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THERAPION No. 2
YPRES-ARMENTIERES.
BATTLE.
A MONTH'S OFERATIONS.
THE FIGHT FOR GALAIS.
GENERAL JOFFRE'S INTENTIONE
DISPATCH FROM SIR JOHN possession of the passage at Menin oër-
tainly facilitated his rapid reinforcement I discussed the situation with the FRENCH.
of his troops and thus rendered any General Officers Commanding the First. further advance impracticable.
and Fourth Army Corps, and tolt them On the morning of the 20th October, the that, In view of the unexpected reinforce 7th Division and 3rd Cavalry Division ments coming up of the enemy, it would RECORD OF A LONG AND STUBBORN had retired to their old position extend probably be impossible to carry out the ing from Zandvoorde through Kruiseik original role assigned to them. But I and Cheluvelt to Zonnebelre.
had that day interviewed the French Commander-in-Chief, General Joffre, wha told me that he was bringing up the 9th French Army Corps to Ypres, that more French troops would follow later, and that ho intended-in conjunction with the Belgian troops to drive the German East. General Joffre said that he would be unable to commence this movement before the 24th: and I directed the General Officers Commanding the First and Fourth Corps to strengthen theis positions as much as possible and be pro- pared to hold their ground for two or three days, until the French offensive movement on the North could develop.
6. On the 19th October the First Corps, coming from the Aigne, had com- plated its detrainment and was concen- trated between St. Omer and Hazebrouck
A question of vital importance now arose for decision.
I knew that the enemy were by this time in greatly superior strength on the Lys, and that the Second, Third, Cavalry, and Tourth Corps were holding a much wider front than their numbers and strength warranted.
A further dispatch from Field-Marshal Sir John French was issued by the War Office on November 20th. The dispatch, which is dated November 20th, covers the operations carried out by the British Forces in the region of Ypres and Armentières during October and part of November. These opérations, convenient ly summarized as the Battle of Ypres. Taking these facts alone into considera Armentières, wore of an exceedingly tion, it would have appeared wise, to arduous character. More often than not throw the First Corps in to strengthen our troops were confronted with masses the line; but this would have left the of the enemy many times more numerous country worth and cast of Ypres and the Necessarily they were forced for the most pres Canal open to a wide turning part to fight on the defensive, and were movement by the 3rd Reserve Corps and subject to almost continuous attacks. at least one Landwehr Division which I Novertheless, the British line, though know to be operating in that region. I was also aware that the enemy was bring occasionally pierced, maintained its posi
ing large reinforcements up from the tion with wonderful tenacity; and Su East which could only be opposed for John French, in the course of his narra
several days by two or three French tive, frequently pays tribute to the skill Cavalry Divisions, some French Terri and bravery of all ranks. Not only were torial troops, and the Belgian Army. the most violent onslaughts of the enemy After the hard fighting it had under- -notably the assault by the Frussian gone the Belgian Army was in no condi- Guard at the command of the Kaisertion to withstand, unsupported, such an ropulsed, but as often as ground was given attack; and unless somo
this to the enemy it was retaken by brilliant resistance could be offered to counter-attacks. In the fighing, Sir John threatened turning movement, the Allied French estimates, the German losses were flank must be turned and the Channel
Ports laid bare to the enemy?: three times as heavy as ours,
In those operations the Indian troops and the Territorials wore in action for the first time in Europe, and acquitted them selves with great credit.
Bir John French wrote
Early in October a study of the general situation strongly impressed me with the necessity of bringing the greatest possible force
bear in support of the northern flank of the Allies, in order to effectively outflank the enemy and compel him to evacuate his positions.
At the same time the position on the Also, as described in the concluding paragraphs of my last dispatch, appeared to me to warrant a withdrawal of the British Forces from the positions they then hold.
The enemy had been weakened by con tinuel abortive and futile attacks, whilst the fortification of the position had been much improved.
I represented these views to General Joffre, who fully agreed.
Arrangements for withdrawal and relief having been made by the French General Staff, the operation commenced on the 3rd October; and the 2nd Cavalry Division, under General Gough, marched for Com piègne en route for the new theatre.
at intervals of a few days, and the move The Army Corps followed in succession was completed on the 19th October, when the First Corps, pader Sir Douglas Haig, completed its detrainment at St. Omer
That this delicate operation was carried out so successfully is in great measure du to the excellent feeling which exists between the French and British Armies: and I am deeply indebted to the Com mandor-in-Chief and the French General Staff for their cordial and most effective cooperation.
PLAN OF OPERATIONS.
