patients out of their neurologists who attend the Base Hos- beds. A fourth group of cases is that in pitals in France or at home to examine which worry and discomfort act on a and report on all nervo cases on a com- already overwrought nervous system. Th: anon plan: As the ablest and most dis-effect produced may vary from exhaustio, tinguished neurologists are included in to irritability or an inability to concerShells! Alas! war is a vicious circle this theme and as they exchange results trate the attention. In short. the condi and meet to discuss cuses, the best kind of tions of warfare reawaken, or fire up, ates treatment is secured, and a mass of in-previous nervous weakness or disability. valuable information is being obtained This is part of the psychology of warfare.. But the cases as they arise show no great Continuous shelling, if it produces few divergence from those which neurologista casualties, wears down an enemy, expos of wide experience meet with in civil life. bis temperamental weakness. The side Take, for example, "Shell Shock," whieb which has fewer shells to spare is, there envers a great many conditions. All,fore. doubly attacked-in its mind and in. however, can be classified under headings its body. But there is this important already known. The simplest form is that fact which is always present that re of concussion caused by the wind of a covery depends almost entirely on a man's bursting high-explosive. The symptom previous mental state. If he is naturally are those of other kinds of concussion sound in nerve, these temporary affections the patient has no memory of the arrival will pass quickly away from him. The of the shell, because all consciousness was army which has the strongest nerves will obliterated by what took place for some win. That is why neurologists who know time before. The same unconsciousness, both the German and the Englishman ars the same complications follow: the same confident in our superior staying power. treatment of rest in bed is prescribed. The Englishman has an imperturbable But another form of actual injury from temperament. By comparison the Ge
hell shock produces a more mysterious mans are a nation of neurasthenics. effect. The soldier's memory is continu- mus; he remembers everything, but he be comes dazed, like a very much punished boxer at the end of a heavy fight. His conduct becomes "curious"; his actions indeterminate. For this man, too, there is nothing but rest.
- CURIOUS BHELL BRÓCES. ·
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These groups of cases which have been described are not water tight. One group often has the characteristics of the other The exhausted and the overwrought of the lumber room and curtain,bit Room are all the standardised patterns the class just described give place to the table-cloth, a bed-spread, a neurasthenics, who are tired mentally and of brocade, a scrap of oil-cloth or cork used in the varioua departments. Organ- bodily in the medical sense. These aralino, a fur, cloak, strip of carpet risers from all parts of the country come succeeded by those whose nervous condi thing you please goes into the rag bag here to learn their business; for the secret tion was originally still more qustable and comes out a cosy slipper for a wound-of the depot is standardised method. The foregoing are the results of actual and who are subject to what the French od soldier. The old Linen Room converts Nearly 4,000 workers in branch depâls. injuries. But shell-shock comprises call "Tugues," in which, for example, your old blankets, old towels, or loose send their work to the parent-depôt. many other conditions which shade into men, for no reason or other, will simply covers into sheets, pillow cases face Then there is the Carpenters' Workshop. one another. There is the condition in walk away into space and be lost to his os, hot-water bottle covers, property voluntary amateurs who make splints, towels, tray cloths, bath towels, face For a wonder, the carpenters are men, which after a very heavy "strafing" by Lombardment, a man apparently quit missing" are of this class, and are Some of the company and regiment.
hage, oap and basin covers weighted crutches, packing cases, etc. sound and bealthy breaks down. The
with glass beads, linen dressings, fomen- The brain behind the St. Marylebone next bout of selling may do it. If he is after. There is at least one case in which are artiste in thrift. This room makes woman's brain. Miss Ethel McCaul is an
afterwards found miles away or weeks tation wringers, and warm rugs. Women War Hospital Supply Depot. fben at once taken away by a wise com-
a man possessed by a species of "fugue." manding officer to a place of safety, hu
silk purses out of sows ears. It does inspired organiser. She won her experi- will collapse in an unexpected way, but by rushing towards the enemy and per- refutes it.
as was afterwards realized, won a meda! not argue about that lying proverb. It ence in the South African War and in
the Russo-Japanese War. She started will then immediately afterwards fall
The Stock Room is neat as a
a Card a year ago with three workers and £25. asleep and sleep soundly, whatever noise forming prodigies of valour. Many other
queer instances are known as that of the Index, Cynica who doubt the business Now she has 180 branch depôts co-or- any be going on. Some men recover en
man who drew ducks with chalk on a well capacity of women ought to pay it adinated with the Central Depôt. There tirely thereafter; but others for a long and insisted on feeding them; but these visit. It was once Lord Crawford's is need for more workers and "more- time will be unable to support noise are unusual things, not to be confounded Museum. Now it is a Woman's Museum money, for the war is insatiable, and will They suffer from an ever-reaction to with the main groups, all the symptoms of Industry. The Packing Room took my be more insatiable until the last gun that noise"; and a cab whistle or an explod of which yield to treatment, and which breath away. I found in it pretty girls riddles human flesh is silenced. For ying tyre outside a convalescent home will
are unusually small in numbers when the sewing up huge bala. In the Fattern these silent workers in their white robes (Continued on next Column.)
we ought to feel a passion of gratitude. conditions are considered.
(Continued on nest Column.).
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