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ACTIONS AND REACTIONS
IN CHINA.
IV. EDUCATION.
(Continued.)
It has been pointed out above that the suddenness which has been alleged against this change has been much exaggerated, This charge might have had some basis in connection with the swooping transforma tion that it was the Emperor Kuang-hau’s intention to accomplish in 1898, but even before that there were premonitory symptoms that China was outgrowing the system that had satisfed ber for so many centuries. The first "moving among the dry hones'! was soon in Dr. Yung Wing'a educational mission to the United States in 1876. Conservative opposition in
THE SAME TO-DAY AS IN Peking prevented this experiment from
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being carried out to completion, but the. students who composed the mission brought a new element into Chinese official life, and inany of them subsequent- ly rose to high posts even under the Empire Tang Shao-yi and Liang Tun- yen are two of the best known of its pro- ducts. The mission was, however, little more than an isolated incident, and the despetch of students to the United States under Government auspices was not pro- ceeded with as a regular polisy, while the reception that the returning students met with, and the scant appreciation shown of their qualificationa, was not calonlated
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(1049-2
1891 saw another sign of awakening ; in this year mathematics was introduced into the curriculum; of the examination system. The general opposition to change, and the inability of the Literary Chancel- lors, in whose hands the control of the provincial examinations rested, "to put this reform into effect, made the change abortive for some time, but here and there, and little by little, the modifica tions showed themselves. “During the closing years of the Inst century," says Archdeacon Moule, "process observed in action of gradual change, which would, if conducted wisely and Moule, writing in March, 1911, prophesied. was 1,826,520. Some progress has been cautiously, yet with courage when that" The market will, before long, hemado since then, but even on the most faster speed was possible, have secured quite overstocked, and the disappointed optimistic view of things, it is abundantly clear that the day is as yet far distant for China something more suited to the scholars, indisposed to turn their talente when education will be uniporsalin nature and genius and character of the and thoughts to other occupations, and China, though, considering that this is people than our artificial and sometimes stranded in literary solitude, will drift the result of only six years' work, there
is no ground for despair dangerously inflated western methods gradually into the ranks of the discon Gradually, and as it were inadvertently, teated and then of the insurrectionary now subjects were announced as to be plotters”: The sums cause that in the introduced and marked and fully recog past endowed China with the army of nized in the public examinations. An unemployed iterati was soon seen at essay on some recondite theme from the work under new conditions and with Chinese classics, such as, Having no different results. The new-fledged gr official employment, I sequire many arts, dustes, and all the returned students or The accomplished scholar is not a with Japanese ready-made diplomas, utenail, might be omitted to make room found that they in their turn were a drug for papers on the geography of other on the market, and at the most all that lands, on mining, on the history of they could get in the way of ofheial em- Europe, and such now and startling ployment was perhaps a subordinate themes." (Half a Century in China, technical advisership in an arsenal, where they were under a Director-General whose knowledge of engineering and machinery was limited to that taught by Confucius, and whose soientific attainments did not extend beyond that valuable alchemy that makes gold out of everything. Without again going over ground that has been carefully examined before, the following factors connecting the educational ro forms with the Revolution may be pointed out-the students of the new school had -been-undoubtedly buoyed-up-with-false hopes and so had a grievance that did not affect the old iterati; in their residence abroad, they were brought into contact with other forms of government, & fact which in itself would make them critical of their knowledge of foreign languages (especially English) made accessible to them all the political thought of the West; while residing abroad, everything was in favour of their coming under revolutionary influences; in the naturs order of things, they were men of liberal tendencies, untrammelled by tradition,
1805
p. 281).