As General Foch was appointed by the Commander-in-Chief to supervise the operations of all the French troops north. of Noyon, I visited his headquarters at Doullens on 8th October and arranged joint plans of operations as follows:-
north of Ypres.
substantial
It now became clear to me that the utmost we could do to ward off any attempts of the enemy to turn our flank to the North, or to break in from the east- ward, was to maintain cur present vory. extended front, and to hold fast positions until French reinforcemente could arrive from the South.
our
During the 22nd the necessity of send ing support to the Fourth Corps on his right somewhat hampered the General Officer Commanding the First Corps: but a series of attacks all along his front had bean driven back during the day with heavy loss to the enemy Late in the evening the enemy succeeded in penetrat ing a portion of the line held by the Cameron Highlanders north of Pilkem,
&
At am. on the morning of the 23rd counter-attack to recover the lost trenches was made by the Queen's Regi I judged that a successful movement of meat, the Northamptons and the King's Rifles, updor Major-General this kind would be fraught with such Royal
The attack was very strongly disastrous consequences that the risk of Buliin. operation on so extended a front must be opposed and the bayonet had to be used. undertaken; and I directed Sir Douglas After severe fighting during most of the Haig to move with the First Corps to the day the attack was brilliantly successful, and over six hundred prisoners wera From the best information at my taken.
NEMY'S LACK OF SEILL disposal 1 judged at this time that the
On the same day an attack was made considerable reinforcements which the enemy had undoubtedly brought up dur- ing the 18th, 17th, and 18th had been on the 3rd Infantry Brigade. The enemy directed principally on the line of the advanced with great determination, but Lys and against the Second Corps at La with little skill, and consequently the loss- Bassée; and that Sir Douglas Haig wild inflicted on him was exceedingly heavy'; probably not be opposed north of Ypres some fifteen hundred dead were seen in by much more than the 3rd Reserve the neighbourhood of Langemarck. Cot- Corps, which I knew to have suffered respondeuce found subsequently on considerably in its previous operations, captured German officer stated that the effectives of this attacking Corps were and perhaps one or two Landwehr duced to 25 per cent. in the course of Divisions
the day's fighting.
៨.
At a personal interview with Sir
In the evening of this day a division Douglas Haig on the evening of the 19th
the above of the French 9th Army Corps camo up October I communicated information to him, and instructed him into line and took over the portion of to advance with the First Corps through the line held by the 2nd Division, which, Ypres to Thourout. The object he was on the 24th, took up the ground occupied to have in view was to be the capture of by the 7th Division from Poelzelhock t
On the 24th and 25th October repeated Bruges and subsequently, if possible, to the Becelaere-Passchendaele Road.
brilliantly drive the enemy towards Ghent. In case. of an unforeseen situation arising, or the attacks by the enemy were bri ciliated, he was to decide, after passing Division was relieved by French Torri enemy proving to be stronger taun anti- repulsed. Ypres, according to the situation, whether to attack the enemy lying to the North torial troops, and concentrated about East 1 had arranged for the French or the hostile forces advancing from the Cavalry to operate on the left of the First Corps and the 3rd Cavalry Division, under General Byng, on its right.
The Belgian Army were rendering what assistance they could by entrenching them- selves on the Ypres Canal and the Yeer River; and the troops, although in the last stage of exhaustion, gallantly main- tained their positions, buoyed up with the hope of substantial British and French support.
TENEMY FILUSTRATED.
I fully realized the difficult task which lay before us, and the onerous role which the British Army was called upon to
fulfil
The Second Corps to arrive on the line That success has been attained, and all Aire Bethune on the 11th October, to the enemy's desperate attempts to break connect with the right of the French through our line frustrated, in due 20th Army and, pivoting on its left, to entirely to the marvellous fighting power attack in flank the enemy who were and the indomitable courage and tenacity. opposing the 10th French Corps in front. of officers, non-commissioned officers and
The Cavalry to more on the northern men. Blank of the Second Corps and support. No more arduous task has ever been its attack until the Third Corps, which assigned to British soldiers; and in all was to detrain at St. Omer on the 12th, their splendid history there is no instance should come up. They were then to of their having answered so magnificently clear the front and act on the northern to the desperate calls which of necessity flank of the Third Corps in a similar were made upon them: manner, pending the arrival of the First Corps from the Aisne
The 3rd Cavalry Division and 7th Division, under Sir Henry Rawlinson, which were then operating in support of the Belgian Army and assisting its withdrawal from Antwerp, to be ordered to cooperate as soon as circumstances would allow
Having given these orders to Bir Douglas Haig, I enjoined a defensive role upon the Second and Third and Cavalry Corps, in view of the superiority of force which had accumulated in their front. As regards the Fourth Corps, 1 directed Sir Henry Rawlinson to endeay. our to conform generally to the move- ments of the First Corps.
On the night of the 24th-28th the lat
Zlobeko.
During the 25th the 2nd Division, with the 7th on its right and the French 9th towards the North-East, capturing some Corps on its left, made good progress guns and prisoners.
On the 27th October I went to the head- quarters of the First Corps at Hooge to personally investigate the condition of the 7th Division..
FOURTH CORPS BROKEN UP. Owing to constant marching and fight- ing, ever since its hasty disembarcation, in aid of the Antwerp Garrison, this division had suffered great losses, and I therefore were becoming very weak. decided temporarily to break up the Fourth Corps and place the 7th Division with the First Corps under the command of Sir Douglas Haig
The 3rd Cavalry Division was similarly detailed for service with the First Corps.
