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THE HONGKONG DAILY PRESS, TUESDAY, OCTOBER 27TH. 1914.
ANTECEDENTS OF THE WAR.
RESPONSIBILITY OF GERMANY.
THE ANGLO-AUSTRIAN RUPTURE,
The Foreign Office issues as a White Papor [Cd 7596] a dispatch from his Majesty's Ambassador at Vienna respect ing the rupture of diplomatic relations) with the Austro-Hungarian Government. This important dispatch completes the series of British diplomatic documents bearing upon the outbreak of the present war. It brings out with remarkable clearness the direct responsiblity of Ger- many for the opening of hostilities, and indicates that, but for German precipita- tion, the Austro-Servian conflict might have been settled by diplomatic means. We append the dispatch, in which we have inserted cross-hendinga and, in paren- theses, some explanatory indications:- Sir M. de Bunsen to Sir Edward Grey.
LONDON, September 1st.
SIR,
Tho rapidity of the march of events dar- ing the days which led up to the outbreak of the European war made it difficult, at the time, to do more than record their progress by telegraph. I propose now to add a few
comments.
The delivers at Belgrade on the 23rd July of the Austrian moto to Servin was preceded by a period of absolute silence at the Ball- platz (the Austro Hungarian Foreign Office). Except Herr von Tchirschky (the Gen Ambassador), who must
are of
the tenor, if not of the words. of the
ere allowed to note, no
veil On the 22nd and 23rd July M. Dumaine, French Ambassador, had Jong interviews with Baron Marchio, one of the Under-Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs, by whom he was left under the impression that the words of warning he had been instructed to speak to the Austro- Hungarian Government had not been - availing, and that the note which was being drawn up would be forud to contain nothing with which a self-respecting State weed hosi- tate to comply.
At the second of these interviews he was not even informed, that the note was at that very maent being presented at Belgrade, or that it would be published in Vienna on the following morning. Count Forgach, the other Under Secretary of State, had inded leon good enough to confide to me on the same day the true charmeter of the noto, and the fact of its presentation about the time we were speaking.
ITALY LEFT IN THE DARK.
Sa little bad the Russian Ambassador been TRON, Steel, Metal and Hardware Mer-made aware of what was preparing that ire chants, Wholesale and Retail Ironnctually left Vienna on a fortnight's leave of mongers, Pig Iron and Foundry Cole Importers, General Storekeepers and Skip chandlers, Nos. 35 and 37, HING LOONG STREET (2nd Bt. West of Central Market).
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Instead of adopting this course, der in London) to the effect that Austria hadi the Austro-Hungarian Government resolved neither banged the door on compromise upon war.
The inevitable consequence on- | nor cut off the conversations. † M. Schobeko sued. Russin replied to a partial Austrian to the end was working hurd for pence, Ho mobilization and declaration of war against was holding the most conciliatory language Austria, Austria met this move by comte Count Derchtold, and he informed me that pleting her own mobilization, and Russia the latter, as well as Count Forgach had again responded with results which have responded in the same spirit. Certainly it passed into history: The fate of the pro-was too much for Russia to expect that posals put forward by His Majesty's Govern Austria would hold back her armies, but this ment for the preservation of pence is record enter could probably have been settled by ed in the White Paper on the European negotiation, and M. Scheheko repeatedly told Crisis.
o he was prepared to accept any reasonable compromise.
On the 28th July I saw Count Berchtold and urged as strongly as I could that the mentioned in your sclicme of mediation speech in the House of Commous on the
apart.
GERMANY FORCES ON WALL. Unfortunately these conversations; at St.
Petersburg and Vienna were cut short by the transfer of the dispute to the more dangerous 'ground of direct conflict between Germany and Russia, Germany intervened on the 31st July by means of her double ultimatonis auto St. Petersburg and Puris. The ultima
tums were of a kind to which only one answer is possible, and Germaay declared war on Russia on the 1st August, and on France on the 3rd August. A few days' delay might in all probability have saved Europe fram one of the greatest calamities in history.
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same time that His Majesty's Government of course expected Austria not to commit any act of war against us without the notice re-
aired by diplomatic usage.
On Thursday morning, the 13th August,
it had been unconditionally accepted thera ceiving his assurance that Austria sought no ly requested to ho conveyed to the RBI had the honour to receive your telegram]
AUSTRIAN' DELIGHT AT WAR.
of
GERMANT FALLS TO CO-OPERATE.
2 state of war.
152-2
would pass through these sad times with, un- impaired health and strength. Count Berch- told was pleased to say he would deliver my anessage."