saw the first deinchment of students sent to Japan by the Chinese Government, and simultaneously there began that invasion of Japan by Chinese cooking education or rather, diplomas that has been described above (chap. II) 1898 brought the crest of the wave of educational reform, and, as has been noted, these reforms were almost alone in not being directly vetoed on the Empress Dowager resumption of power, though
they wore
damned with faint praise, After 1900, and especially after the Ruso-Japanese War, the tide of reform set in full food. The old examination system was abolished in 1904, and in 1906 the first new-model examinations wore held in Peking, and degrees were granted
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The qutition of the future educational polity of the Republio was discussed at length by National Educational Con- ference that met at Peking on July 12th, 1812, on the invitation of the Minister of Education. The delegates, 98 in number,・・ were all men who either by study or educational experts They recommended experience could claim to be considered an educational course, which was after wards adopted by the Ministry of Educa tion, covering a period of 17 years, from the age of 7 to 24, consisting of 4 years in a Primary School (compulsory), years in a Higher Primary School, d years in a Middle School, 3 years in a Preparatory School for the University, and 3 years in a College or Professional Institute. Elaborate regulations, 12 in number, were drawn up for the Primary Schools: the following may be quoted as illustrating the position they are to occupy and the conditions under which they will work
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1-The object of primary education is the development of the child, physically and mentally. It involves moral educa tion, teaching of the citizens' duties, and Calcutta Bombay necessary knowledge and training..
2-Primary Education is undertaken-Changchun by Primary Schools and Higher Primary Schools.
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4-Every city, town, and village is required to establish Primary Schools in proportion to the number of children.
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to students educated in Japan, the who would readily take up any new iden decided by the Magistrate, with the
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17. The course of the Primary School 4 years and that of the Higher Primary School years.
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[768 Hongkong, 14th July, 1918.
United States, England, and Germany for enage written in English. These reforms probably owe as much to Yuan Shih-Kai se to anyone. He it was who,
14-Higher Primary Schools shall be jointly with Chang Chih-tung, memorial- The Revolution is, however, only one established by cities. But towns and ized the Throne in 1904 in favour of phase of the organic changes that have villages may establish them, provided been proceeding in China since the new they have funds besides the necessary abolishing the old classical examinations learning became the order of the day, amount to support the Primary Schools and substituting examinations in modern and the foreign educated students are 16 Private Primary Schools shall be knowledge-a reform, it may be remarked, but one manifestation of the new forces catablished with the sanction of the which did not commend itself to Sir that this change is engendering. It is in
Magistrate, NE MEN its effect on the daily life of the people Robert Hart, whose conservatism could that the change is of the greatest import admit no greater change in the existing auce. The foreign educated studente are order of things than the addition of a the most vocal of its producte and attruct 18. The curriculum of the Primary fifth and final degree in Western selenco, the most attention, but the really import School shall contain simple chica, ant fact is this, that a new system of
Chinese language, arithmetic, manual In speaking of fith degroo, heeducation is becoming general throughour
training, drawing, singing, and physical apparently meant that a student must the length and breadth of China, and that drill, and sewing for girls. In case of have passed the successive stages of hai the generation that is now growing up is
being trained in a way in which the youth necessity, drawing, manual training, or ts'ai, chien, chunekih, and Hanlin of China hayo never been trained before singing may be temporarily omitted. before becoming eligible for the examina It is impossible to over-estimate the 19 The curriculum of the Higher tion in Western science. It is easy to importance of this change, or the fir. Primary School shall contain ethics, reaching influence that it must in the Chinese language, arithmetic, Chizese The American & Manchurian Lane str. gine how old a man inight be under long rud exert, though so far its influence story, geography, science, manual train: dusted by the HONGKONG AND LONDON COUNTY AND WESTMINISTER Kipto passed the Suez Canal or the 24th this system bolero he had finished with has been very restriced owing to the ing, drawing, singing, drill, and agricul February for Hongkong direct, the round of examinations, it may be inefficient way in which the primary ture for boys, and sewing for girls. For The str. Zafiro left Manila on the 28th doubted, too, how far a man who had schools of China were in the past conceal reasons, commerce may take the
ducted
place of agriculture, and the English February, and is due here on the 28th devoted the best years of his life to Primary education is to be, vomically, language may be added. In cax of February, at daylight.
Chinese classical Iore would be able to compulsory under the Republic. Chinese Focesstry, manual training or singing adapt his mind to the strict logic of statistics are not as a rale valuable, but may be omitted. English will be an (for what they are worth) those issued by optional course, and may have its place science and mathematics.
the Board of Education for 1010 are taken by another foreign language.
20. All text books used in these schools The political results of the change interesang in this connection. According effected in 1900 have often been analysed to them, the total number of educational must have been recommended by the
institutes of every kind in China was Provincial Text Books Censorate, to cite one authority only, Archdeacon 57,287, and the total number of students
(Continued on page 6) --
(175
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