I-directed the Fourth Corps Com-- mander to proceed, with his Staff, to England, to watch and supervize the mobilization of his 8th Division, which was then proceeding.
On receipt of orders, in accordance withe the above arrangement, Sir Douglas Haig redistributed he line held by the First Corps as follows:-
(a.)7th Division from the Chateau. east of Zandvoorde to the Menin Road.
·(6.) 1st Division from the Menin Road to a point immediately west of Roytel Village.
(c. 2nd Division to near Moorslede Zonnebeke Road.
On the early morning of the 29th Octo-- ber a heavy attack developed against the centre of the line held by the First Corps, the principal point of attack being the cross roads one mile east of Gheluvelt. After severe fighting-nearly the whole of
On the 20th October they reached the In the event of these movements so far line from Elverdinghe to the cross roads overcoming the resistance of the enemy one and a half miles north-west of as to enable a forward movement to be Zonnebeke. made, all the Allied Forces to march On the 21st the Corps was ordered to the Corps being employed in counter in an easterly direction. The road attack and take the line Poelcappelle-attack-the enemy began to give way at running from Bethune to Lille was to be Passchendaele.
about 2 p.m.; and by dark the Kruiseik the dividing line between the British Sir Henry Rawlinson's Command was Hill had been recaptured and the 1st and French Fores, the right of the moving on the right of the First Corps, Brigade had re-established most of the British Army being directed on Lille..
and French troops, consisting of Davalry line north of the Menin Road
Shortly after daylight on the 30th The Dispatch describes in much detail and Territorials, moved on their lef how these plans were carried out and our under the orders of General Bidon, another attack began to develop in the quotation begins from paragraph 5 of the The advanco was somewhat delayed direction of Zandvoorde, supported by owing to the roads being blocked; but the heavy artillery fire. In face of this attack: Dispatch;
THE PORRESSION OF MENIN
attack progressed favourably in face of the 3rd Cavalry Division had to withdraw I considered, however, that the posses- severe opposition, often necessitating the to the Klein Zillebeke ridge. This with- drawal involved the right of the 7th sion of Menin constituted a very impor-use of the bayonet.
Hearing of heavy attacks being made Division. tant point of passage, and would much
Sir Douglas Haig describes the position facilitate the advance of the rest of the upon the 7th Division and the 2nd Army. So I directed the General Officer Cavalry Division on his right, Sir at this period as serious, the Germans
Fourth Commanding the
Corps to Douglas Haig ordered his reserve to being in possession of Zandvoorde Ridge. advance the 7th Division upon Merin, halted on the north-eastern outskirts of and endeavour to seize that crossing on Ypres. the morning of the 18th.
CUSEY BLOND. FOISON, BAD LEGS, SKIN ERUPTIONS, Ver
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Eubsequent investigation showed that the enemy had been reinforced at this point by the whole German Active Fif
enth Corps.
Although threatened by a hostile move The left of the 7th Division was to be ment from the Forêt d'Houthulst, our
The General Officer Commanding First supported by the 3rd Cavalry Brigade advance was successful until about 2 and further north by the French Cavalry o'clock in the afternoon, when the French Corps ordered the ling Gheluvelt to the in the neighbourhood of Roulers
Cavalry Corps received orders to retire corner of the canal to be held at all costs. Sir Henry Rawlinson represented to me west of the Canal. that large hostile forces were advancing Owing to this and the demands made When this line was taken up the 2nd upon him from the east and north-east, on him by the Fourth Corps, Bir Douglas Brigado was ordered to concentrate in and that his left flank was verely Haig was unable to advance beyond the rear of the 1st Division and the 4th threatened.
line Zonnebeke-St Julien-Langemarck Brigade line. One battalion was placed. in reserve in the woods one mile south of I was aware of the threats from that Bixschoote direction, but hoped that at this particu-
Further precautions were taken at nigh lar time there was no greater force with French troops at Ypres, I went coming from the north-east than could be there on the evening of the 21st, and met to protect this flank, and the Ninth French held off by the combined efforts of the Sir Douglas Haig and Sir Horry Rawlin Corps sent three battalions and one French and British Cavalry, and the son. With them interviewed General Cavalry Brigade to assist.
French The
First Corps communications Territorial troops supporting them, until De Mitry, Commanding the the passage at Menin could be seized and Cavalry, and General Bidon, Command through Ypres were threatened by the the First Corps brought up in support. ing the French Territorial Divisions. advance of the Germans towards the They promised me that the town would canal; sa orders were issued for every Sir Henry Rawlinson probably exercised a wise judgment in not commit at once be cleared of the troops, and that effort to be made to secure the line then ting his troops to this attack in their the French Territorials would immediate-held and, when this had been thoroughly somewhat weakened condition; but the jy move cut and cover the left of the done, to resume the offensive. result was that the enemy's continued flank of the First Corps.
As there was reported to be congestion Hooge.ions were taken at night