AUSTRIAN POLITENESS. Count Walterskirchen, of the Austrom Hungarian Foreign Office, was deputed ther following morning to bring me my passport and to Beguint me with the arrangements
lisence about the 20th July. He had only previous day should be necepted as offering been absent a few days when events com
an honourable and peaceful settlement of the polled him to return. It might have been
His Excellency himself Supposed that Duke Avarna, Ambassador of question at issue. the allied Italian Kingdom, which was beundread to me a telegraphic report of the speech, to be so closely affected by fresh complica- but added that matters had gone too far; tions in the Balkans, would have been taken Austria was that day declaring war fully into the confidence of Count Berchtold Servin, and she could never accept the con- during the critical time. In point of fuct ference which you had suggested should take his Excellency was left completely in the dark. place between the less interested Powers on the basis of the Servian reply. This was a As for myself no indication was given me by matter which must be settled directly be Count Berchtold of the imponding storm,
tween the two parties inmediately concerned, and it was from a private source that I re-
Russia til abstained froin attacking eived on the 15th July the forecast of what said His Majesty's Government would hear
with regret that hostilities could not he Austria, and M. Schcboko had been instruct was about to happen which I telegraphed to
It is true that arrested, as you feared they would lead to ed to remain at his post till war should you the following day.
I disclaimed any netually be declared against her by the dusing all this time the Neue Freie Press European complications.
British lack of sympathy with Austria in the Astro-Hungarian Government. This only. and other leading Vierce newspapers were matter of her legitimate grievances against happened on the 6th August, when Count using language which pointed unmistakably to war with Servin. The official Fremden Servin and pointed out that, whereas Berchtold informed the foreign missions at blatt, however, was more cautious, and till Austria seemed to be making these the start- Vienna that the Austro-Hungarian Ambas- the note was published the prevailing, opinioning point of her policy. His Majesty's sndor at St. Petersburg bad been instructed among my colleagues was that Austria would Government were bound to look at the ques to notify the Russian Government that, i shrink from courses calculated to involve her tion primarily from the point of view of the view of the menacing attitudo of Russia in the Austro-Servian confict and the fact that maintenance of the peace of Europe. in grave European complications:
On the 24th July the note was published in this way the two countries might easily drift Russia had commenced hostilities against Germany, Austria-Hungary, considered". ḥer-' the newspapers. By common consent it was
His Excellency said that he too was keep self also at war with Russia." at ance styled an eltinatum. Its integral
M. Schobeko left quietly in a special train acceptance by Servia was neither expected ing the European aspect of the question in
He thought, however, that Russia provided by the Austro-Hungarian Govern sight. nor desired, and when on the following after-: noon it was at first rumoured in Vienna that would have no right to intervene after rement on the 7th September. He had urgent
His Excellency maninn frontier, so that he might be able to was a moment of keen disappointment. The territorial oggrandisement. mistake was quickly corrected, and as son remarked to me in the course of his conversa proceed to his own country, hut was taken of the 12th, stating that you had been cons as it was known later in the evening that the tion that, though he had been glad to co- instead to the Swiss frontier, and ten dayspelled to inform Count Mensdorff at the
request of the French Government, that Servian reply had been rejected and that operate towards bringing about the settle later I found him at Berne.
M. Dumaine, French Ambassador, stayed complete rupture had occurred between Baron Gies (the Austro-Hungarian Minister ment which had resulted from the ambassa- to Servin) had broken off relations at Beldurial conferences in London during the on till the 12th August. On the previons France and Austria, on the ground that made for my departure that evening (14th grade, Vienna burst into a frenzy of delight, Balkan crisis, he had never had match belief day he had been instructed to demand his Austria ad declared war on Russia, who was August) In the course of the day Countess in the permanency of that settlement, which passport on the grund that Austrian troops already fighting on the side of France, and archtold and other ladies of Vienna society, Yost erowds parading the streets and ringing was necessarily of a highly artificial charne were being employed against France. This that Austria had sent troops to the German called to take leave of Lady de Bunsen at the patriotic sangs till the sugall hours of the
ter, inasmuch as the interests which it sought point was not fully cleared up when I left frontier ander conditions that were a direct embassy. We left the railway at 7p.ni morning.
to harmonize were in themselves profoundly Vienna. On the 0th August, M. Dumaino entre to France. The rupture having been No disagreeable incidents occurred: Count Walterskirchen was prevent at the station on His Excellency maintained and received from Count Berchtold the brought about with Franes in this way, I was The demonstrations were perfectly orderly, divergent. consisting for the must part of organized most friendly demeanour throughout the categorical declaration that no Austrian to ask for my passport, and your telegram half of Count Berchtold. The journey was pressions through the principal streets end interview, but left no doubt in my mind as troops were being moved to Alwee. The next stated, in conclusion, that you had informed necessarily slow, owing to the encumberet state of the line. We reached Buchs, on the the determivation the Austry this statement was supplemented by a Count Mensdorff that ing up at the Ministry of War.. One or two to attempts to make hostile manifestations Hungarian Government to proceed with the farther our, in writing, giving Count Her- would exist besteen the two countries from Swiss frontier, early in the morning of the 17th August. At the first halting place there chtold's assurance that not only and no midnight of the 12th August. against the Russian Embassy were frustrated. invasion of Servia. -
Austrian troops been moved notually to the After seeing Mr. Penfield, the United had been some hooting and stone-throwing by the strong guard of police which held the
The German Government claim to have French frontier, but that none were moving States Linbassador, she accepted immediate on the part of the entraining troops and approaches to the principal Embassies dur ing those days. The demeanour of the persevered to the end in the endeavour to from Austrie in a westerly direction into ly in the most friendly spirit my request station affioints, but no inernvenience was people at Vienna, and, as 3 was inforined, in support at Vignia your successivo proposals Germany in such a way that they might re that his Excellency would take charge pro caused, and at the other large stations an one Herr von plae German troops employed at the front. visioually of British interests in Austria route we found that ample measures had showed plainly the popularity of the idea chirschlty abstained from inviting my co. These two statements were made by Count Hungary during the unfortunate intercen taken to preserve as from molestation many other principal cities of the Monareby, in the interest of penze
as well as to provide us with food. I was left of war with Servin, and there can hen operation or that of the French and Russian Berchtold in reply to precise questions put ruption of relations, I proceeded, with Mr. doubt that the small body of Austrian and Andassadors in carrying out his instructions to him by M. Dumaine, ander instructions The Russell. Counsellor of His Majesty's in a doubt that the Austro-Hungarian to that effect, and 1 had no means of know from his Government, The French Ambas Embassy, to the Bullplatz. Coriat Berthitold Government had desired that the journey Hungarian statesmen by whom this moment ous step was adopted gauged rightly the ing what response he was receiving from the sader's departure was not attended by any received me at mid-day I delivered my should be performed under the host con senso, and it may even he said the determina Austro-Hungarian Government was, hostile demonstration, but his Excellency ho message, for which his Excellency dit not fortable coalitious possible, and that i should tion, of the people, except presumably in however, kept fully informed by M. Scheleko, fore leaving had been justily offended by n seem to be unprepared, although he told me receive on my departure all the inks of portions of the provinces inhabited by the the Russian Ambassador, of his own direct range made by the Chief Burgomaster of that a long telegram from Count Mensdorff consideration due to his Majesty's repre- I was accompanied by my own Vienna to the crowd assembled before the had just come in but had not yet been sentative, There had been much dis negotiations with Count Berchtold. appointment in many quarters at the avoid Schobeko endeavoured on the 28th July to steps of the town hall, in which he assured brought to him. His Excelleney received my family and the entire staff of the Embassy, ance of war with Servin during the annexa persuade the Austro-Hungarian Govern the people that Paris was in the throes of a communication with the courtesy which for whose untiring zeal and effxial help in tion crisis in 1008, and again a connection ment to furnish Count Szánary (the Austra realation, and that the President of the never leaves him. He deplored the nuhappy trying times I desire to oxpress my bincore complications which were drawing such good thinks. The Swiss Government also showed with the recent Balkan War... Count Hungarian Ambassador to Russia) with full Republic had been assassinated.
ewers to continue at St. Petersburg theThe British declaration of war on Ger friends as Austria and England inte war, courtesy in providing confortable Recomm Berchtold's peace policy had met with little pepeful conversations which had there been any was made known in Vienna by special In point of fact, he added, Austria did hat dation during our journey from the frontier Now the Bood-gates wore opened and the taking place between the latter and editions of the newspapers about mid-day consider herself then at war with France, to Berne, and after three days stay there, on the 5th August. An abstract of your though, diplomatic relations with that coun-on to Genera, at which place we found that ly for immediate and condign phaishment of Count Perchtold refused at the time, but two speeches in the House of Commons, and also try had been broken off. I explained in a very provision had been male hy the French entire people and Press clamoned impatient Suzonof (the Russian Foreign Minister):
of the German Chancellor's speech in the few words how circumstances had forced this Government, at the request of Sir Francis. the hated Servian race, The country days later (20th July) though in the meat
We both atoll-Bertie, for our speedy converance to Paris. certainly believed that it had before it on time Russia had partially mobolised against Reichstag of the 4th April, appeared the unwelcome conflict upon us.
same day, as well as the text of the Corman, ed useless argument, Then I ventured to We reached England on Saturday morning, the alternative of subduing Servia or of Austria, he received M, Schebeko again. submitting sooner or later to mutilation at perfectly friendly manner, and gave his con- nltimatum to Belgium Otherwise few de recommend to his Excellency's cousideration the 22nd August.I have, te
MAURICE DE BUNSEN. her hands, But a peaceful solution should sent to the contiuuener of the conversations tails of the great events of these days tran the case of the numerous stranded British first have been attenptid. Few seemed to at St. Petersburg. From now onwards the spired. The Nene Frie Presse was violently subjects at Carlsbad, Vienne, and other
WEIHALVEI SCHOOL, reflect that the forcible intervention of a tension between Russia and Germany was insulting England. The Fredenblatt was places throughout the country. I had already Great Power in the Balkans must inevitably much greater than between usein and not offensive, but little or nothing was shid ad some correspondenes with him on the As between the latter an arrange in the columns of any Vienna paper to ex-subject, and his Excellency took a note of
N ENGLISH SCHOOL in British all other Groat Powers into the field. So Austria.
the 1st plain that the violation of Belgian neutrality what I said, and promised to see what could
Territory favoured with magnificent Preparation by experienced and Just was the cause of Austria held to be, that tent seemed nimost in sight, and
had left His Alajesty's Government une dona to get then away when the trees of Slimato,"
mobilization should be over. Count Berch qualified teachers for extrabbo to schools in alternative but to take part in the war.
told agreed to Mr. Pilots till then England, or for commercial life in flie Enst British Consul az Vienne under Consit-School-house by the see Recreations Se The declaration of Italian neutrality was General Sir Frederick Dunean, being fest by sailing, boating, cricket, foolball, sto. For terme, apply to the Headmaster, On the 5th August I had the honour to des Archives He presiuned a similar privi- tionel in the newspapers oly mo at the Embassy in the capacity of Charge would not he refused in England if desired on behalf of the Austro-Hungarian condition this proposal on
TO THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. front preparing in for the ammed inte batbreak of i that Russia would stand aside.
would refrain Austria This feeling, which was also held at the that
Austrin, in war with Germans, but adding that. Austria Government. I took leave of Count Berch- told with sincere reget, having received
FISS MORITA, CERTIFICATED Ballplatz, influenced no doubt the course of the actual invasion of Servia.
(with diplexa in events and it deplorable that no effort fact, had finally yielded, and that she her being understood to be not yet at that date
nine months before, any, marks of should have been made to secure by reans of self had, at this point good hopes of a peace at war with Russia and France, you did not quite is not arrival in Vieste ISS MORITA 7 67 6 5 1398 28 diplomatic, negotiations the acquiescence of ful issue is shown in the communication device me to ask for in beson or to my friendship and consideration from his Physiology and Anatomy), will be pleased
Russia and Europe as a whole in some peace made to you on the 1st August hy Count any particular communication to the Astro Excellancy. As I left I begged his Excellency to give Aussage, under medical supervision.
Address NOMURA HOTEL, ful compromise of the Servian question by Menstorf (the Austro-ungarian Ambasse | Hunghrian-Government.You stated at the to present my profound respects to the Emi
15, 16 and 17, Connaught Road. peror Francis Joseph, together with an 2 5 which Austrian fears of Servian aggression 9 82 56
†-See No. 137, "Miscellcasous No 6 (1914).expression of my hope that His Majesty, Tolephone No. 400. **Bfiscellaneous; No. 6 (1914):32,4
TENA mid Hongkong, 30th July, 1911. The A37 245*2.350 3.920 apdy intrigue. might have been removed for
OF
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FOR
STUBBORN COUGHS
BRONCHITIS
WEAK LUNGS
CATARRH
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HONGKONG TIDE TABLE,
From 27th October to 2nd November, 1914.
HIGH WATER
Month
H'kong.
Height
Height.
LOW WATER
Hong.
Mean
Iesa
*Time
Tone
b. n. ft. in.
h, EL.
ft, in
*07ed. 28 m
Thurs 29 m
20 Fri,
Thes. 7m 3 10 .6 8 m 11. 12
7205 3 6 5 4 46 7 25 5.
5 6064
0
9.42 5.
03
0 38
6 56 6
3
044
Estar, 31 m
7 33 a 5
74 6 11 9 2 6
7 46 6 2m 1.33.3.5.
Nov
Bun.
1m 83
6.0m 2.169 3:14 ak€88:30
Mon.
2 9 18
AVM GAS
.M.
it seemed to her people inconceivable that August I was informed by M. Schebelco, that any country should place itself in her path, Count Szapáry had at last conceded the main or that questions of mere policy or prestige point at issue by announcing to Mr. Sazono should be regarded anywhere as superseding that Austria would consant to subent to the necessity, which had arisen to exact sum mediation the points in the note to Servis the mary vegenhee for the crime of Serajevo.
maintenance of Serviate independence.
which
seemed incompatible
with
ITALIAN NEUTRALITY HISENTED
bitterly felt in Vienna, büt
The conviction had been expressed to me be the German Ambassader on the 24th Jul M. Sazanof, A. Schebeko added, hadeive your instruction of the previous dar
accepted
1843]
HERBERT L. BEER, LC.P.
[992